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U.S. Patent: 5102996 - DNA probe which reveals a hypervariable region on human chromosome 19 - April 7, 1992 These hypervariable regions are hypothesized to arise by mitotic or meiotic unequal crossing over or by DNA slippage during replication (Jeffreys, et al., 1985). The hypervariable DNA region of which probe p13-1-25 corresponds was identified by using a probe from a human genomic cosmid library. The hypervariable region at the D19S11 locus is detected by probe p13-1-25 and apparently localized to the short arm of human chromosome 19. www.everypatent.com /comp/pat5102996.html   (4833 words)

The hypervariable domain of the murine leukemia virus surface protein tolerates large insertions and deletions, ... The hypervariable domain of the murine leukemia virus surface protein tolerates large insertions and deletions, enabling development of a retroviral particle display system. The scFv domain inserted into the C-terminal region of the hypervariable domain was shown to mediate binding of antigen to viral particles, demonstrating that it folded into the active conformation and was displayed on the surface of the virion. These results indicated that the hypervariable domain of Friend ecotropic SU does not contain any specific sequence or structure that is essential for Env function and demonstrated that insertions into this domain can be used to extend particle display methodologies to complex protein domains that require expression in eukaryotic cells for glycosylation and proper folding. www.aegis.com /aidsline/1999/may/A9950831.html   (578 words)

ANALYSIS OF THE ALIPOPROTEIN B GENE 3' HYPERVARIABLE REGION Hypervariability in a minisatellite 3' of the apolipoprotein B gene in patients with coronary heart disease compared with normal controls. The human apolipoprotein B 3' hypervariable region: detection of eight new alleles and comparisons of allele frequencies in fls and whites. Kravchenko SA, Maliarchuk OS, Livshits LA. A population genetic study of the allelic polymorphism in the hypervariable region of the apolipoprotein B gene in the population of different regions of Ukraine (Russian). www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/196/99-018A.html   (2427 words)

Antibody Structure The variable region is further subdivided into hypervariable (HV) and framework (FR) regions. Hypervariable regions have a high ratio of different amino acids in a given position, relative to the most common amino acid in that position. Within light and heavy chains, three hypervariable regions exist – HV 1, 2 and 3. www.biology.arizona.edu /immunology/tutorials/antibody/structure.html   (612 words)

Hypervariable Region of HLA-DRb1 with Autism Investigations have associated one or more of these extended haplotypes with specific disorders, most of which are known or suspected to be autoimmune in nature, as reviewed (Degli-Esposti et al., 1992, Fraser et al., 1990). In attempting to further characterize the possible involvement of the MHC in autism, we have investigated in particular, one portion of the extended haplotype, the amino acid sequence motif encoded by the third hypervariable region (HVR-3) of HLA-DR beta-1 (DRb1). The HVR-3 sequence, along with hypervariable regions 1 and 2, are essential (Winchester, 1995) for the presentation of peptides to T lymphocytes by antigen presenting cells (APC). www.enabling.org /ia/celiac/aut/hla-war2.html   (3733 words)

Microevolutionary changes in Candida albicans identified by the complex Ca3 fingerprinting probe involve insertions and ... to assess the relatedness of isolates, the subset of hypervariable The model for hypervariable fragments (b) represents the consensus structure observed for fragments RP5.1–18·2 kb, RP5.1–7·5 kb, RP10.3–18·2 kb, RP39.1–13·7 kb, and RP39.4–9 kb. Demonstration that the C1 subfragment, but not the C2 subfragment, of the C fragment of Ca3 identifies the hypervariable high-molecular-mass bands of the Ca3 pattern. mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/145/10/2635   (5611 words)

World J Gastroenterol AIM: To explore the properties of hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) in the envelope 2 gene of hepatitis C virus by analyzing the reactivity of HVR1 fusion proteins from different Chinese HCV strains with sera of patients with chronic hepatitis C and by comparing their reactivity between interferon therapy responders and non-responders. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that one of the principal neutralization determinants corresponds to the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1), which is located in the amino-terminus of E2 of HCV (nt1150-1230). of hypervariable region 1 of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome and sensitivity of HCV to alpha interferon therapy. www.wjgnet.com /1007-9327/9/1003.asp   (4072 words)

Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations Allelic variation of the hypervariable apolipoprotein B gene locus (APOB) in three groups of the Bashkir population and in the Komi population was analyzed. Considerable difference in the frequency distribution of the APOB loci genotypes between the Bashkir and Komi populations was observed, and the distribution patterns for Bashkirs from Abzelilovskii and Ilishevskii raions deviated from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic distance between the Bashkir and Komi populations calculated on the basis of allele frequencies at the hypervariable APOB gene locus corresponded to the expected degree similarity of the population studied. www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=91054   (322 words)

A model for alignment of Env V1 and V2 hypervariable domains from human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. A number of Env functions map by genetic analysis to V3, one of five hypervariable domains that compose the surface component of Env gp120. V1 and V2 hypervariable domains of Env also contribute to the phenotype of HIV-1, although relationships between V1 and V2 genotypes and biological characteristics of HIV-1 are not well defined. For example, charged and uncharged amino acids are conserved in defined positions in each of the V1 and V2 hypervariable domains from a subset of HIV-1 subtype B isolates. www.aegis.com /aidsline/1997/mar/M9731473.html   (519 words)

Differential Localization of Rho GTPases in Live Cells: Regulation by Hypervariable Regions and RhoGDI Binding -- ... The hypervariable regions of Rho GTPases are sufficient for differential membrane targeting which is independent of the length of the prenyl chain. MDCK cells were transiently transfected with the indicated constructs that included GFP extended at the COOH terminus with the hypervariable regions (last 20 amino acids) of pCdc42hs (a), bCdc42hs (b), Rac1 (c), and RhoA (d) or amino acids 73–193 of RhoA (e). in the hypervariable region upstream of the CAAX motif and by www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/152/1/111   (7608 words)

Mitochondrial DNA Concordance The analysis of the hypervariable control region of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has proved to be a useful tool for forensic scientists [1], population and evolutionary biologists [2, 3], and anthropologists [4]. Sequences attributable to specific populations and with at least 90% of a hypervariable region (or 50% for sequences from degraded biological samples, such as archaeological or forensic samples) were included in the survey. Only those sequences which were population-specific and concentrated on hypervariable regions 1 and 2 were included in the concordance, but a wider set will eventually be covered. www.bioanth.cam.ac.uk /mtDNA/paper.html   (2288 words)

Genetic Variability and Stability of Anaplasma phagocytophila msp2 (p44) -- Caspersen et al. 70 (3): 1230 -- Infection ... The nucleotide sequences of the Webster strain msp2 hypervariable Radial dendrogram of aligned msp2 amplicon sequences from the Webster strain of A. of the hypervariable region of the msp2 gene in the A. iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/70/3/1230   (3532 words)

hypervariable region - General Practice Notebook   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) Hypervariable regions are introns within nuclear DNA containing 6-8 base pairs which cyclically repeat along the same stretch. The number of repeats of the hypervariable region is highly polymorphic and almost unique to the individual. Oxbridge Solutions Ltd® is an independent company owned by the authors which does not receive income from any other organisation or individual. www.gpnotebook.co.uk /cache/-1234501574.htm   (123 words)

Significance of Pretreatment Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1b Hypervariable Region 1 Sequences To Predict ... Rapid sequence variation of the hypervariable region of hepatitis C virus during the course of chronic infection. Genetic heterogeneity of the hypervariable region 1 of the hepatitis C virus genome and sensitivity of HCV to alpha interferon therapy. Monoclonal antibodies to the hypervariable region 1 of the hepatitis C virus capture virus and inhibit virus adsorption to susceptible cells in vitro. jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/41/8/3615   (4985 words)

Human antibody repertoires.   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) This mechanism, which permits insertions and deletions of entire codons into the sequences encoding the hypervariable loops of antibody heavy chains, have been shown to have affected affinity maturated antibodies, suggesting that it is an integrated part of the somatic mutation process taking place in the germinal center. Since the length of hypervariable loops change as a consequence of this activity, it may affect the structure of the binding site itself. However, transfer of distantly related hypervariable loops into a given antibody resulted in a loss of structural stability as shown by the development of polyreactive properties and CD spectra characteristic of an unfolded structure. www.immun.lth.se /TEXTER/MO/Ab_rep.html   (2334 words)

Multiple regions contribute to membrane targeting of Rab GTPases -- Ali et al. 117 (26): 6401 -- Journal of Cell Science The C-terminal hypervariable region of 35 to 40 amino acids The numbers above each bar are residue numbers indicating the total length of each wild-type Rab, or the point at which the hypervariable region from another Rab was fused to generate a hybrid protein. irrespective of the identity of the hypervariable region (Fig. jcs.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/117/26/6401   (4658 words)

Mechanisms of Variable p44 Expression by Anaplasma phagocytophilum -- Lin et al. 71 (10): 5650 -- Infection and Immunity Entire arrow, coding region of the transcript; fl area within the arrow, hypervariable region of the p44 multigene family; white areas, 5'- and 3'-end conserved regions. The hypervariable region is shown in a checkerboard pattern. hypervariable region sequences are conserved among four strains. iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/71/10/5650   (7110 words)

World J Gastroenterol   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) Cross-reactivity of hypervariable region 1 chimera of hepatitis C virus. by immunization with mimotopes of the hypervariable region 1 of the hepatitis C virus. Broadly cross-reactive, high-affinity antibody to hypervariable region 1 of the hepatitis C www.wjgnet.com /1007-9327/9/1256.asp   (3630 words)

Acute Hepatitis C Virus Structural Gene Sequences as Predictors of Persistent Viremia: Hypervariable Region 1 as a ... Acute Hepatitis C Virus Structural Gene Sequences as Predictors of Persistent Viremia: Hypervariable Region 1 as a Decoy -- Ray et al. Acute Hepatitis C Virus Structural Gene Sequences as Predictors of Persistent Viremia: Hypervariable Region 1 as a Decoy Li, C., Allain, J.-P. Chimeric monoclonal antibodies to hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus. jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/73/4/2938   (1126 words)

[No title] A8=Both the framework and hypervariable regions are part of the variable region of the immunoglobulin and are inherently variable. Within each variable region, there are three hypervariable regions which consist of ~7 amino acids that are especially variable. A9=When the variable regions fold into the proper tertiary structure, the three hypervariable regions are brought into close proximity to one another to allow binding of these hypervariable regions to the antigen. www.openwindow.com /ftp/host_def.fls   (4827 words)

Insertion/deletion frequencies match those of point mutations in the hypervariable regions of the simian ... Insertion/deletion frequencies match those of point mutations in the hypervariable regions of the simian immunodeficiency virus surface envelope gene -- Cheynier et al. Insertion/deletion frequencies match those of point mutations in the hypervariable regions of the simian immunodeficiency virus surface envelope gene in the segments corresponding to the hypervariable regions of vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/82/7/1613   (2791 words)

Neandertal mtDNA compared with Human mtDNA vs. Human mtDNA compared with Human mtDNA. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis mitochondrial D-loop, hypervariable region I. gi13272864gbAF346985.1AF346985 Homo sapiens mitochondrion, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis mitochondrial hypervariable region I sequence. Homo sapiens neanderthalensis mitochondrial hypervariable region II sequence. www.geocities.com /fdocch/compare.htm   (327 words)

Strong Positive Selection and Recombination Drive the Antigenic Variation of the PilE Protein of the Human Pathogen ... Maximum likelihood (ML) tree reconstructed from the hypervariable region of the pilE/pilS genes from both N. The length variable portion of the hypervariable region was excluded for the construction of this tree. Cys1 and Cys2 denote the conserved residues that flank the conserved cysteine residues of the hypervariable region. www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/166/1/25   (4336 words)

Hypervariable Noncoding Sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- Fay and Benavides 170 (4): 1575 -- Genetics Hypervariable Noncoding Sequences in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- Fay and Benavides 170 (4): 1575 -- Genetics Hypervariable noncoding sequences could also be caused by mutation hypervariable regions could be caused by some form of natural www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/170/4/1575   (5263 words)

Epitope Mapping of the Indirect T Cell Response to Allogeneic Class I MHC: Sequences Shared by Donor and Recipient MHC ... 7 and 8 (corresponding to the hypervariable region of the Amino acid sequence of the 15-mer peptides A–O used to map precisely the location of the dominant epitope in the hypervariable region of the Peptide E and peptide O correspond to peptides 7 and 8, respectively, of the initial peptide set. www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/167/8/4338   (4879 words)

Polynucleotide Probes That Target a Hypervariable Region of 16S rRNA Genes To Identify Bacterial Isolates Corresponding ... Polynucleotide Probes That Target a Hypervariable Region of 16S rRNA Genes To Identify Bacterial Isolates Corresponding to Bands of Community Fingerprints -- Heuer et al. In this study we investigated whether the hypervariable region V6 (20) of the small-subunit rRNA gene could be utilized Polynucleotide probes that target the hypervariable region V6 were used to screen for bacterial isolates corresponding to bands of community fingerprints derived by electrophoretic separation of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA fragments in a temperature gradient (TGGE). aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/65/3/1045   (3946 words)

Evolution in the Hypervariable Region of Hepatitis C Virus in Infants after Vertical Transmission -- MURAKAMI et al. 48 ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) Evolution in the Hypervariable Region of Hepatitis C Virus in Infants after Vertical Transmission -- MURAKAMI et al. Evolution in the Hypervariable Region of Hepatitis C Virus in Infants after Vertical Transmission The hypervariable region clones detected in the infants were www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/full/48/4/450   (4666 words)

Analysis of Sequences and Loci of p44 Homologs Expressed by Anaplasma phagocytophila in Acutely Infected Patients -- ... Characterization of hypervariable regions of the p44 multigene family. Characteristics of the central hypervariable region of the p44 multigene family. Three major hypervariable domains inside the hypervariable region are marked D1, D2, and D3. jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/40/8/2981   (4290 words)

Evolution of the Hepatitis C Virus Second Envelope Protein Hypervariable Region in Chronically Infected Patients ... Evolution of the Hepatitis C Virus Second Envelope Protein Hypervariable Region in Chronically Infected Patients Receiving Alpha Interferon Therapy -- Pawlotsky et al. Callens, N., Ciczora, Y., Bartosch, B., Vu-Dac, N., Cosset, F.-L., Pawlotsky, J.-M., Penin, F., Dubuisson, J. Basic Residues in Hypervariable Region 1 of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoprotein E2 Contribute to Virus Entry. Sandres, K., Dubois, M., Pasquier, C., Payen, J. L., Alric, L., Duffaut, M., Vinel, J. P., Pascal, J. P., Puel, J., Izopet, J. Genetic Heterogeneity of Hypervariable Region 1 of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Genome and Sensitivity of HCV to Alpha Interferon Therapy. jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/abstract/73/8/6490   (863 words)

Texas Liver Coalition: TLC News   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10) Niigata University School of Medicine researchers have determined that alcohol intake changes the characteristics of the hypervariable region 1 of HCV, increasing the odds for liver cancer onset and possibly decreasing the effectiveness of interferon therapy. According to Takahashi and coworkers, indicators for quasispecies complexity in the hypervariable region 1 of alcohol users were elevated as compared with non-drinkers. There were no significant differences in viral load between the two groups, but investigators identified more random mutations in hypervariable region 1 in alcohol consumers ("Difference in quasispecies of the hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus between alcoholic and non-alcoholic patients," J Gastroenterol Hepatol, April 2001;16(4):416-423). www.texasliver.org /community/news_articles/news_051601.htm   (453 words)

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