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Topic: Hypervisor

	Hypervisor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In computing, a hypervisor (also: virtual machine monitor) is a virtualization platform that allows multiple operating systems to run on a host computer at the same time.
		The classic type 1 hypervisor was CP/CMS, developed at IBM in the 1960s, ancestor of IBM's current z/VM.
		One of the early PC hypervisors was the commercial VMware, introduced in the mid-1990s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypervisor (1460 words)

	Webopedia: All About Hypervisors
		Hypervisors provide the means to logically divide a single, physical server or blade, allowing multiple operating systems to run securely on the same CPU and increase the CPU utilization.
		Type 1 hypervisors are those that run directly on the system hardware and offers a higher level of virtualization efficiency and security.
		Type 2 hypervisors are used mainly on client systems where efficiency is less critical, and are also commonly used for systems where support for a broad range of I/O devices is needed and can be provided by the host operating system.
	www.webopedia.com /quick_ref/hypervisor.asp (1220 words)

	hypervisor - a Whatis.com definition
		A hypervisor, sometimes referred to as a virtualization manager, is a program that allows multiple operating systems, which can include different operating systems or multiple instances of the same operating system, to share a single hardware processor.
		A hypervisor must be designed for a particular processor architecture, such as the PowerPC or Intel's x86 processor.
		Because an operating system is often used to run a particular application or set of applications in a dedicated hardware server, the use of a hypervisor can make it possible to run multiple operating systems (and their applications) in a single server, reducing overall hardware costs.
	whatis.techtarget.com /gDefinition/0,294236,sid3_gci1083767,00.html (282 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Hypervisor
		In computing, a hypervisor or virtual machine monitor is a scheme that allows multiple operating systems to run on a host computer at the same time.
		The term is an extension of the earlier term supervisor, which was commonly applied to operating system kernels (which on the IBM S/360 ran in supervisor state).
		Hypervisors were originally developed in the early 1970s, as an outgrowth of attempts to build robust time-sharing systems to run on mainframe computers.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Hypervisor (988 words)

	Hypervisor, part of ESX Server virtualization: VMware - VMware (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Hypervisors are the primary component of virtualization that enables basic computer system partitioning (i.e., simple partitioning of CPU, Memory and I/O).
		As virtualization technology evolves and underlying hardware improves, basic hypervisor functionality could reside in a stand-alone software layer, in hardware or in software associated with a particular operating system.
		An open hypervisor framework will benefit customers by enabling an ecosystem of interoperable virtualization vendors and solutions to exploit the hypervisor functionality.
	www.vmware.com /interfaces (438 words)

	The Hypervisor Layer
		On top of the hardware layer, the hypervisor layer (see Figure 1) is responsible for both sharing of hardware resource and the enforcement of mandatory access control rules based on the available hardware resources.
		As you can see in Figure 3, even hybrid approaches are imaginable: A hypervisor is used to executed instances of a legacy operating system, while a more trustworthy microkernel-based system runs as the priviledged VM.
		The hypervisor approach is especially important in the context of large server systems.
	www.sirrix.de /content/pages/Hypervisor.htm (468 words)

	Virtual pc, virtual machine and multiple operating system solutions by Parallels, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Parallels Workstation is the first desktop virtualization solution to include a lightweight hypervisor, a mature technology originally developed in the 1960s to maximize the power of large mainframes.
		Hypervisor technology dramatically improves virtual machine stability, security and performance by using a thin layer of software, inserted between the machine’s hardware and the primary operating system, to directly control some of the host machine’s hardware profiles and resources.
		Optimized for Hardware Virtualization: Parallels Workstation’s lightweight hypervisor fully supports the benefits of next-generation CPUs built on Intel’s VT architecture, and will support AMD Pacifica architecture when it is released to the general public.
	www.parallels.com /en/products/workstation (487 words)

	Free Software Magazine
		The hypervisor is mapped into the address space of each guest OS, minimizing the context switch time between any OS and the hypervisor.
		Hypervisor replicated versions (in memory) of the above state, so that the guest OS is aware it doesn’t have full access to and control of the CPU.
		In the first approach, the hypervisor maintains in-memory copies of all hardware state, and transparently effects changes to the hardware data structures on a context switch, to ensure that the incoming guest OS sees consistent hardware state when it resumes operation.
	www.freesoftwaremagazine.com /comment/reply/1159?page=0,1 (1593 words)

	Gimme Hardware/Software Interface.: OpenSparc Hypervisor Specification
		Well, now Sun has their own hypervisor API spec, not obviously related to the Xen API.
		For example, SPARC only has 2 privilege modes, so adding a hypervisor by moving the OS down a privilege level would've required the OS run in the same privilege mode as its applications.
		The changes to accomplish that task are a lot larger than the changes needed to make the OS run on a higher privileged hypervisor, so changing the HW to add another privilege mode made the implementation a lot simpler.
	x86vmm.blogspot.com /2006/01/opensparc-hypervisor-specification.html (424 words)

	The Console (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Para-virtualization is an emerging technology that requires a modified guest operating system to call an API on the underlying hypervisor, in order to optimize the performance of the guest OS when it is run on a virtualization software layer.
		It's odd to trumpet future interoperability for the Windows hypervisor whose first release is roughly two years away or more, while the Linux hypervisor interfaces are still being actively discussed in the open source community.
		VMware has made its initial proposal for such an interface available to the Linux community and is pursuing Linux and hypervisor interoperability not as a commercial arrangement, but within the open, transparent, and merit-based multi-vendor approach that is the hallmark of the Linux kernel community.
	www.vmware.com /vmtn/blog/console/2006/07 (795 words)

	Hypervisor - Free60 Wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		There is nothing that suggests this is the "real" kind of hypervisor that can be used to run multiple operating systems in parallel.
		This thing is probably called the hypervisor just because it supervises and checksums the OS in realtime.
		Microsoft's recent interest in Hypervisor technology is for its ability to take tight control over how software accesses and uses hardware resources.
	www.free60.org /oldwiki/Hypervisor (227 words)

	HypervisorImplementation - cl.cam.ac.uk read-only WiKi #1
		At the core of this software is the hypervisor, which runs directly on server hardware and provides just enough abstraction of the machine to allow effective resource management (this principle is also followed by the Nemesis and Exokernel research operating systems).
		The hypervisor source is also available on the source browser by selecting the 'xeno-mon' tree.
		Trying to allow the hypervisor to implement efficient memory protection between different domains is a bit of a nightmare on x86.
	www.cl.cam.ac.uk /rowiki/HypervisorImplementation (1488 words)

	LWN: Patch: export Xen Hypervisor attributes to sysfs
		Views the hypervisor as hardware device, uses sysfs as a scripting interface for user space tools that need these attributes.
		Some user space apps, particularly for systems management, need to know if their kernel is running in a virtual machine and if so in what type of virtual machine.
		The file hypervisor_sysfs.c creates a generic hypervisor subsystem that can be linked to by any hypervisor.
	lwn.net /Articles/176365 (203 words)

	IBM Research \| Hypervisor
		The Research Hypervisor from IBM research has been developed over the last 3 years to validate virtualization features in new hardware architectures and to study fundamental research issues in virtualization.
		The Research Hypervisor was designed from the start to be multi-platform, and today supports both the Power and x86 architectures.
		A reduced and open source implementation of the proven LPAR environment used in IBM's commercial Hypervisors; unmodified distributions are supported.
	www.research.ibm.com /hypervisor (461 words)

	XenSource Showcases Secure Xen Hypervisor
		By embedding security capabilities into the hypervisor, XenSource has given the CIO a powerful new ability to implement the same security policies across the virtualized enterprise, independent of the operating system.
		When the security capabilities in the hypervisor are turned off, the vulnerable guest, a hosted on-line stock trading application, is quickly overcome by standard attack tools, and compromised.
		The security policies in the hypervisor are managed consistently across all servers, and apply to all guest operating systems, including Windows and Linux.
	www.gridtoday.com /grid/461807.html (462 words)

	The hypervisor and its implications - Xbox 360 Fanboy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The hypervisor is a program on the system which can provide the operating system with virtual hardware or limit its access to memory, so a program running on top of a hypervisor thinks it is running inside a single virtual machine and talking directly to the hardware, rather than within another operating system.
		However, as a feature, the hypervisor holds interesting implications--if it becomes possible to tap into the boot sequence and load alternative operating systems, then it will be easy to switch between them at will, neither affecting the state of the other.
		Not exactly known for their security are they?) Breaking the Hypervisor itself may not be possible, but somehow tricking it to think the software you want to run is legit (think font expoit on the xbox) may be the answer.
	www.xbox360fanboy.com /2005/11/29/the-hypervisor-and-its-implications (2437 words)

	Online VSUM - Hypervisor Virus
		When the first Hypervisor infected program is executed, this virus will install itself memory resident at the top of system memory but below the 640K DOS boundary, moving interrupt 12's return.
		Once the Hypervisor virus is memory resident, it will infect.COM and.EXE files when they are executed or opened, but not on copy.
		Known variant(s) of Hypervisor are: Hypervisor.3128: Also received in July, 1995, this is a 3,128 byte variant of the Hypervisor virus described above.
	wiw.org /~meta/vsum/view.php?vir=645 (353 words)

	Open Hypervisor Requirements
		Realtime isolation - It must be possible to run a realtime OS on the same hypervisor at the same time as a general-purpose timesharing OS, without the general-purpose OS being able to cause the realtime OS to miss its scheduling deadlines.
		When memory sharing is implemented by the hypervisor using copy-on-write, the hypervisor must ensure that no unintended data is available from one partition to another.
		Hypervisor (or privileged domain) must virtualize one or more serial ports using a serial-over-lan protocol.
	www.ncultra.org /xen/xen_req.html (1894 words)

	Hypervisor vendor joins mobile phone org, seeks funding
		Hypervisor specialist Trango Systems has joined the OMTP (Open Mobile Terminal Platform), in order to contribute to Trusted Processors and Trusted Environment specifications.
		Trango says its "secure hypervisor" technology can enable single-core phone platforms to concurrently run a security stack along with an open OS such as Linux, Symbian, or Windows Mobile.
		COO Pierre Coulombeau stated, "Trango secure hypervisor is a key technology to improve mobile phone security and reduce the bill of materials.
	www.linuxdevices.com /news/NS3979825025.html (475 words)

	Xen - Server Virtualization with the Xen Hypervisor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		XenSource was founded by the creators of paravirtualization, the acknowledged state of the art virtualization technology that allows hosted virtual servers to collaborate with the Xen hypervisor to achieve the best performance for enterprise applications, with a smaller code base, greater security and up to 10 times less overhead than alternative virtualization approaches.
		With this technology the virtual servers and hypervisor co-operate to achieve very high performance for I/O and for CPU and memory virtualization.
		Paravirtualization requires a tiny hypervisor code base (Xen is under 50 KLOC) that results in extremely low performance overhead, typically in the range of 0.1% to 3.5% for industry standard performance benchmarks.
	www.xensource.com /xen/xen/paravirtualization.html (323 words)

	Microsoft 'hypervisor' plan takes shape \| CNET News.com
		Hypervisor software is all the rage, and Microsoft plans to enter the market with its own product in 2007.
		Muglia said the hypervisor software will be delivered in 2007, following the debut of Longhorn Server.
		And IBM in February released the source code for a project called Research Hypervisor, or rHype.
	news.com.com /Microsoft+hypervisor+...+shape/2100-1016_3-5735876.html (675 words)

	Virtually Speaking: The Not-So-Humble Hypervisor
		Gartner analyst George Weiss took the importance of the hypervisors a step further, noting, that in the future, the humble hypervisor will be where Windows and Linux will distinguish themselves.
		Hypervisors, Weiss, said offer many opportunities for businesses to consolidate servers and cut costs.
		Such functionality is currently found in the Xen Hypervisor, which is used in the latest version of Virtual Iron's platform, released earlier this week.
	www.serverwatch.com /news/article.php/3637686 (721 words)

	CRN \| Linux, Xen, Red Hat \| Red Hat Fedora, Linux 5 To Integrate Xen Hypervisor
		Red Hat, for example, aims to offer Xen hypervisor as part of its integrated platform, a facility in its Linux distribution that can be managed by the Red Hat Network Management Suite and used by the company's Global File System for storage virtualization, executives said.
		Novell is expected to announce an integrated Xen hypervisor in its planned Suse Linux Enterprise Server 10 due out this spring.
		Microsoft plans to integrate its virtualization hypervisor into a major upgrade of the Windows Server that’s due out in the next three years.
	www.crn.com /sections/software/software.jhtml?articleId=181503549 (493 words)

	Virtual PC Guy's WebLog : VMMs versus Hypervisors
		People have been throwing around the terms 'VMM' and 'hypervisor' recently - and it is fairly apparent that the vast majority of the general populace does not know clearly what these terms mean, and specifically what the key differences are between the two.
		Type I VMMs are also known as 'hypervisors' - so the only true difference between a VMM and a hypervisor is where it runs.
		While I admit that this sounds incredibly cheesy; I believe that we are heading in the right direction (from a technological point of view) to be able to deliver on many interesting scenarios.
	blogs.msdn.com /virtual_pc_guy/archive/2006/07/10/661958.aspx (1043 words)

	Grid Meter \| InfoWorld \| Room for More than One Default Hypervisor in the Linux Kernel? \| April 3, 2006 07:29 AM \| By ...
		After all, "If you use open source software, your choice of available versions and scalable support may in practice be limited," as she said in an interview last October.
		Different, competing hypervisors would be able to provide the virtualization functionality, and ultimately the virtualization itself would become so transparent and good that users would not need to re-certify the same version of the kernel when running on top of a hypervisor."
		With a common API to hypervisors in the Linux kernel, the hypervisors themselves would become a commodity - shifting the power struggle higher up the stack to the management functions on top of the hypervisors.
	weblog.infoworld.com /gridmeter/archives/2006/04/room_for_more_t.html (598 words)

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