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Topic: Hypha

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	Hypha
		A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filament that collectively form the feeding structure of a fungus called the mycelium.
		Hyphae are also found enveloping the gonidia[?] of lichens, making up a large part of their structure.
		Some forms of parasitic fungi have a portion of their hyphae modified to form haustoria[?] which are able to penetrate the tissues of a host organism.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/hy/Hypha.html (129 words)

	Hypha - Enpsychlopedia
		A hypha (plural hyphae) is a long, branching filament found primarily in fungi, but also in fungus-like bacteria such as Actinomyces and Streptomyces.
		Similar, yet mutualistic forms of penetrating hyphae are called mycorrhizae and are important in assisting nutrient and water absorption by plants.
		Hyphae extend by tip growth, and when the single cell has become a longer tube, a septum, or wall grows to separate a part of the tube as the new cell with its own nucleus copied from the first nucleus.
	enpsychlopedia.org /psypsych/Hyphae (323 words)

	hypha - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about hypha (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The mass of hyphae, which form its mycelium, penetrates and feeds upon the dead wood on which the fungus is living.
		Food molecules and other substances are transported along hyphae by the movement of the cytoplasm, known as ‘cytoplasmic streaming’.
		Hyphae of the higher fungi (the ascomycetes and basidiomycetes) are divided by cross walls or septa at intervals, whereas those of lower fungi (for example, bread mould) are undivided.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /hypha (232 words)

	Mycology - Growth and Development - Hyphal Growth
		Hyphae adopt a pattern which appears to be very efficient at extracting nutrients, but the mechanism of control is unclear.
		Hyphae are commonly vacuolate or empty, and hyphal walls are degenerating (autolysis).
		Cytoplasmic continuity to hyphae in aerobic or better nourished conditions enable the penetrating hyphae to be sustained, and greater diversity of substrates to be utilised.
	bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au /Mycology/Growth_Dev/hyphalGrowth.shtml (2066 words)

	Apical growth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A tropism is an orientation response of a hypha to an external stimulus.
		Infection of a hypha of Rhizoctonia solani from germinating spores of Verticillium biguttatum.
		Several reorientations of the apex of the lower hypha (arrowhead) are seen to occur during this sequence, and fusion is preceded by a directional regrowth of the upper hypha (seen in the 10 minute frame) so that the fusion occurs tip-to-tip.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/apical.htm (3798 words)

	Mycology - Structure and Function - Hyphal Structure
		The dividing wall is called a septum, and the division is incomplete in the early stages of the life of the hypha.
		Skeletal hyphae were unbranched, thick walled hyphae lacking septa.
		The hypha may become modified such as in yeast cells, and it may take on various forms in complex tissues.
	bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au /Mycology/StructureFunction/hyphalStructure.shtml (1059 words)

	CHAP 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The hypha is essentially a tube with a rigid wall, containing a moving slug of protoplasm.
		Hyphae grow only at their tips, where there is a tapered region termed the extension zone; this can be up to 30µm long in the fastest-growing hyphae such as Neurospora crassa which can extend at up to 40 µm per minute.
		Behind the growing tip, the hypha ages progressively and in the oldest regions it may break down by autolysis or be broken down by the enzymes of other organisms (heterolysis).
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/chap3.htm (415 words)

	Hypha - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thallus, from the Greek thallos, means green shoot and is the actively growing vegetative form of a hypha.
		Some forms of parasitic fungi have a portion of their hyphae modified to form haustoria that are able to penetrate the tissues of a host organism.
		Hyphae also undergo branching, which in different species may occur through bifurcation of a growing tip, or by the emergence of a new tip from the body of a hypha.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypha (298 words)

	MEDICAL MYCOLOGY GLOSSARY
		ARTHROCONIDIUM - (pl. arthroconidia) A thallic conidium released by the fragmentation or lysis of hypha.
		It is not notably larger than the hypha from which it was produced, and separation occurs at a septum.
		HYPHA (pl. hyphae) - A vegetative filament of a fungus.
	pathmicro.med.sc.edu /mycology/glossary.htm (1129 words)

	Introduction to mycology (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Soluble carbohydrates must enter hyphae by diffusion, and this is followed by active uptake across the fungal membrane.
		Exponential growth occurs only for a brief period as a hyphae branches are initiated, and then the new hypha extends at a linear rate into uncolonised regions of substrate.
		The hyphal growth unit (G), which is the average length of hypha which is required to support tip growth, is defined a ratio between the total length of mycelium and the total number of tips.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk.cob-web.org:8888 /224/myc1.html (2182 words)

	Glomus luteum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The wall of the subtending hypha differentiates simultaneously with layers of the spore wall (see developmental sequence above), with the outer three layers extending the length of the hypha.
		A germ tube emerges from the lumen of the subtending hypha, and originates either at the septum or at a break in branch hyphae.
		Hyphae at entry points often are coiled, 4-9 µm wide.
	invam.caf.wvu.edu /fungi/taxonomy/Glomaceae/Glomus/luteum/luteum.htm (726 words)

	GENUS KEY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Spores borne terminally or intercalarily from a cylindrical to flared subtending hypha (occasionally with constrictions at the hyphal juncture with spore), with continuity between wall layers and all layers of the spore wall.
		Continuum of organizational complexity of subtending hyphae, from a single hypha to hyphae in loose aggregates, to hyphae bound together by an external hyphal peridium, or to a central plexus of interwoven hyphae in a sporocarp.
		Spores borne terminally from a cylindrical to flared subtending hypha directly or as a branch from a structure identical in appearance to a sporiferous saccule.
	invam.caf.wvu.edu /fungi/taxonomy/genuskey.htm (1245 words)

	Physiology of Fungi - Mycology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Typically grow as coenocytic hyphae; sexual reproduction is by fusion of sex organs (gametangia) leading to thick-walled resting spores (zygospores), with swellings on either side termed suspensors; asexual reproduction is by cytoplasmic cleavage in a sporangium on an aerial hypha termed a sporangiophore, producing non-motile spores.
		Grow as hyphae with cross-walls (septa) or unicellular (yeasts); sexual reproduction is by fusion of modified hyphae (or yeasts), sometimes by fusion of a "male" spore (spermatium) with a "female" receptive hypha (trichogyne), leading to development of one or more asci.
		Grow as hyphae (with septa) or unicellular (yeasts); sexual reproduction is absent, rare or unknown; asexual spores (conidia) are formed in various ways from hyphae but never by cytoplasmic cleavage in a sporangium.
	focosi.altervista.org /physiofungi.html (3181 words)

	Feeding Vitamin B12 to plants - The Vegan Forum - a vegan message board
		The present invention is also directed to a method of producing a plant containing vitamin B.sub.12 comprising soaking a seed, spore or hypha of a plant in a soaking solution containing vitamin B.sub.12, and cultivating the seed, spore or hypha of the plant thus soaked.
		The period of time for soaking a seed, spore, or hypha may not be particularly limited as long as the time allows the seed or the like to absorb vitamin B.sub.12.
		More specifically, spores or hyphae of enoki mushroom and nametake mushroom are soaked in a vitamin B.sub.12-containing soaking solution for a short time and grown under suitable conditions.
	www.veganforum.com /forums/showthread.php?t=9691 (4295 words)

	Different Cell Types in Neurospora
		The septal pores of trunk hyphae are frequently occluded.
		This is typically a narrow, dichotomously branching hypha that arises from a trunk hypha.
		Specialized hypha that emerges from the macroconidium and subsequently undergoes branching and differentiates into the vegetative hyphae of the young colony.
	www.fgsc.net /fgn50/fgn50Bistis.htm (1255 words)

	Mapping the Growth of Fungal Hyphae: Orthogonal Cell Wall Expansion during Tip Growth and the Role of Turgor -- ...
		Mapping the Growth of Fungal Hyphae: Orthogonal Cell Wall Expansion during Tip Growth and the Role of Turgor -- Bartnicki-Garcia et al.
		In A, the hypha elongated at 5.4 µm/min, in B or C, at 6.2 µm/min.
		of the shape of a hypha; the tubular shape is primarily established
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/79/5/2382 (4188 words)

	Agripedia, Interactive Multimedia Instructional Agriculture Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Sexual reproduction by fusion of hypha or by spermatization (fusion of male spore (spermatium) with female receptive hypha (trichogyne) to produce a sac-like structure called an ascus containing ascospores in some multiple of four.
		Hyphae with a special septum called a dolipore, or yeasts.
		Sexual reproduction by fusion of compatible hyphae, to produce a dikaryotic mycelium (dikaryon) and ultimately basidiospores on basidia.
	www.ca.uky.edu /Agripedia/Classes/PPA652/LECTURE1.asp (579 words)

	template
		Hyphae branch profusely and continue growth as long as there are adequate
		Such hyphae (left photo) are said to be septate.
		A mass of hyphae, often visible to the naked eye, is termed the mycelium, shown
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /course/pp318/intros/fungi/fungi.htm (231 words)

	Key differences between lateral and apical branching in hyphae of Neurospora crassa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Does not affect the behaviour of the Spk of the parental hypha.
		Is preceded by a sharp decrease in the elongation rate and changes in the shape of the apex of the parental hypha
		Is initiated by a cytoplasmic contraction, followed by a retraction, dislocation and disappearance of the Spk of the parental hypha.
	boyce3427.ucr.edu /Riquelme/riquelme.htm (269 words)

	Mushroom Tutorial
		Fungi are distinct from plants because they do not possess chlorophyll, the green pigment that allows plants to manufacture sugar from the sun's energy; they need to absorb their food from the environment in which they live.
		Fungi use fibers called hyphae (that as a group are referred to as mycelium), to take in food.
		If the hypha of one spore meets up with the hypha of another, it begins the sexual process of spore prodcution through special spore-producing cells.
	www.bio.brandeis.edu /fieldbio/mgoldin/tutorial.html (581 words)

	Research interests
		Hypha induction by serum or certain sugars present in host cell membranes, such as N-acetylglucosamine, critically requires a
		Since hypha formation only occurs at body temperature, at low cell density and at neutral pH, pathways must exist that convey these external signals; in fact, components of a pH-pathway have been established recently.
		Interestingly, the lack of the Pmt1-isoform not only blocks adhesion and abolishes virulence, but also leads to defective hypha morphogenesis and supersensitivity to antifungal drugs.
	www.uni-duesseldorf.de /WWW/MathNat/mikrobio/ernst/interest.htm (900 words)

	Morphology of the Fungi (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Because of this diffuse association of their cells, the body of the organism is given the special name mycelium, a term which is applied to the whole body of any fungus.
		When reproductive hyphae are produced, they form a large organized structure called a sporocarp, or mushroom.
		This is produced solely for the release of spores, and is not the living, growing portion of the fungus.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /fungi/fungimm.html (315 words)

	Cdc42p GTPase Regulates the Budded-to-Hyphal-Form Transition and Expression of Hypha-Specific Transcripts in Candida ...
		form hyphae and are avirulent in mice (29).
		hypha formation (this mutant was not examined further).
		Cdc42p mutants grown in the presence of 10% FBS did not have major defects in cell wall composition, cell division, septin localization, or actin polarity.
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/3/3/724 (5873 words)

	Glossary (A-I)
		A threadlike element of a bacterium; a hypha of a fungus.
		A hypha initially developing from a conidium or spore.
		That portion of a hypha that is between two nodes.
	www.doctorfungus.org /educatio/glossary.htm (705 words)

	Ontology and Definitions
		definition_reference: FAO:mcc definition_reference: ISBN:0471522295 term: hypha with dolipore septa goid: FAO:0001018 definition: Hypha containing dolipore septa, or cross-walls; septa contain a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure; pore is covered on each side of the septum by a septal pore cap (parenthosome).
		definition_reference: FAO:mcc definition_reference: ISBN:0471522295 term: hypha with dolipore septa, in mycelium goid: FAO:0001013 definition: Hypha containing dolipore septa, or cross-walls, containing a central pore around which the septum is swollen to form a barrel-shaped structure; existing as part of a group or mass of similar hyphae, or mycelium.
		definition_reference: FAO:mcc definition_reference: ISBN:0471522295 term: septate hypha in mycelium goid: FAO:0001004 definition: A hypha that is divided internally by septa, or lateral cell walls, that exists as part of a group or mass of such structures, the mycelium.
	www.yeastgenome.org /fungi/fungal_anatomy_ontology/ont.defs.html (2110 words)

	Fungi family tree goes under the microscope
		Through two projects funded by the National Science Foundation — Deep Hypha and Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life — these mycologists are focusing on identifying new species and mapping out the fungal evolutionary tree.
		“A comprehensive phylogenetic framework of fungi is necessary to understand the history of life and the evolution of ecosystems,” says Greg Mueller, a principal investigator on Deep Hypha and curator and chair of botany at The Field Museum.
		Deep Hypha is a loose organization of scientists working to foster discussion, education and research aimed at fleshing out evolutionary relationships of all things fungi.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-03/fm-fft032703.php (436 words)

	Immunofluorescence microscopy of the microtubule cytoskeleton during conjugate division in the dikaryon Pleurotus ...
		Microtubules (5) and DAPI staining (6) during branching in the subapical region of the hypha.
		No microtubules were observed in the small branch, but the fluorescence of the fibers was high in the main hypha at the branch initial and around the nearby nuclei (arrows).
		During the time the d-nucleus remains at the clamp, two septa are formed, one in the main hypha and the other in the clamp (23, 24).
	www.mycologia.org /cgi/content/full/96/1/41 (4995 words)

	Gpr1, a Putative G-Protein-Coupled Receptor, Regulates Morphogenesis and Hypha Formation in the Pathogenic Fungus ...
		of hypha formation in embedded condition was examined.
		Defects in morphogenesis and hypha formation under solid or embedded conditions caused by deletion of the GPR1 and GPA2 genes.
		The wild-type strain YTC028 and the isogenic strain with both alleles of GPR1 (YTC049; gpr1/gpr1) or of GPA2 (YTC032; gpa2/gpa2) deleted were grown in liquid YPD medium containing 10% FBS at 37°C for 2 h or grown in liquid Spider medium either at 37°C for 2 h or at 30°C for 6 h.
	ec.asm.org /cgi/content/full/3/4/919 (6327 words)

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