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Topic: Hypocalcaemia

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Hypercalcemia

Ulcer

Digestive fluid

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		A more common acute hypocalcaemia occurs in the cow (in which it is known as parturient paresis, or in common parlance "milk fever") and the bitch (eclampsia) near parturition, probably resulting from the sudden demand upon calcium reserves imposed by lactation.
		Chronic hypocalcaemia from dietary cause (calcium deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, excess phosphate absorption) or from kidney disease is quite common in domestic animals.
		In summary, the primary cause of hypocalcaemia and hypophosphataemia of parturient paresis is the sudden demand for calcium and phosphate ions imposed by the onset of lactation.
	www.chu.cam.ac.uk /~ALRF/calcium.htm (2483 words)

	HYPOCALCAEMIA
		Acute hypocalcaemia is seen in patients with severe burns, sepsis and acute renal failure.
		Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcaemia (ADH): this is caused by gain-of-function mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor.
		Recognition of the syndrome is crucial because trying to treat the hypocalcaemia by increasing the oral calcium would exacerbate the renal secretion of calcium to the point of causing renal damage from stones and ectopic calcification.
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session3/45/hypocalc.htm (556 words)

	Hydrogen fluoride (PIM 268)
		Severe hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia are produced by hydrogen fluoride absorption causing tetany and disturbances of cardiac rhythm.
		Patients with endocrine causes of hypocalcaemia, cardiac arrhythmias and renal insufficiency may be at increased risk.
		Absorption of the fluoride ion is a significant hazard mainly due to hypocalcaemia.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/chemical/hydfluor.htm (5193 words)

	Medicdirect - Comprehensive UK Health Information
		Vitamin D is administered in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, osteoporosis and hypocalcaemia.
		The degree to which there are symptoms depends on the absolute level of the hypocalcaemia and the rate of fall of the calcium.
		Acute hypocalcaemia with calcium levels of less than 1.9 mmol/l, signs of tetany or ECG changes require treatment with intravenous calcium gluconate 10 ml of 10% solution diluted.
	www.medicdirect.co.uk /clinics/default.ihtml?step=4&pid=2300 (1946 words)

	Parrot Line UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Hypocalcaemia occuring in an adult breeding hen may first produce Infertility, in that the hen is unable to develop eggs.
		Finally, in the adult bird, we have another common manifestation of Hypocalcaemia in the form of nervous symptoms.
		The usual reason for the occurrence of Hypocalcaemia is a chronic deficiency in the dietary intake.
	www.parrotline.org /hypocalcemia.htm (1056 words)

	AACE: First Report of Severe Hypocalcaemia During Alendronate Treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		There have been five reports of hypocalcaemia following treatment with other bisphosphonates; three cases were associated with predisposing risk factors, and the medication was given intravenously in the other two, the researchers noted.
		The problem was felt to be the transient hyperparathyroidism that is sometimes seen as a result of alendronate initiation, and the physicians decided to follow her with repeat measurements every two months.
		A month later, however, she presented to the emergency room with symptoms of hypocalcaemia and serum calcium levels of 6.8 mg/dL.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/2153EA.htm (535 words)

	'GRASS TETANY' Chapter 4
		SEEKLES found a higher proportion and is of the opinion that 90 - 100% of the cases of hypomagnesaemia are accompanied by hypocalcaemia.
		The calcium content of the blood serum, therefore, is a very uncertain criterion to adopt in distinguishing between grass tetany and milk fever.
		hypocalcaemia may be contributing to the occurrence of convulsions, when it is less than 5 mg/100 c.c.
	www.soilandhealth.org /01aglibrary/010106voisin/010106gtchap4.html (1104 words)

	PREVALENCE OF HYPOCALCEMIA AMONG THALASSEMIC PATIENTS REGISTRED IN IBN
		Hypocalcaemia is well known complication of iron overloaded and/or anemia (1)
		the purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of hypocalcaemia among thalassemic patients in Ibn Al-balady Hospital(thalassemic centre).
		The results obtained in the present study clearly show that hypocalcaemia is so prevalent in thalassemia major this obvious from the number and percentage(87,21.75% respectively)table2.also show that a higher prevalence rate among age groups of 10 years and above(52%) table 3
	www.arabmedmag.com /issue-30-04-2005/miscellaneous/main02.htm (887 words)

	Update in Anaesthesia Issue 19
		Hypocalcaemia may present with acute symptoms or be asymptomatic.
		Hypocalcaemia may lead to cardiac dysrhythmias, decreased cardiac contractility, causing hypotension, heart failure or both.
		Administration of intravenous calcium is needed to occur acute hypocalcaemia.
	www.nda.ox.ac.uk /wfsa/html/u19/u1907_01.htm (2164 words)

	Hypocalcaemia - calcium deficiencies in Parrots
		Hypocalcaemia occurring in an adult breeding hen may first produce Infertility;- in that the hen is unable to develop eggs.
		Provided enough Calcium has been available successfully to produce an egg which subsequently hatches, then the next stage for Hypocalcaemia to strike is in the developing chick.
		As mentioned before, Calcium is required for proper muscle function, and when blood levels are low, we see signs ranging from slight muscle weakness, so that the bird has difficulty climbing around its cage, progressing through more marked inco-ordination and loss of balance, and culminating in fits or seizures of an epileptic nature.
	www.theparrotsocietyuk.org /hypocalcaemia.shtml (1102 words)

	Autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia caused by a Ca2+-sensing receptor gene mutation - Nature Genetics
		Autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia caused by a Ca -sensing receptor gene mutation
		Correspondence should be addressed to M.R.P. Defects in the human Ca -sensing receptor gene have recently been shown to cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism.
		We conclude that this extracellular domain mutation increases the receptor's activity at low Ca concentrations, causing hypocalcaemia in patients heterozygous for such a mutation.
	www.nature.com /ng/journal/v8/n3/abs/ng1194-303.html (462 words)

	Primary
		A diagnosis of primary hypomagnesaemia with secondary hypocalcaemia was made.
		Primary hypomagnesaemia with secondary hypocalcaemia is a rare genetic disorder characterised by recur
		The mechanism leading to hypocalcaemia in hypomagnesaemia is controversial.
	www.medinet.lk /cmj/2001-may/Primary.htm (860 words)

	Hypocalcaemia - Patient UK
		Hypocalcaemia - Patient UK PatientPlus articles are written for doctors and so the language can be technical.
		Hypocalcaemia is said to occur when serum calcium is less than 2.12mmol/l.
		In persistent hypocalcaemia, initially supplementary calcium plus vitamin D but calcium may be discontinued after stabilised.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/40001110 (638 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		Post-operative complications were discovered in 5 patients, as 3 (12%) of whom had transient hypocalcaemia, one (4%) had wound breakdown and one (4%) had permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy.
		Hypoparathyroidism is defined as symptomatic hypocalcaemia needing oral or parenteral calcium.
		The incidence of permanent hypocalcaemia fell from 3.5% during the first 15 years to 1.6% over the last 5 years using the capsular dissection method (6).
	www.bioline.org.br /request?mj03013 (1609 words)

	cataract (hypocalcaemic) - General Practice Notebook
		Intrauterine or infantile hypocalcaemia may be responsible for congenital or infantile cataract.
		This may advance to maturity if the hypocalcaemia is untreated, or may be arrested at the stage of a lamellar cataract, whose location in the lens indicates the time of the metabolic insult.
		Calcium ions have a profound effect on membrane permeability and it is likely that the cataract is produced by an increase in lens fibre membrane permeability produced by hypocalcaemia.
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /simplepage.cfm?ID=1684733955 (837 words)

	Hypocalcaemia (Treatment Guide) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		HYPOCALCAEMIA DEFINITION Abnormally low concentration of calcium in the blood (Total calcium < 2.20 mmol/L or 8.8 mg/dL).
		In all patients with suspected or confirmed hypocalcaemia, perform continuous cardiac monitoring, and give intravenous calcium gluconate (10 to 15 mL over 3 to 5 minutes, 0.01 to 0.02 mL/kg in children).
		Some of the causes of hypocalcaemia may also lead to severe hyperkalaemia - measure serum potassium and electrolytes frequently.
	www.intox.org /databank/documents/treat/treate/trt27_e.htm (345 words)

	Hypoparathyroidism - Patient UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Therefore, the effect of PTH deficiency is hypocalcaemia.
		In autoimmune primary hypoparathyroidism, hypocalcaemia occurs on average at age 7, with a range of 6 months to 20 years.
		In children it can present with hypocalcaemia and rickets but appropriate investigation is required to differentiate other causes.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/40000942/www.morewriting.co.uk (1099 words)

	One Alpha , SPC from the IPHA Electronic Medicines Compendium
		Following parathyroidectomy, patients with primary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism and bone disease often require large doses of vitamin D and intravenous calcium to avoid severe hypocalcaemia.
		Continued post-operative treatment decreases post-operative hypocalcaemia and should be continued until the plasma alkaline phosphatase level falls to normal or hypercalcaemia occurs.
		Neither large doses of parent vitamin D nor phosphate supplements are entirely satisfactory, the latter tending to produce hypocalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism.
	www.medicines.ie /emc/assets/c/html/displayDocPrinterFriendly.asp?DocumentId=5747 (1681 words)

	A reversible form of cardiomyopathy. Kini SM, Pednekar SJ, Nabar ST, Varthakavi P J Postgrad Med
		The mechanisms6 for the development of cardiomyopathy in patients with hypoparathyroidism include hypocalcaemia (the most important), hypomagnesaemia, decreased levels of circulating parathormone, other metabolic changes due to hypoparathyroid state and coexisting myocardial disease.
		Thus sodium retention during hypocalcaemia may be a factor in the pathogenesis of cardiac failure.
		The resolution of congestive cardiac failure associated with hypoparathyroidism with treatment of the metabolic abnormalities induced by hypoparathyroidism, strongly supports the causal relationship between hypocalcaemia and the cardiomyopathy.
	www.jpgmonline.com /article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2003;volume=49;issue=1;spage=85;epage=7;aulast=Kini (1525 words)

	eMJA: Profound hypocalcaemia after zoledronic acid treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Her hypocalcaemia was managed with oral calcium carbonate 4.5 g/day and calcitriol 0.5 g/day.
		Ten days later, her total serum calcium concentration rose to 2.31 mmol/L and her phosphate concentration was 0.9 mmol/L. Bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, thereby reducing serum calcium concentration.
		Vitamin D insufficiency afflicts a large proportion of the elderly population,3 and its existence needs to be recognised before commencement of bisphosphonate therapy, so that adequate calcium and vitamin D supplementation can be given to reduce the occurrence of hypocalcaemia.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/182_09_020505/letters_020505-3.html (498 words)

	Severe hypocalcaemia after being given intravenous bisphosphonate -- Peter et al. 328 (7435): 335 -- BMJ
		Mishra A, Wong L, Jonklaas J. Prolonged symptomatic hypocalcaemia with pamidronate administration and subclinical hypoparathyroidism.
		Symptomatic hypocalcaemia in a patient with latent hypoparathyroidism and breast carcinoma with bone metastasis following administration of pamidronate.
		Role of bone and kidney in tumour-induced hypercalcaemia and its treatment with bisphosphonate and sodium chloride.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/328/7435/335 (1266 words)

	Hypoparathyroidism unmasked by alendronate -- Kashyap and Kashyap 76 (897): 417 -- Postgraduate Medical Journal
		Alendronate (and other bisphosphonates) may lead to symptomatic hypocalcaemia in patients with pre-existing subclinical hypoparathyroidism.
		Prolonged or permanent hypocalcaemia may result from removal of all four parathyroid glands or from disruption of the vascular
		In this patient the most likely explanation of hypocalcaemia is the unmasking of pre-existing subclinical hypocalcaemia caused
	pmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/76/897/417 (538 words)

	Committed to safety and excellence in minimally invasive endocrine surgery
		This results in a low blood calcium level (hypocalcaemia) where blood calcium is less than 2.25mmol/l (10 mgs/100mls).
		It is important to realise that hypoparathyroidism is not the only cause of hypocalcaemia, as explained in the section 'What are the parathyroids?
		Low albumin - Any reason for a low serum albumin will cause low serum calcium due to the calcium particles not being carried properly in the blood, allowing them to be excreted and lost.
	www.endocrinesurgeon.co.uk /parathyroids/parathyroid8.html (233 words)

	Hypoparathyroidism and 22q11 deletion syndrome -- Taylor et al. 88 (6): 520 -- Archives of Disease in Childhood
		hypocalcaemia in 60% of subjects with 22q11 deletion syndrome,
		and was assigned to the normal group in the absence of hypocalcaemia.
		hypocalcaemia and would not be reliable screening methods.
	adc.bmjjournals.com /cgi/pmidlookup?view=full&pmid=12765920 (1169 words)

	The investigation of hypocalcaemia and rickets -- Singh et al. 88 (5): 403 -- Archives of Disease in Childhood
		The investigation of hypocalcaemia and rickets -- Singh et al.
		Establishing the diagnosis in patients with hypocalcaemia and
		Hypocalcaemia may be an incidental finding, or it can result
	adc.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/88/5/403 (2602 words)

	Sodium phosphate enema causes life-threatening disorders
		The clinical signs seen were marked by dehydration and neurological deficits like seizures.
		The most striking laboratory abnormalities were hypernatraemia, hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia, and polycythaemia.
		Although immediate and intensive measures were undertaken to resuscitate the animals, the dog succumbed while the cats recovered.
	www.petspourri.com /veterinarian20.htm (140 words)

	Fias Co Farm- Goat Health Care- Milk Fever
		It is actually low blood calcium, which is known as hypocalcaemia.
		The goat may have plenty of calcium in her bones and in the diet, but due to a sudden increase in calcium and phosphorus requirements (due to impending kidding or lactation) she is unable to reabsorb the calcium she needs from her bones or absorb it from her diet.
		It is important to note that hypocalcaemia is not only relative in immediate pre/post kidding situations.
	fiascofarm.com /goats/milkfever.htm (757 words)

	Malignant infantile osteopetrosis presenting with neonatal hypocalcaemia -- Srinivasan et al. 83 (1): 21 -- Archives of ...
		Malignant infantile osteopetrosis presenting with neonatal hypocalcaemia -- Srinivasan et al.
		Table 1 gives age at presentation and clinical features of children presenting with hypocalcaemia, ranked according to age
		Mean age at presentation for children with proven hypocalcaemia was 12.4 days.
	fn.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/83/1/F21 (1608 words)

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