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Topic: Hypocalcemia

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	eMedicine - Hypocalcemia : Article by Alfredo A Pegoraro, MD
		The presence of chronic diarrhea or intestinal disease, such as is observed with Crohn disease, sprue, or chronic pancreatitis, suggests the possibility of hypocalcemia due to malabsorption of calcium and/or vitamin D. Previous neck surgery suggests hypoparathyroidism; a history of seizures suggests hypocalcemia secondary to anticonvulsants.
		In a patient with hypocalcemia, the serum albumin is essential to the diagnosis of true hypocalcemia, which involves a reduction in ionized serum calcium, or to the diagnosis of "factitious" hypocalcemia, meaning decreased total, but not ionized, calcium.
		In patients with hypocalcemia and chronic renal failure, the dietary intake of phosphate should be lowered to 400-800 mg/d to prevent hyperphosphatemia.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1118.htm (5581 words)

	Hypocalcemia Encyclopedia of Medicine - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hypocalcemia can be caused by hypoparathyroidism, by failure to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, by low levels of plasma magnesium, or by failure to get adequate amounts of calcium or vitamin D in the diet.
		Hypocalcemia is diagnosed by acquiring a sample of blood serum and measuring the concentraton of free calcium using a calcium-sensitive electrode.
		Hypocalcemia resulting from magnesium deficiency tends to occur in chronic alcoholics, and this type of hypocalcemia can be prevented by reducing alcohol consumption and increasing the intake of healthful food.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0007/ai_2601000712 (896 words)

	Endotext.com - Diseases of Bone and Calcium Metabolism, Hypocalcemia: Diagnosis and Treatment
		The hallmark of acute hypocalcemia is neuromuscular irritability.
		Hypocalcemia is usually not observed in the presence of low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D due to the compensatory rise of PTH, which will mobilize the calcium stores.
		Aplasia or hyperplasia of the thymus, aplasia or hypoplasia of the parathyroid glands and associated conotruncal cardiac malformation are hallmarks of this disorder.
	www.endotext.org /parathyroid/parathyroid7/parathyroid7.htm (8532 words)

	Endotext.com - Diseases of Bone and Calcium Metabolism, Hypocalcemia: Diagnosis and Treatment
		The hallmark of acute hypocalcemia is neuromuscular irritability.
		Hypocalcemia is usually not observed in the presence of low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D due to the compensatory rise of PTH, which will mobilize the calcium stores.
		Aplasia or hyperplasia of the thymus, aplasia or hypoplasia of the parathyroid glands and associated conotruncal cardiac malformation are hallmarks of this disorder.
	www.endotext.com /parathyroid/parathyroid7/parathyroid7.htm (8532 words)

	Hypocalcemia : Epilepsy.com/Professionals
		Symptomatic hypocalcemia is usually defined as an abnormal reduction in the serum ionized calcium concentration, or as a serum calcium level less than 7.5 mg/dL in the presence of normal levels of serum proteins.
		The symptoms of hypocalcemia generally reflect the degree of hypocalcemia and the acuteness of the fall in serum ionized calcium concentration.
		Acute hypocalcemia primarily causes neurologic symptoms because of increased neuromuscular excitability.
	professionals.epilepsy.com /page/electroab_hypocalcemia.html (1199 words)

	Hypocalcemia in newborns (Pediatric Oncall) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hypocalcemia is defined as total serum calcium concentrations below 7 mg/dl and ionized calcium less than 4 mg/dl.
		Intractable hypocalcemia due to hypomagnesemia is treated with magnesium sulphate (0.2ml/kg of 50 % solution or 0.4 ml/kg of 25% solution) intramuscularly or intravenously.
		Hypocalcemia associated with hyperphosphatemia is treated by giving the infants a low phosphorous formula or human milk and adding calcium supplements to the milk.
	pediatriconcall.com /fordoctor/DiseasesandCondition/hypocalcemia.asp (351 words)

	Calcium: Minerals and Electrolytes: Merck Manual Home Edition
		Hypocalcemia is most commonly caused by excessive calcium loss in the urine or a failure to move calcium out of the bones into the bloodstream.
		Hypocalcemia may result when the level of parathyroid hormone is low (for example, if the parathyroid glands are damaged during thyroid gland surgery), when a person is born without parathyroid glands, or when the body responds poorly to a normal level of parathyroid hormone (pseudohypoparathyroidism).
		Other causes of hypocalcemia include vitamin D deficiency (due to poor nutrition or inadequate exposure to sunlight), kidney damage (which increases loss of calcium in urine and reduces the kidneys' ability to activate vitamin D), inadequate intake of calcium in the diet, disorders that affect calcium absorption, and pancreatitis.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec12/ch155/ch155b.html (1474 words)

	Hypocalcemia - Genesis Health System
		Hypocalcemia can be caused by hypoparathyroidism, by failure to produce 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, by low levels of plasma magnesium, or by failure to get adequate amounts of calcium or vitamin D in the diet.
		The hypocalcemia that may occur with damage to the parathyroid gland or to the kidneys cannot be prevented.
		Hypocalcemia resulting from magnesium deficiency tends to occur in chronic alcoholics, and this type of hypocalcemia can be prevented by reducing alcohol consumption and increasing the intake of healthful food.
	www.genesishealth.com /conditions/DetailedDisease/000700.aspx (897 words)

	Hypocalcemia in newborns (Pediatric Oncall) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hypocalcemia is defined as total serum calcium concentrations below 7 mg/dl and ionized calcium less than 4 mg/dl.
		Intractable hypocalcemia due to hypomagnesemia is treated with magnesium sulphate (0.2ml/kg of 50 % solution or 0.4 ml/kg of 25% solution) intramuscularly or intravenously.
		Hypocalcemia associated with hyperphosphatemia is treated by giving the infants a low phosphorous formula or human milk and adding calcium supplements to the milk.
	www.pediatriconcall.com /fordoctor/DiseasesandCondition/hypocalcemia.asp (391 words)

	Hypocalcemia
		Hypocalcemia, like hypercalcemia, may vary from a very mild and asymptomatic biochemical abnormality to a severe life-threatening disorder depending on the duration, severity, and rapidity of development.
		The causes of hypocalcemia (Table 1) are either from increased loss of calcium from the circulation or from insufficient entry of calcium into the circulation.
		Hypoparathyroidism is most common cause of hypocalcemia and is often caused by surgery in the central neck that requires radical resections because of head and neck cancers.
	www.clevelandclinicmeded.com /diseasemanagement/endocrinology/hypocal/hypocal.htm (1927 words)

	MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Hypocalcemia - infants
		Hypocalcemia is an abnormally low blood calcium level.
		There are several common causes of hypocalcemia in a newborn, including prematurity, stress, infection, diabetes in the birth mother, and some medications.
		For the long-term, prolonged low calcium supply results in poor bone formation (osteopenia) which may result in very brittle bones that are prone to fractures.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/ency/article/007229.htm (315 words)

	Hypocalcemia \| Cooper University Hospital (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hypocalcemia is a condition in which there is too little calcium in the blood.
		Hypocalcemia is thought to be caused by immaturity of parathyroid glands that make calcium.
		Hypocalcemia is more common in premature and low birthweight babies, because their parathyroid glands are less mature.
	www.cooperhealth.org /content/greystone_17362.asp (284 words)

	Hypocalcemia - The Doctors Lounge(TM)
		Hypocalcemia of any cause is associated with certain typical signs and symptoms.
		Cardiac effects of hypocalcemia include a prolonged QT interval and, rarely, congestive heart failure.
		Dental anomalies depend on age of onset; in children hypocalcemia can cause enamel hypoplasia and failure of the adult teeth to erupt.
	www.thedoctorslounge.net /endocrinology/diseases/hypocalcemia.htm (334 words)

	Differentiating Hypocalcemia from Milk Fever, Pregnancy Toxemia, Parturient Paresis and Ketosis
		Hypocalcemia, or calcium deficiency, is a condition, not a disease.
		Knowing that hypocalcemia is one element of milk fever, and that milk fever is a documented, recognized disease of late pregnancy and early lactation, it's easy to lump hypocalcemia right in there and just call it milk fever, comfortably providing it with all the needed "causes, symptoms, treatments and prevention''.
		But we know that while hypocalcemia, a condition, is an element of milk fever, a disease, it is not the only element of that disease, and the causes, dynamics and treatment for the two situations vary somewhat from one another.
	hometown.aol.com /goatlist/hypocal.htm (2343 words)

	eMedicine - Hypocalcemia : Article by Christopher B Beach
		Clinically evident hypocalcemia generally presents in milder forms and is usually the result of a chronic disease state.
		The causes of hypocalcemia include hypoalbuminemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperphosphatemia, multifactorial enhanced protein binding and anion chelation, medication effects, surgical effects, PTH deficiency or resistance, and vitamin D deficiency or resistance.
		Hypoalbuminemia is the most common cause of hypocalcemia and is due to cirrhosis, nephrosis, malnutrition, burns, chronic illness, and sepsis.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic271.htm (3079 words)

	Hypocalcemia - Low Calcium - Symptoms, Signs, Causes, and Treatment of Hypocalcemia
		Hypocalcemia is a low level of calcium in the blood.
		The most common sign of hypocalcemia is what is called "neuromuscular irritability." Your nerves and muscles, which are directly related to blood calcium levels, may spasm or twitch.
		If you do not take in enough calcium during hypocalcemia, especially if you have taken steroids for your disease that may cause "bone thinning," you are at risk for long term complications of bone loss (osteoporosis).
	www.chemocare.com /managing/hypocalcemia-low-calcium.asp (903 words)

	Puerperal Hypocalcemia in Small Animals - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Hypocalcemia most likely results from the loss of calcium into the milk and from inadequate dietary calcium intake.
		The incidence is increased in small breeds of dogs, although puerperal hypocalcemia can occur in any breed of dog, with any size litter, and at any time during lactation.
		Steps to consider to prevent puerperal hypocalcemia in the bitch include feeding a high-quality, nutritionally balanced, and appropriate diet during pregnancy and lactation, providing food and water ad lib during lactation, and supplemental feeding of the puppies with milk replacer early in lactation and with solid food after 3-4 wk of age.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/80304.htm?zoom_highlight=tetany (1454 words)

	Hypocalcemia
		Hypocalcemia (calcium deficiency) is a serious condition in which the calcium that a doe needs to support herself and provide for the needs of her developing fetuses (or to produce milk if she is lactating) is unavailable to her because of incorrect feeding.
		Hypocalcemia is a correctable metabolic disorder (condition), and not a disease.
		A number of our foremost dairy goat nutritionists and veterinarians have made reference to the existence of hypocalcemia in their writings over the years, although none seem to address the actual cause of it, which is critical to its treatment.
	kinne.net /hypocal2.htm (3249 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: PREVALENCE OF SUBCLINICAL HYPOCALCEMIA IN U.S. DAIRY OPERATIONS
		Citation: Horst, R.L., Goff, J.P., Mccluskey, B.J. Prevalence of subclinical hypocalcemia in u.s.
		For example, severe hypocalcemia results in higher plasma cortisol which may exacerbate the immunosuppression ordinarily present at calving; a greater decline in feed intake after calving exacerbating the negative energy balance; decreased secretion of insulin, preventing tissue uptake of glucose, and increasing lipid mobilization.
		Subclinical hypocalcemia can induce some of the same secondary disease problems as clinical milk fever and should be viewed as an impediment to the health of a cow.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=174592&pf=1 (431 words)

	Hypocalcemia - High-Risk Newborn - Health Library - Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters
		Hypocalcemia is thought to be caused by immaturity of parathyroid glands that make calcium.
		Hypocalcemia is more common in premature and low birthweight babies, because their parathyroid glands are less mature.
		Hypocalcemia may get better without treatment in some cases, especially if there are no symptoms.
	www.chkd.org /HealthLibrary/Content.aspx?pageid=P02376 (343 words)

	Hypocalcemia - The Doctors Lounge(TM)
		Hypocalcemia of any cause is associated with certain typical signs and symptoms.
		Cardiac effects of hypocalcemia include a prolonged QT interval and, rarely, congestive heart failure.
		Dental anomalies depend on age of onset; in children hypocalcemia can cause enamel hypoplasia and failure of the adult teeth to erupt.
	www.doctorslounge.com /primary/diseases/endocrinology/hypocalcemia.htm (333 words)

	Clinical implications of hypocalcemia in malaria Indian Journal of Medical Research - Find Articles
		As hypocalcemia is known to cause Q - Tc interval prolongation, electrocardiograms were obtained in all patients with low calcium levels.
		Hypocalcemia is known to produce Q- Tc prolongation in electrocardiograms6.
		This prompted us to undertake a study to know the prevalence of hypocalcemia in different types of malaria; measure Q- Tc interval in the ECGs of patients with malaria for possible correlation with hypocalcemia and see whether calcium levels can be of prognostic value in malaria.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3867/is_199808/ai_n8811064 (882 words)

	UpToDate Treatment of hypocalcemia
		The first step in the management of a patient with asymptomatic hypocalcemia is to verify that there is a true decrease in the physiologically important serum ionized (or free) calcium concentration, rather than a reduction in total but not ionized calcium as occurs with hypoalbuminemia.
		It is also important to remember that symptomatic hypocalcemia can occasionally occur in the absence of a fall in the serum total calcium concentration, as with increased protein-binding of ionized calcium due to acute respiratory alkalosis.
		Almost all of the body calcium is stored in bone, and hypocalcemia is usually due to a shift in the equilibrium such that calcium cannot be mobilized from bone to maintain the serum calcium concentration; examples include hypoparathyroidism and hyperphosphatemia.
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=minmetab/2160 (504 words)

	Adult Health Advisor 2005.4: Hypocalcemia
		Hypocalcemia means that the level of calcium in the blood is lower than normal.
		Severe hypocalcemia is usually treated with injections of calcium gluconate.
		Hypocalcemia that is caused by problems with the parathyroid gland or the kidneys cannot be prevented.
	www.med.umich.edu /1libr/aha/aha_hypocalc_crs.htm (413 words)

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