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Topic: Hypocephalus

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	Kolob - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Facsimile 2, the hypocephalus (meaning "under the head"), belongs to a class of Egyptian religious documents called hypocephali, which were amulets the Egyptians placed under the heads of their dead that were highly individualized for each of them (see Book of the Dead and Book of Abraham).
		Hypocephali first appeared during the Egyptian Saite Dynasty (664-525 B.C.), and it is in chapter 162 of the Saite version of the Book of the Dead that directions for the construction and use of hypocephali are given.
		Archaeology, and especially Egyptology, was not an established discipline at the time of Smith's procurement of the hypocephalus, and the ancient Egyptian language had not yet been translated into English when Smith produced the Book of Abraham.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kolob (1684 words)

	Megalithic New Zealand part 5
		At the very centre of the Hypocephalus, a position that one could call centre stage, is a crouched or squatting figure that looks remarkably like the corner design, in geometric terms, of the naturally occurring universal geometry.
		Note how the lower body region of the Hypocephalus, adjacent to the flattened "X", tends to be drawn to a lower, extended level from where the legs are seen to protrude from the conical body trunk.
		The number of baboons changes from one Hypocephalus to another, but there is a common consistency in that they each carry a circle on their heads.
	www.celticnz.co.nz /mnz_pt5.html (2542 words)

	Megalithic New Zealand part 6
		One last point, for the moment, about this section of the Hypocephalus is that the ape figures have their legs outstretched to indicate forward motion.
		The Hypocephalus is a very clear picture of the Precession of the Equinoxes and the manner in which the ancient Egyptians must have measured Precession.
		This portion of the Hypocephalus probably denotes exactness in the calculation of angle and direction and is an amulet of guidance, placed at the location most conducive to inspiration, reason and profound knowledge.
	www.celticnz.co.nz /mnz_pt6.html (1521 words)

	The Joseph Smith Hypocephalus
		A hypocephalus is a small disk-shaped object made of papyrus, stuccoed linen, bronze, gold, wood, or clay, which the Egyptians placed under the head of their dead.
		[4] The hypocephalus itself symbolized the eye of Re or Horus,[5] i.e., the sun, and the scenes portrayed on it relate to the Egyptian concept of the resurrection and life after death.
		In this vision he is shown the plan of the universe, "what is in the heavens, on the earth, in the sea, and in the abyss"[36] (almost the exact words used in the left middle portion of the Joseph Smith Hypocephalus).
	www.think-aboutit.com /Spiritual/joseph_smith_hypocephalus.htm (5840 words)

	Relationship of Hypocephalus & Book of Breathings & - www.ezboard.com
		A hypocephalus goes under a mummy's head--it was for a guy/mummy named Sheshonq.
		It might simply be that the interpretations of the hypocephalus seemed to deal with cosmology and Abraham dealt with a metaphor relating to cosmology.
		For one nothing in Abr 3 really has much to do with Joseph's translation of the hypocephalus beyond the word "kolob." However Kolob in Abr 3 is a metaphor relating to orbits or rotations.
	p080.ezboard.com /fpacumenispagesfrm47.showMessage?topicID=340.topic (857 words)

	Translation Fac. 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Hypocephalus is the name given to a small disk-shaped object made of papyrus, stuccoed linen, bronze, wood, or clay, which the Egyptians placed under the head of their deceased (hence the name hypocephalus, literally, "under the head").
		When perusing Facsimile 2, one is immediately struck by the contrast between most of the hieroglyphic signs, which are readily recognizable, and the signs of the right third of the figure on the outer edge as well as the outer portions of the sections numbered 12-15.
		Where the hypocephalus depicts the two-headed deity holding the symbol of life or power over death, Joseph mentions "holding the key of power." Where an altar is shown, Joseph identifies the principle of "sacrifice upon an altar" as revealed by God to Abraham.
	www.pofgp.com /Translation_Fac_2.htm (4027 words)

	Egyptian Facsimile
		Along with scrolls printed with protective spells, priestly familes of Upper Egypt would also include an amulet (hypocephalus) with the deceased.
		This was placed under the mummies head, and was enscribed with text and pictures pertaining to the idea of resurrection of life over death.
		These hypocephalus' were made of varying substances, with the majority on papyrus or dried mud from the river Nile.
	wind.prohosting.com /rlanwood/facsim2.htm (91 words)

	Translation of Egyptian Symbols, part 2
		Translating and interpreting the hypocephalus is a little harder than Hôr's vignettes, due to a combination of poor copying by Reuben Hedlock, and incorrect restorations from damaged areas in the original document.
		While Joseph Smith apparently thought of this hypocephalus as a study of cosmic concepts, Egyptians would have thought of it as a funerary document which contained imagery and text culled from their long-standing religious beliefs, which would aid the deceased along their journey toward the afterlife.
		In another similar hypocephalus found at the British Museum — a hypocephalus for the temple musician Neshorpakhered — this same northeast corner is very similar to Joseph Smith's "restoration".
	home.comcast.net /~zarahemla/BOA/BOA_7.html (3106 words)

	Book of Abraham
		A hypocephalus is an Egyptian magic amulet that is placed under the head of the deceased mummy to keep the body warm.
		The drawing of the hypocephalus on the left was preserved in what is commonly called the Joseph Smith's Egyptian Alphabet and Grammar.
		However, the drawing of the hypocephalus as shown in Joseph Smith's Egyptian Alphabet and Grammar shows significant missing portions, including parts of the outer ring, central figure, and much of the upper right quadrant.
	www.helpingmormons.org /abraham.htm (6132 words)

	Alpha and Omega Ministries, The Christian Apologetics Ministry of James R. White
		One of the many pagan gods pictured in this hypocephalus is shown above as it appears in the current edition of the LDS Scriptures.
		In point of fact, Joseph’s hypocephalus was damaged at the border so that only the head of the “dove” was visible.
		Incredible as it may seem, intelligent, well-read LDS are fully aware of the true nature of the hypocephalus, including the presence of Min and Nehebka (the vast majority of LDS, however, are not).
	aomin.org /Mintract.html (1138 words)

	[No title]
		The study of the Bible has always been philologically based, and the languages surrounding Israel were closely related to Hebrew; nothing could be more natural than for scholars to turn to the oldest of those languages in search of biblical origins.
		The hypocephalus as Joseph Smith explains it correlates time and space and indicates a flow of energy among celestial bodies as it actually was understood by the Egyptians and indicated in the hypocephali.
		The hypocephalus is a reminder that there can be worlds—real worlds—we know not of, an idea which is just now being introduced into the pulpits and journals of Christian churches, with an increasing awareness that all life throughout the entire universe is interconnected.
	www.lib.byu.edu /nibley/unpub_wks/egypt.doc (2119 words)

	Facimilies of Book of Abraham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The god is sitting at the center of the hypocephalus, which, as was mentioned above, represents the world.
		This is clearly the god mentioned in chapter 162 of the Book of the Dead (the chapter describing the construction and use of the hypocephalus), who wears the double plumed crown.
		Do not allow anyone's eyes to see it!" Line 8 reads, "Grant that the soul of the Osiris, Shishaq, may live (eternally)." Since the designated purpose of the hypocephalus was to make the deceased divine, it is not unreasonable to see here a reference to the sacred ordinances performed in our Latter-day temples.
	www.lightplanet.com /response/BofAbraham/Facsimiles.html (2355 words)

	LDS FAQ: The Book of Abraham, Part 2 - Evidence that Joseph Smith was a Prophet of God
		Facsimile 2 (see it online at lds.org) is an Egyptian hypocephalus, a figure placed under the head of a deceased person to provide light and guidance to help him through the night of death into the day of resurrection.
		Varga writes that with the help of a hypocephalus, "the deceased assumes the attributes of the divinity, they are his functions which he executes in order to share his departure and so that, at the daily rebirth of the sun, he himself is also reborn into the new life" (Varga, "Fragment d'un hypocephale egyptien,' pp.
		The imagery of a typical hypocephalus is often based on the nighttime journey of the sun in the lower half of the figure, and on the morning sun in the upper half.
	www.jefflindsay.com /LDSFAQ/FQ_Abraham2.shtml (17030 words)

	The Use of Papyri to Authenticate the Book of Abraham (Part 2 - Endnotes)
		[14] Budge (1901, 119) speculated that the hypocephalus 'represents the pupil of the eye of Horus'.
		But Bonnet (1952, 390) cites only Spiegelberg's explanation that the hypocephalus originally was a round pillow (Kopfkissen) that later Egyptians misinterpreted as a round disk when they saw it on ancient depictions (GerŠtfriesen).
		In that the purpose of the hypocephalus was to provide the heat of the sun-god Re to the deceased in order to facilitate rebirth, it would not be unreasonable to regard it as a representation of the solar disk.
	www.buchabraham.mormonismus-online.de /ashment2.htm (1853 words)

	Kolob
		The account of the Book of Abraham reveals that mankind first existed in the preexistence wherein the spirit children of God were spiritually created before they were physically born on the earth.
		The circular hypocephalus may be a symbolic figure of the principle that everything revolves around the Lord in a course of one eternal round.
		Note well that the creator Khnum is centered in the middle of the hypocephalus and that the writings and vignettes seem to rotate around the center picture as if they were in orbit.
	www.myegyptology.net /file/id69.htm (460 words)

	Facsimile #2... does it make sense? - www.ezboard.com
		The hypocephalus itself symbolized the eye of Re or Horus, i.e., the sun, and the scenes portrayed on it relate to the Egyptian concept of the resurrection of life after death.
		The Egyptian Book of the Dead illustrates the ship of the god many times....Usually it is Re, the Sun-god who traverses the sky in his ship, which is usually depicted on a rather large hieroglyph of the sky.
		All in all, as one carefully analyzes the hypocephalus and Joseph Smith's marvelous interpretations we begin to see just how powerful his prophetic insights were.
	p080.ezboard.com /fpacumenispagesfrm73.showMessage?topicID=279.topic (4453 words)

	The Use of Magical Papyri to Authenticate the Book of Abraham (Part 1)
		The Greek name, hypocephalus ('under the head'), is derived from the term 'heat under the head' in the Egyptian title of BD 162: 'Spell for providing heat under the head of the blessed dead'.
		Parenthetically, the hypocephalus may have been a prototype of the halo that crowned the heads of personages in Egyptian art from before the Fourth Century CE (Bonnet 1952, 389f.; Kessler, 1980, 693; Goyon 1972, 276; Barguet 1967, 228 note 1).
		This time he almost admits that the text is a lamp divination spell — he now calls it 'a long chapter on using a lamp to get revelation' (61) — whereas before he referred to it merely as a 'section on how to obtain revelation' (1991, 3).
	www.irr.org /mit/ashment1.html (7446 words)

	Hypocephalus - Facsimile #2 in the Book of Abraham Analyzed - James David's site "A Close Look at Mormonism" Refuted ...
		We don't say that the hypocephalus HAS to date to Abraham's day to be an authentic Egyptian document, nor to be later adapted to fit something with the Book of Abraham at all.
		The drawing of the Hypocephalus is NOT inspired, so it is not all so crucially important to have it exactly correct down the the nth millimeter of line lengths or figures accurately drawn (Although many of them certainly are).
		We also have a gatrillion Egyptologists writings and articles of their research on the various animals, deities, Pharaohs, etc., in ancient Egypt and what they were, who they were, what they did, etc. We have PLENTY to test Smith's explanations of the figures on the Facsimiles.
	www2.ida.net /graphics/shirtail/hypoceph.htm (12027 words)

	Top Ten Reasons I Believe the Book of Abraham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In Facsimile #2 (which is technically called a hypocephalus) Joseph says that the Figure 5 (showing a cow with a woman standing behind it) "is said by the Egyptians to be the sun".
		In this vision he is shown the plan of the universe, "what is in the heavens, on the earth, in the sea, and in the abyss" [36] (almost the exact words used in the left middle portion of the Joseph Smith Hypocephalus).
		The hypocephalus itself represented all that the sun encircles, the whole world, the world of men and the day sky, the nether world and the night sky; and this god is sitting in the center.
	users2.ev1.net /~kcmake/lds/TopTenBoA.html (8441 words)

	The Book of Abraham Fraud (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		As a part of pagan burial ritual, the hypocephalus was placed under (hypo) the deceased's head (cephalus) to provide magical light and warmth.
		Mormons should study this picture because in the picture are the exact personages whom Egyptologists identify as Menu-ka-mut-f and Nehebkau, and whom Joe Smith identifies as the Mormon "God" and the Mormon "Holy Ghost." What Mormons identify as representing "God" and the "Holy Ghost" in "scripture," Christians identify as demonic.
		162 of the funerary ritual, which, particularly enjoins that its image be painted on the hypocephalus, and another image of it in gold on the throat of the defunct.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-religion/743024/posts (6490 words)

	Book of Abraham Revisited
		1 (the lion-couch scene) and Facsimile No. 2 (the round hypocephalus) were not copied correctly in all details and include some incorrect restorations in damaged areas of the original papyrus.
		Michael Dennis Rhodes, a Mormon scholar skilled in Egyptian, has translated the hieroglyphic writing of Facsimile No. 2, a copy of an Egyptian hypocephalus, so-called because it was usually placed under (hypo-) the mummy's head (cephalus).
		The bracketed "Figures" refer to the numbers placed on Joseph Smith's reproduction of the hypocephalus to facilitate his reference to various parts of the drawing.
	www.xmission.com /~research/about/abraham.htm (3806 words)

	[No title]
		Varga has identified this figure as 'the most important in a hypocephalus.' These goddesses were thought of as the mother of Re, the sun-god, with Mh.t-wr.t representing the flood from which he arises daily.
		It is important to note that while this figure is associated with the sun, i.e., as the mother of the sun-god, it is never equated with the sun.
		I believe, though, that this is exactly what Stephen Thompson has done with this figure on the Hypocephalus.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/2671/KerrTh3.html (2409 words)

	the Book of Abraham
		Hypocephalus: Both Mormons and non-Mormons have expressed a large amount of interest in the large circular facsimile often printed with the Book of Abraham in the Pearl of Great Price.
		This figure is known as the Hypocephalus, and is believed by Egyptologists to have been placed under the head of the deceased in case he forgot some of the personalized detail needed to know what to say and how to behave in relation to 'gods' and trials after death (a sort of cheat sheet).
		These personalized instructions often accompany the Book of the Dead, but are either over-generalized in its text or passed over completely in highly individualized Books of the Dead.
	www.bookofabraham.com /short3.html (1246 words)

	Amun-Re/Chnum - Fig 1 on Hypocephalus examined in light of Egyptological/Archaeological Information
		Because of the EAG Hypo which is hailed as the original hypo that Joseph Smith had and tried to finish into a complete hypocephalus.
		The most interesting aspect of the serpent is his two heads.2 Mercea Eliade noted that this same set of symbols with the same philosophy is present elsewhere in the ancient world also where Supreme Creators are involved with cosmic snakes who inhabit subterranean regions.
		This number was also important to the Egyptians, as a unit of measure of time and space, as well as one of the names of one of their most important Goddesses, namely Nut.
	www2.ida.net /graphics/shirtail/amunre.htm (4094 words)

	Book of the Dead
		The "book" was nothing like a modern book – the text was initially carved on the exterior of the deceased person's sarcophagus, but was later written on papyrus now known as scrolls and buried inside the sarcophagus with the deceased, presumably so that it would be both portable and close at hand.
		Other texts often accompanied the primary texts including the hypocephalus (meaning 'under the head') which was a primer version of the full text.
		The Book of the Dead constituted as a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for the use of the deceased in the afterlife.
	www.egyptiandreams.co.uk /book-of-the-dead.php?osCsid=a74ce436703ffb2c... (530 words)

	Egyptology and the Book of Abraham
		The interpretation of Facsimile 2 poses more of a challenge to Egyptologists, and therefore is a more fruitful ground for those seeking to justify Joseph Smith's interpretations of the figures in this facsimile.
		The challenge arises from the fact that many of the figures in the hypocephalus are not labeled and can only be tentatively identified through citing parallel illustrations and allusions in other texts.
		In interpreting the figures in the hypocephalus, Egyptologists rely on the fact that "the image of the hypocephalus presents the rising from the Duat, the rebirth of the deceased with the sun, the scenes are rich illustrations of Ch.
	www.lds-mormon.com /thompson_book_of_abraham.shtml (4597 words)

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