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Topic: Hypochlorite

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Sodium hypochlorite

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	ATSDR - MMG: Calcium Hypochlorite/Sodium Hypochlorite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The toxic effects of sodium and calcium hypochlorite are primarily due to the corrosive properties of the hypochlorite moiety.
		Sodium and calcium hypochlorite are used primarily as oxidizing and bleaching agents or disinfectants.
		Hypochlorite is irritating to the skin and eyes and in some cases may release toxic gases.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg184.html (4551 words)

	Sodium hypochlorite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A solution of sodium hypochlorite is frequently used as a disinfectant and as a bleaching agent; indeed, often it is simply called "bleach", though other chemicals are sometimes given that name as well.
		The alkalinity of the sodium hypochlorite solution also causes the precipitation of minerals such as calcium carbonate (lime), so that the shock chlorination is often accompanied by a clogging effect.
		Hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer, and the products of the oxidation reactions are corrosive, and can burn skin and cause eye damage, particularly when used in concentrated forms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite (1078 words)

	Sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant
		Sodium hypochlorite is a strong oxidator and reacts with flammable compounds and reductors.
		In households, hypochlorite is used frequently for the purification and disinfection of the house.
		Because sodium hypochlorite is used both to oxidize pollutions (urine, sweat, cosmetics) and to remove pathogenic microorganisms, the required concentration of sodium hypochlorite depends on the concentrations of these pollutions.
	www.lenntech.com /water-disinfection/disinfectants-sodium-hypochlorite.htm (1448 words)

	Hypochlorite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A hypochlorite compound is a chemical compound containing this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +1.
		Common examples include sodium hypochlorite (chlorine bleach or bleaching agent) and calcium hypochlorite (bleaching powder).
		Hypochlorites are frequently quite unstable — for example, sodium hypochlorite is not available as a solid, since removal of the water from NaClO solution converts it to a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium chlorate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypochlorite (169 words)

	Mechanism of action of sodium hypochlorite
		Sodium hypochlorite is the most used irrigating solution in endodontics, because its mechanism of action causes biosynthetic alterations in cellular metabolism and phospholipid destruction, formation of chloramines that interfere in cellular metabolism, oxidative action with irreversible enzymatic inactivation in bacteria, and lipid and fatty acid degradation.
		The worldwide use of sodium hypochlorite as a root canal irrigating solution is due mainly to its efficacy for pulpal dissolution and antimicrobial activity.
		Sodium hypochlorite is recommended and used by the majority of dentists because this solution presents several important properties: antimicrobial effect (3,4,16), tissue dissolution capacity (1-12,15) and acceptable biologic compatibility in less concentrated solutions (17,18).
	www.forp.usp.br /bdj/bdj13(2)/v13n2a07/v13n2a07.html (2257 words)

	Electrichlor Sodium Hypochlorite Generators have been developed for the Oil & Gas, Chemical, Power, Water, & Waste ...
		On-site sodium hypochlorite generation has proved to be the most economical method to chlorinate cooling water systems in the power and desalination industries to keep cooling water systems free from pathogens, algae and mussel growth.
		Generally, sodium hypochlorite is generated close to the seawater intake and fed from the cooling water discharge manifold.
		Electrichlor hypochlorite generators are sized for the operation required; however, they can be operated up to 125% of their rating for short periods.
	www.electrichlor.com /technical.html (1261 words)

	Sequesterants as hypochlorite bleach enhancers - Patent 6297209
		Preferably, the hypochlorite composition is an alkali metal hypochlorite and said sequesterant has a molecular weight of between about 500 and 500,000 daltons, and preferably from about 3,000 to 70,000 daltons.
		The concentration of sequestering agents should be sufficient to mitigate the dingying effect of hypochlorite on fabric, particularly white fabric, and to prevent or reduce the level of fabric damage when the fabric is washed in water containing iron and/or manganese ions present at these concentration level(s).
		The hypochlorite bleach composition (without said sequestering agents) is typically commercially available as an aqueous solution comprising about a 1-15%, preferably about a 4-8%, solution of sodium hypochlorite in water, with various amounts of sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride and other by-products of the manufacturing process present.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6297209.html (4574 words)

	ODYSSEY MANUFACTURING CO. - Liquid Sodium Hypochlorite Specification
		The price of the sodium hypochlorite shall be fixed for the term of this Purchase Order and shall not be subject to any price escalation or fuel surcharges during the term of the Purchase Order.
		The Purchaser reserves the right to subject samples of the hypochlorite to quick analyses to ensure that it meets basic conditions of the specification with respect to specific gravity, weight percent of sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide, and suspended solids.
		Hypochlorite delivered under this contract shall have a minimum of 0.15 percent by weight sodium hydroxide and a maximum of 0.45 weight percent sodium hydroxide.
	www.odysseymanufacturing.com /bidspec.htm (2317 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Calcium Hypochlorite/Sodium Hypochlorite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Calcium hypochlorite is a white solid that readily decomposes in water releasing oxygen and chlorine.
		Sodium and calcium hypochlorite are used primarily as bleaching agents or disinfectants.
		The toxic effects of sodium and calcium hypochlorite are due primarily to the corrosive properties of hypochlorite.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts184.html (1037 words)

	Controlled release encapsulated hypochlorite deactivator for use in denture cleansers - United States Patent 4,671,972
		In order to utilize the hypochlorite deactivator without adversely effecting the effectiveness of the hypochlorite as a cleansing agent it is necessary to delay the action of the deactivator until the cleansing action is complete.
		The hypochlorite instantaneously reaches its maximum value and is immediately eliminated at the end of the cleansing cycle by the subsequent release of deactivator.
		Prior art methods of including a hypochlorite deactivator in the denture cleansing composition result in a hypochlorite concentration curve represented by curve "b." The hypochlorite is maintained at a low level throughout the cleansing cycle.
	xrint.com /patents/us/4671972 (5043 words)

	Physico-chemical properties of sodium hypochlorite
		A fragment of bovine pulp was submersed in sodium hypochlorite that circulated in an apparatus with a peristaltic pump and Luer Lok syringe.
		The objective of this investigation was to study, in vitro, the effect of four concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on the rate of bovine pulp tissue dissolution at environmental temperature and evaluate the level of residual chlorine, pH and surface tension after dissolution.
		The velocity of dissolution by 0.5% sodium hypochlorite with a pH of 9 was 0.007 mg/s, of 0.5% sodium hypochlorite with a pH of 11.6 was 0.014 mg/s, of 0.36% sodium hypochlorite with a pH of 7.0 was 0.003 mg/s, and of 0.36% sodium hypochlorite with a pH of 11.6 was 0.010 mg/s.
	www.forp.usp.br /bdj/bdj12(3)/trab2123/t02123.html (1721 words)

	calcium hypochlorite unstabilised chlorine granules for swimming pools
		Calcium Hypochlorite is unstabilised (it does not contain cyanurates) and so is more suited for use in indoor pools where chlorine loss through the effects of sunlight are much less.
		Calcium Hypochlorite is the preferred method of shock treatment because it is readily soluble and rapidly increases the free chlorine content of the water.
		Calcium Hypochlorite is ideal for shock dosing as it is a strong oxidising agent.
	www.calcium-hypochlorite.co.uk (637 words)

	Hypochlorite
		Be very careful that the contents read calcium hypochlorite, and are not some other form of chlorine or other disinfectant.
		There is some disagreement in how soluble calcium hypochlorite is; for our purposes, we will be creating a strong, not saturated, solution, so it is not terribly important to weigh it out.
		Be careful with storing calcium hypochlorite, as it reacts violently with organics, and must be stored according to the label.
	members.cox.net /lmlauman/osp/html/hypochlorite.html (814 words)

	Pulsar HypoPump: Sodium Hypochlorite Applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Yet of great significance, Sodium Hypochlorite or liquid chlorination water disinfection has been proven to be the most effective, economical, and reliable application for treating water globally for over 50 years.
		Sodium Hypochlorite is widely used in various processes for disinfecting and bleaching.
		Sodium Hypochlorite is subject to degradation within the piping and pump systems as it releases oxygen gas and results in crystallization of the residual.
	www.idexpositivepumpcare.com /newsletter/sodium_hypochlorite.htm (1434 words)

	Sodium Hypochlorite
		Sodium Hypochlorite, or bleach is commonly used as a household bleach.
		It is used as an intermediate, in the manufacture of organic chemicals, in water purification, in medicine, in fungicides, in swimming pool disinfectants, as a reagent, and as a germicide.
		The final concentration of the sodium hypochlorite solution depends on the initial concentration of the starting caustic soda solution.
	oxy.com /OXYCHEM/Products/sodium_hypochlorite/sodium_hypochlorite.htm (214 words)

	THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE ON MESOPHILIC AEROBIC BACTERIA
		The animals were submitted to antisepsis of the interdigital space with sodium hypochlorite solutions at 0,5% or 1,0% concentrations, or with distilled water (constituting the control group).
		In veterinary medicine, sodium hypochlorite is used for antisepsis of mammary glands, and for “pre-dipping” and “post-dipping” of milking equipment for disinfecting, at concentrations of 2% to 4% of active chlorine (7, 8).
		Sodium hypochlorite used in the solutions was analyzed to verify the active chlorine concentrations, for the values given on the label may not correspond to the real concentration of active chlorine in the product.
	www.isrvma.org /article/57_3_2.htm (2386 words)

	Electrochlorinators :Electrochlorinators,electrochlorinator,electro chlorinators india,Sodium hypochlorite,sanitized ...
		On-site generation of sodium hypochlorite allows the operator to produce only what is needed and when it is needed.
		The corrosion due to Commercially produced hypochlorite is a concern because of its effect on equipment.
		The degradation of the hypochlorite solution is dependent on the strength of the solution, temperature, and the presence of metal catalysts.
	www.electrochlorinators.com /techInformation.asp (831 words)

	Sodium Hypochlorite-A Public Health Champion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		But before chlorine disinfectants like sodium hypochlorite were routinely added to our drinking water beginning about 100 years ago, many people became sick and died of waterborne (meaning "carried in the water") diseases.
		Sodium hypochlorite solutions disinfect food preparation surfaces, food sorting machinery, containers and instruments of all types involved in producing, transporting and preparing the foods we love to eat.
		Sodium hypochlorite solutions are also used to disinfect many types of surfaces in hospitals, medical labs, doctors' offices and nursing homes to prevent the spread of infection among patients, residents and workers.
	www.science-education.org /classroom_activities/chlorine_compound/NaOCl2.html (604 words)

	americanchemistry.com/chlorine : Calcium Hypochlorite: A Pool Chemical And Much More
		Calcium hypochlorite is a white solid that is added in granular or tablet form to pool water to kill germs that can make swimmers sick.
		Calcium hypochlorite is also one of the allies in the ongoing fight against foodborne disease.
		Calcium hypochlorite is used to disinfect water in many small water systems serving communities in the developing world.
	www.americanchemistry.com /s_chlorine/sec_content.asp?CID=1260&DID=4740 (918 words)

	Sodium Hypochlorite Applications
		Sodium Hypochlorite can decompose over time, which results in the formation of crystalline salts, and as it decomposes, one of the decomposition by-products is oxygen gas.
		The main problem with ball valves, especially those over 2” in size, in sodium hypochlorite service is the crystallization problem When the valve is operated, the ball turns and liquid is trapped in the cavity between the ball and the valve body.
		Sodium Hypochlorite is a potential dangerous process media and Material Safety Data Sheets should be consulted for additional information and safety precautions taken before making any determination is made regarding the application.
	www.pep-plastic.com /manufacturers/hayward/library/valves/11v.htm (506 words)

	Eritrea:Sodium Hypochlorite Generator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Despite these efforts, a persistent barrier to infection prevention in Ministry of Health hospitals was the scarcity of low cost disinfectant, which often had to be imported at high cost, due to the irregular quality of locally manufactured chlorine solutions and frequent interruptions in the supply network.
		Sodium hypochlorite at a 0.6% solution is a safe and very effective disinfectant for health equipment and facilities.
		In small quantities, 0.6% sodium hypochlorite is the disinfectant of choice for point-of-use-water purification for drinking purposes and its use can assure a safe hospital water supply.
	www.urc-chs.com /news/newseritreanu.htm (1052 words)

	Copper ions and hypochlorite are mainly responsible for oxidative inactivation of paraoxon-hydrolyzing activity in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Copper ions and hypochlorite are mainly responsible for oxidative inactivation of paraoxon-hydrolyzing activity in human high density lipoprotein.
		Copper ions and hypochlorite are mainly responsible for oxidative inactivation of paraoxon-hydrolyzing activity in human high density lipoprotein.A similar inactivation was also obtained with HDL-PON1, although to a less extent.
		The inactivation of PON1, either purified or HDL-bound, by ascorbate/Cu2+ was prevented by catalase or thiols, but not general hydroxyl radical scavengers, suggesting the involvement of Cu(2+)-catalyzed oxidation in PON1 inactivation.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/10206814.html (284 words)

	IngentaConnect Hypochlorite scavenging activity of hydroxycinnamic acids evaluat... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hypochlorite scavenging activity of hydroxycinnamic acids evaluated by a rapid microplate method based on the measurement of chloramines
		Scavengers of hypochlorite (XOCl) could have beneficial effects in diseases in which this oxidant plays a pathogenic role.
		It has been reported that ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid, the quinic ester of caffeic acid, are good hypochlorite scavengers, but a systematic evaluation of the naturally occurring hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs), which these substances belong to, has not been performed yet.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/rpsgb/jpp/2003/00000055/00000007/art00016 (332 words)

	hypochlorite
		NaGB - Sterilized with Sodium hypochlorite and sown on GandB medium
		NaSi - Sterilized with Sodium hypochlorite and sown on Sigma P0931
		Sodium hypochlorite was Javex (5% Sodium hypochlorite) mixed with 19
	members.cox.net /lmlauman/osp/html/hypochlorite1.html (504 words)

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