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Topic: Hypochlorous acid

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Chloric acid

Hydrochloric acid

Sodium hypochlorite

PH

Chloramine

Water purification

Chlorine

Redox

Swimming pool

Oxidation

Potassium chloride

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	Hypochlorous acid as a reagent for the oxidation of organic compounds in two phase systems - Patent 5068408
		The hypochlorous acid used in the instant process may be characterized as a solution containing from about 5 to about 65, preferably from about 25 to about 60, and most preferably from about 30 to about 50% by weight of hypochlorous acid (HOCl).
		While the hypochlorous acid concentration is significantly reduced, the chlorine gas concentration is substantially the same as that in the original gaseous mixture fed to the condenser.
		The molar ratio of the hypochlorous acid in the aqueous phase to the organic compound in the organic phase is generally from 0.5 to 1 to about 10 to 1.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5068408.html (2971 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Chlorine Gas : Article by Eli Segal, MD
		The predominant targets of the acid are the epithelia of the ocular conjunctivae and upper respiratory mucus membranes.
		Acids formed by the chlorine gas reaction with the conjunctival mucous membranes are buffered, in part, by the tear film and the proteins present in tears.
		Acid burns to the periphery of the cornea and conjunctiva often heal uneventfully, while burns to the center of the cornea may lead to corneal ulcer formation and subsequent scarring.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic851.htm (3632 words)

	Acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The strength of an acid may be understood by this definition by the stability of hydronium and the solvated conjugate base upon dissociation.
		In the case of highly concentrated acids, the acid should first be wiped off as much as possible, otherwise the reaction of the acid dissolving in the water could cause severe thermal burns.
		Nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid are all strong acids, whereas nitrous acid, sulfurous acid and hypochlorous acid are all weak.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Acid (1572 words)

	AET - Reports - Science - Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching Chemistry
		It is the hypochlorous acid which reacts with organic material to form chlorinated organic compounds (Figure 1 B).
		For example, hypochlorous acid (a byproduct of chloride dioxide oxidation of lignin) reacts with double bonds to produce chlorohydrins (Figure 1 C).
		Hypochlorous acid is generated as a secondary product only by reduction of chlorine dioxide as the lignin is oxidized.
	www.aet.org /science_of_ecf/eco_risk/rchlorine.html (582 words)

	PoolTechs.com Swimming Pool Technicians Study Guide
		Hypochlorous Acid will disassociate or breakdown into hydrogen ions and hypochlorite anions depending on the pH of the water.
		Acid should be diluted in water and poured in the deep end of the pool and not into the skimmer or shallow end.
		Excessive acid and low pH in pool water can lead to damaged equipment and cause bluish-green staining of the plaster when copper is leached from the recirculation piping and the heat exchanger.
	www.pooltechs.com /study.htm (2570 words)

	Chlorine Sanitiser
		Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid and therefore not harmful to people.
		Chlorine as hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is needed for sanitization.
		Hypochlorous acid is reduced to inactive chloride ion when it has done its job.
	www.tps.com.au /pools/chlorine.htm (1980 words)

	Disinfection using hypochlorous acid
		Hypochlorous acid is used for the disinfection of product lines in my company, but I did not know that the effectiveness of disinfection changes depending on pH until I looked at your website (reference).
		As acid is added to sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) solution, the ratio of hypochlorite ion decreases and the ratio of hypochlorous acid increases.
		Acid (hydrochloric acid, citric acid, lactic acid, and so on) can be added slowly to adjust the pH until it becomes pH 6.
	www.chemistryquestion.com /English/Questions/SpecialistChemistry/6_disinfection_hypochlorousacid.html (405 words)

	chlorine
		The amount of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion that is produced when chlorine is added to the water is directly related to the pH of the water.
		The hypochlorous molecule will continue to "kill" until it combines with a nitrogen or ammonia compound to become a chloramine, or is broken down into its component atoms and becomes "neutralized".
		The percentage of hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions is determined by the pH of the water.
	www.rhtubs.com /chlorine.htm (6342 words)

	Pool Chemistry
		When the compound is added to the water, the chlorine reacts with the water to form various chemicals, most notably hypochlorous acid.
		Hypochlorous acid kills bacteria and other pathogens by attacking the lipids in the cell walls and destroying the enzymes and structures inside the cell through an oxidation reaction.
		Even with a stabilizing agent, hypochlorous acid may combine with other chemicals, forming compounds that are not very effective sanitizers.
	www.adventuresinpools.com /PoolChemistry.shtml (802 words)

	Hypochlorous Acid and Taurine-N-Monochloramine in Periodontal Diseases -- Mainnemare et al. 83 (11): 823 -- Journal of ...
		HOCl and TauCl are end-products of the PMN respiratory burst.
		Hypochlorous acid generated by myeloperoxidase modifies adjacent tryptophan and glycine residues in the catalytic domain of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (matrilysin): an oxidative mechanism for restraining proteolytic activity during inflammation.
		Kinetics of the reactions of hypochlorous acid and amino acid chloramines with thiols, methionine, and ascorbate.
	jdr.iadrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/83/11/823 (3155 words)

	Chlorine Disinfection of Produce Washwater
		Hypochlorous acid is the active ingredient of chlorine solutions.
		Hypochlorous acid is effective against a variety of pathogens, but has some limitations.
		Although hypochlorus acid readily reacts with pathogens in water, correct use is essential for maximum effectiveness and safety.
	www.msu.edu /~brook/publications/aeis/aeis653.htm (1700 words)

	Hypochlorous acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biology, hypochlorous acid is generated in activated neutrophils by myeloperoxidase mediated peroxidation of chloride ions, and contributes the destruction of bacteria.
		Hypochlorous acid reacts readily with amino acids that have amino group side chains, with the chlorine from HClO displacing a hydrogen resulting in an organic chloramine.
		The reaction of nucleotides with aqueous hypochlorous acid.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypochlorous_acid (1026 words)

	Our Technology - FAQs
		Hypochlorous acid is well established to be substantially more biocidal and safer than hypochlorite bleach, yet safe and non-toxic.
		Acid electrolyzed water is produced at low pH and is primarily composed of acidic chlorine in solution, a less effective yet more toxic solution.
		Hypochlorous acid is unstable and has a limited shelf life.
	www.sterilox.com /technology_faqs.aspx (296 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Chlorine
		When released to air, chlorine will react with water to form hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid, which are removed from the atmosphere by rainfall.
		It reacts with water to form hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid.
		If released to soil, chlorine will react with moisture forming hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts172.html (1088 words)

	Chlorine ~ Expert Pool & Spa, Inc.
		Hypochlorous Acid is the most active disinfectant form of chlorine in the water.
		Hypochlorous acid is formed when chlorine or a chlorine compound is dissolved in water.
		Hypochlorous acid, the most effective oxidizing form of chlorine, has the highest ORP reading by far.
	www.expertpool.biz /chlorine.htm (1703 words)

	In Situ Hypochlorous Acid Generation for the Treatment of Tannery Wastewaters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		The hypochlorous acid was produced in an undivided electrolytic cell.
		The hypochlorous acid was utilized for the oxidation of organic matter present in the wastewater.
		In the case of chrome tanning wastewater, chromium (III) was oxidized to chromium (VI) by the hypochlorous acid produced during electroylysis with a conversion efficiency of 96±3% at a pH range of 2.5–5.5.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?9803901 (225 words)

	LIPOIC ACID
		The anti-glycation capacity of lipoic acid combined with its capacity for hydrophobic binding enables lipoic acid to prevent glycosylation of albumin in the bloodstream.
		Lipoic acid is known to biochemists as being part of a prosthetic group (lipoamide) of the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase portion of the pyruvate dehydrogenase enzyme complex that converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA prior to entry into the citric acid cycle.
		Lipoic acid is also beneficial in reducing ischemic-reperfusion injury by direct action as well as by glutathione protection and xanthine oxidase inhibition [FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY and MEDICINE; Packer, L.; 19(2):227-250 (1995)].
	www.benbest.com /nutrceut/lipoic.html (859 words)

	Germisep - About NaDDC
		It is an important characteristic of NaDCC solution to result in a slight acidic in-use solution to obtain over 90% of undissociate hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as compare to liquid hypochlorites, which in-use solution is at pH greater than 9 only release 10% HOCl.
		At this slightly acidic and skin-compatible pH, the solution is mild and safe to the skin and less corrosive compare to commonly available chlorine-based disinfectant.
		As part of the free chlorine is used up (due to reaction with microorganisms/organic matters), part of the combined available chlorine is freed to restore the 50:50 equilibrium and continue the disinfecting process.
	www.germisep.com /hovid-nadcc.php (259 words)

	[No title]
		In Germany, alpha-lipoic acid is an approved medical treatment for peripheral neuropathy, a common complication of diabetes.
		The objective of this study was to investigate the fate of glucose in isolated rat muscles incubated with LA and determine its effects on intramuscular redox status.
		An n-6 essential fatty acid and a prostaglandin precursor -linolenic acid (GLA) is also known to improve various indexes of diabetic polyneuropathy (3, 4, 16).
	www.lycos.com /info/alpha-lipoic-acid.html (693 words)

	[No title]
		Calculate the initial concentration (in M) of benzoic acid that is required to produce an aqueous solution of benzoic acid that has a pH of 2.54.
		Ascorbic acid is also known as Vitamin C. In a 0.10 M solution of ascorbic acid 2.8% of the ascorbic acid will dissociate.
		The percentage dissociation of a strong acid in water is assumed to be 100%.
	www.chem.purdue.edu /gchelp/116exams/abequil.html (2937 words)

	[No title]
		Hypochlorous Acid, Hypochlorite Ions or as dissolved elemental Chlorine.
		When a search is done for Hypochlorous Acid, minimal definitions are found, such as the by-product formed by Chlorine added to water.
		A continuation of the search will bring the understated powerful point that it is Hypochlorous Acid that actually does the sanitizing.
	www.aquastelinc.com /faq.htm (3137 words)

	Chlorine Use In Produce Packing Lines
		Testing kits for free chlorine measure both hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion and alone do not indicate the quantity of available chlorine that kills pathogens.
		Although low concentrations of hypochlorous acid (< 40 ppm) have been reported to kill most pathogens within 1 minute, higher concentrations (100 -150 ppm) are commonly used to compensate for various losses of available chlorine in the tank.
		At higher temperatures, hypochlorous acid kills pathogens more quickly but is also lost more rapidly due to reactions with organic matter.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /CH160 (1430 words)

	Chem News
		When chlorine gas is added to water, hypochlorous acid is produced.
		The rate at which gaseous chlorine, hypochlorites, and chloramines kill bacteria is directly related to the amount of free chlorine (hypochlorous acid) in the water.
		The optimum pH for the presence of hypochlorous acid is 6.5 to 7.0.
	www.dfamilk.com /pathlab/chlorineSanitizer.html (704 words)

	IngentaConnect In situ hypochlorous acid generation for the treatment of textile... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-08)
		IngentaConnect In situ hypochlorous acid generation for the treatment of textile...
		The generated chlorine reacts with water leading to the formation of hypochlorous acid and hydrochloric acid.
		The resultant hypochlorous acid, being an oxidising agent, oxidises the organic components present in the textile wastewater.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/sdc/ct/2001/00000117/00000001/art00009 (340 words)

	Chlorine
		The hypochlorite ion has a higher oxidation potential than hypochlorous acid, yet hypochlorous acid is a better disinfectant.
		The fact that hypochlorous acid has no charge allows it to penetrate microbial cell walls easier.
		Chloramines, formed when hypochlorous acid and ammonia are present together in solution, produce long lasting residuals and do not form trihalomethanes, yet their disinfection capability is limited.
	www.environmental-expert.com /articles/article325/article325.htm (556 words)

	Novel products generated from 2'-deoxyguanosine by hypochlorous acid or a myeloperoxidase-H2O2-Cl- system: ...
		Morris,J.C. (1966) The acid ionization constant of HOCl from 5 to 35°.
		The reaction of aqueous hypochlorous acid with cytosine.
		Peskin,A.V. and Winterbourn,C.C. (2001) Kinetics of the reactions of hypochlorous acid and amino acid chloramines with thiols, methionine and ascorbate.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/11/2555 (5635 words)

	Welcome to Taylor Technologies
		This hypochlorite ion is not an effective sanitizer, however, and has only 1% of hypochlorous acid's germicidal power.
		In other words, free chlorine exists in water in both an effective form (hypochlorous acid) and an ineffective form (hypochlorite ion).
		At a lower pH, more chlorine is in the hypochlorous acid form; while at a higher pH, more hypochlorite ion is present.
	www.taylortechnologies.com /ChemistryTopicsCM.ASP?ContentID=20 (1532 words)

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