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Hypocotyl - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hypocotyl is a botanical term for a part of a germinating seedling of a seed plant. After emergence of the radicle, the hypocotyl emerges and lifts the growing tip (usually including the seed coat) above the ground, bearing the embryonic leaves (called cotyledons) and the plumule that gives rise to the first true leaves. The hypocotyle is the primary organ of extension of the young plant and develops into the stem. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypocotyl   (298 words)

[No title] The hypocotyl of another seedling of the same age was secured to a little stick, and a filament having been fixed to the midrib of one of the cotyledons, the movement of the bead was traced during 14 h. The hypocotyl is converted into a globular corm, even before the first cotyledon has broken through the ground with its blade closely enfolded and with its petiole in the form of an arch, like the arched hypocotyl or epicotyl of any ordinary dicotyledonous plant. As soon as an arched hypocotyl had risen clear above the ground, a filament was attached to the upper leg bearing the cotyledons which were still buried beneath the surface, and the movement of the bead was traced on a horizontal glass during a period of 34 h. www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/etext04/pwmvp11.txt   (19374 words)

High temperature promotes auxin-mediated hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis -- Gray et al. 95 (12): 7197 -- ... Several studies have implicated auxin in hypocotyl elongation (4, 9, 13). hypocotyl elongation of mutations in the bisynthetic and/or response temperature, hypocotyl elongation in etiolated seedlings was examined. www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/12/7197   (4566 words)

Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly) Hypocotyl segments of about 1 cm long, two or three from each seedling, were randomly selected and inserted with the cut end proximal to the root into ½ MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium (containing 20 gL Hypocotyls of non-aseptic intact seedlings were injected with approximately 10 ml of an appropriate agrobacterial suspension at the site of about 1.5-2.0 cm above the hypocotyl-root junction using a syringe fitted with a 24G needle. Interestingly, when hypocotyl segments inoculated with either A4T or LBA9402 were cultured in medium supplemented with IBA, significantly higher rooting percentage and root number were observed than when they were cultured in the medium without IBA (Table 1). www.bioline.org.br /request?ej03029   (2965 words)

Involvement of an ABC Transporter in a Developmental Pathway Regulating Hypocotyl Cell Elongation in the Light -- ... The hypocotyl lengths of etiolated AS, OE, and wild-type seedlings The star on the vertical axis indicates the average hypocotyl length of etiolated seedlings (taken from the data presented in Figure 4). Yanovsky, M.J., Casal, J.J., and Whitelam, G.C. (1995) Phytochrome A, phytochrome B and HY4 are involved in hypocotyl growth responses to natural radiation in Arabidopsis: Weak de-etiolation of the phyA mutant under dense canopies. www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/10/10/1623   (7904 words)

The Power of Movement in Plants   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20) Seeds were allowed to germinate on the surface of damp earth, and after they had fixed themselves by their radicles, and after the, as yet, only slightly arched hypocotyl had become nearly vertical, a glass filament was affixed on two occasions near to the base of the basal leg (i.e. .--An arched hypocotyl was found buried a little beneath the surface of the soil; and in order to prevent it straightening itself quickly, when relieved from the surrounding pressure of the soil, the two legs of the arch were tied together. vertically to the hypocotyl of a seedling half an inch high; and its movements were traced during 50 h. www.blackmask.com /books86c/pwmvp.htm   (19516 words)

American Journal of Botany, 37, 3, March, 1950 The former are associated with the procambium of the hypocotyl and cotyledons, whereas the latter occur in the peripheral regions of the cortex of the hypocotyl and the mesophyll of the cotyledons. Through the analysis of secretory cell growth evidence is provided that the development of the hypocotyl as well as the cotyledons is largely due to intercalary growth; the root initials, epicotyl, and apical group of cells of the cotyledons contribute few cells to the development of the embryo as a whole. This steady decrease in the strength of the polarity of auxin transport along the axis of the hypocotyl is in marked contrast to the more obvious morphological and anatomical characteristics, which show a very localized shift at the base of the hypocotyl. www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di001480.php   (2172 words)

Hypocotyl rot - Rhizoctonia solani Hypocotyl rot affects the stem of the plant between the cotyledons and the roots (the hypocotyl). Hypocotyl rot is worse in crops following the pasture phase in a rotation, and is also promoted by early sowing. Affected plants are characterised by red-brown lesions on the hypocotyl or tap root. www.hannafords.com /disease.php?id=17   (149 words)

Rooting of hypocotyl cuttings in vitro Hypocotyl cuttings of Pinus sylvestris could be rooted without IBA treatment but a slightly faster rooting was obtained with IBA treatment (Strömquist and Hansen 1980). Roots usually formed in rows along the length of the hypocotyl, outside the resin ducts, which were parallel with and centrifugal to the primary xylem (Fig. PAL activity in the basal six mm of the hypocotyl during wound tissue formation in cuttings increased to a maximum that was about four times higher than in control seedlings six days after cutting. user.it.uu.se /~rolandg/rooting/avhandling/avhandling87.shtml   (6507 words)

Suppressors of an Arabidopsis thaliana phyB Mutation Identify Genes That Control Light Signaling and Hypocotyl ... phyD mutations on the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation by Seedlings were grown on MS plates containing 2% sucrose, and hypocotyl lengths were normalized to the hypocotyl length of wild-type seedlings. In each case, the shy mutant hypocotyl lengths were statistically significantly shorter than the wild-type hypocotyl length (P < 0.05 for shy4-2, P < 0.001 for the rest). www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/148/3/1295   (6591 words)

Embryonic control of epidermal cell patterning in the root and hypocotyl of Arabidopsis -- Lin and Schiefelbein 128 ... of the root and hypocotyl segments in the mature embryo (Fig. The epidermis (ep), cortex (c), outer cortex (oc), inner cortex (ic), and endodermis (en) layers of the root and hypocotyl sections are indicated. Stomata patterning on the hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana is controlled by genes involved in the control of root epidermis patterning. dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/128/19/3697   (6219 words)

U of M: Department of Plant Biology: Faculty: Min Ni The de-etiolation responses include the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation, the opening of cotyledons and hypocotyl hooks, and the development of chloroplasts. The lhl1 hypocotyl phenotype is caused by an overaccumulation of its wild type transcript, and is recapitulated by overexpression of it wild type gene in transgenic Arabidopsis. However, the hypocotyl and cotyledon opening phenotypes of shb rfi 1 -2 are opposite to that of hfr1-201 and HFR1 acts downstream. www.cbs.umn.edu /plantbio/faculty/NiMin   (1138 words)

Beet Modern cultivars are classified according to the shape, color and time of maturity of the hypocotyl, and to some extent, the intended use. Commercially, the beet is grown as a biennial; however, it is highly variable, performing as an annual, biennial, and in instances, as a perennial crop. Usually, they are harvested when hypocotyl size distribution approaches 25% in grade 1 (1-1 5/8 inches), 60% grade 2 (2 — 2 5/8 inches), and 15% grade 3 (3 — 3.5 or 4 inches). www.uga.edu /vegetable/beet.html   (2008 words)

Effects of Light, Growth Media, and Seedling Orientation on Bioassays of Alfalfa Autotoxicity -- Chon et al. 92 (4): ... Within a growth medium, means of total length (upper case), root length (lower case), or hypocotyl length (lower case italics) are not significantly different (0.05) from those with the same letter in or above the bar. hypocotyl to escape the toxin whereas the root may not. Hypocotyl and root lengths at 2, 4, and 8 g dry tissue L agron.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/92/4/715   (3750 words)

Natural variation in light sensitivity of Arabidopsis - Nature Genetics   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20) When a seed germinates in the dark, it is etiolated: the hypocotyl (embryonic shoot) extends and the cotyledons (embryonic leaves) remain folded. During de-etiolation, hypocotyl elongation is inhibited, the cotyledons unfold and chloroplast development begins. As hypocotyl elongation is quantitative and shows an inverse log-linear relationship with the light received, hypocotyl length can be used as a quantitative assay for light sensitivity. www.nature.com /ng/journal/v29/n4/full/ng777.html   (3752 words)

Overexpression of the Heterotrimeric G-Protein {{alpha}}-Subunit Enhances Phytochrome-Mediated Inhibition of Hypocotyl ... The hypocotyl epidermis of the seedlings used for the measurement the reduction of hypocotyl length observed was caused by a reduction The hypocotyl lengths were measured, and the relative increases in hypocotyl length were calculated by comparison with control plates that had received no EODFR treatment. www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/13/7/1639   (6067 words)

Quantifying latitudinal clines to light responses in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) -- ... The data on hypocotyl lengths was analyzed according to the Table 1. Results of analysis of variance testing for the overall effects of mean seed mass, treatment, population, interaction between treatment and population, maternal family nested within populations, and replicates nested within maternal families and populations on the logarithm of hypocotyl lengths of sampled Arabidopsis thaliana populations. Table 2. Results of analysis of variance testing for the effects of population and maternal family nested within populations on the logarithm of hypocotyl lengths of sampled Arabidopsis thaliana populations subjected to various light treatments. www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/89/10/1604   (3212 words)

Information on Fir, Douglas and True -- Hypocotyl Rot and Root Rot, An Online Guide to Plant Disease Control, Oregon ... Cause: Hypocotyl rot is due primarily to Fusarium oxysporum in bareroot nurseries and F. Fusarium species may be seedborne and can cause pre- and postemergence damping-off as well as hypocotyl rot and root rot later in the growing season. Symptoms: Fusarium hypocotyl rot shows as sporadic death of emerged seedlings in seedbeds, especially during warm weather. plant-disease.ippc.orst.edu /disease.cfm?RecordID=1338   (842 words)

Why hypocotyl extension mutants need to be characterized at the cell level: a case study of axr3-1 -- Barley, ... Why hypocotyl extension mutants need to be characterized at the cell level: a case study of axr3-1 -- Barley, 10.1093/jxb/erh115 -- Journal of Experimental Botany Why hypocotyl extension mutants need to be characterized at the cell level: a case study of axr3-1 that the axr3-1 mutation causes the hypocotyl to be hypersensitive jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/short/erh115v1   (289 words)

Hormonal Interactions in the Control of Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Elongation -- Collett et al. 124 (2): 553 -- PLANT ... Hypocotyl elongation is inhibited by the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) (Fig. Data represent the mean hypocotyl length of at least 15 seedlings expressed as a percentage of hypocotyl length on no auxin. Hypocotyl length of Columbia (Col), Landsberg erecta (Ler), axr1-3, axr3-1, spy-5, spy-5axr1-3, spy-5axr3-1 (A), and Columbia, Landsberg erecta, axr1-3, axr3-1, ga1-3, ga1-3axr1-3, ga1-3axr3-1 (B). www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/124/2/553   (4884 words)

The Arabidopsis HY5 gene encodes a bZIP protein that regulates stimulus-induced development of root and hypocotyl -- ... The hy5 mutation enhances cell elongation in hypocotyl and root hairs When germinated in the light, hypocotyls in hy5 mutants are longer than those in the wild type (Table 1). Interestingly, the hypocotyl length of the mutant was thickening of the hypocotyl, with a hypocotyl diameter of ~50% www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/11/22/2983   (6963 words)

Procuste1 mutants identify two distinct genetic pathways controlling hypocotyl cell elongation, respectively in dark- ... Procuste1 mutants identify two distinct genetic pathways controlling hypocotyl cell elongation, respectively in dark- and light-grown Arabidopsis seedlings -- Desnos et al. the dark, is epistatic to prc1-2 for the hypocotyl phenotype. growth defect is associated with a deformation of the hypocotyl surface due dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/122/2/683   (754 words)

Inheritance and Genetic Mapping of Resistance to Rhizoctonia Root and Hypocotyl Rot in Soybean -- Zhao et al. 45 (4): ... Inheritance and Genetic Mapping of Resistance to Rhizoctonia Root and Hypocotyl Rot in Soybean -- Zhao et al. Inheritance and Genetic Mapping of Resistance to Rhizoctonia Root and Hypocotyl Rot in Soybean root and hypocotyl rot resistance genes in soybean. crop.scijournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/45/4/1441   (308 words)

The Arabidopsis det3 mutant reveals a central role for the vacuolar H+-ATPase in plant growth and development -- ... Col-0 (left) and homozygous det3 mutant plants (right) were grown for 5 weeks in the dark in the presence of 1% sucrose (A) or in the light on soil (B). The hypocotyl elongation defect of det3 is conditional. The inability of det3 seedlings to respond to BRs might be explained by a general defect in cell expansion. www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/13/24/3259   (6560 words)

Dynamics of aquaporins and water relations during hypocotyl elongation in Ricinus communis L. seedlings -- Eisenbarth ... Dynamics of aquaporins and water relations during hypocotyl elongation in Ricinus communis L. seedlings -- Eisenbarth and Weig 56 (417): 1831 -- Journal of Experimental Botany activity of the etiolated hypocotyl and (ii) the hydraulic conductivity of the hypocotyl compared with the non-elongating, mature region. jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/eri173?...   (254 words)

Drift Seeds and Drift Fruits The cigar-shaped disseminule, known as a "sea pencil," is unusual because it is a germinated seedling and not a seed or fruit. The seedling, with its long, pendant taproot (mostly hypocotyl), drops from the parent plant, where it may be automatically planted in the mud of shallow water or washed away to a distant shore. he seeds of mangroves are especially remarkable because they commonly germinate within their fruit while still attached to the parent plant, a condition known as "viviparous seeds." Having their embryonic root (hypocotyl) already elongated gives them a better chance of establishing themselves in soft mud during low tide. waynesword.palomar.edu /pldec398.htm   (7040 words)

Hormonal Interactions in the Control of Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Elongation -- Collett et al. 124 (2): 553 -- PLANT ... Hormonal Interactions in the Control of Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Elongation -- Collett et al. The Arabidopsis hypocotyl, together with hormone mutants and chemical inhibitors, was used to study the role of auxin in cell a range of auxin concentrations, hypocotyl growth was inhibited. www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/abstract/124/2/553   (494 words)

Ethylene can stimulate Arabidopsis hypocotyl elongation in the light -- Smalle et al. 94 (6): 2756 -- Proceedings of ... Ethylene inhibits hypocotyl elongation in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. acid (ACC), a marked induction of hypocotyl elongation occurred. exception of ein4, the degree of inhibition of hypocotyl elongation www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/94/6/2756   (1256 words)

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