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Topic: Hypoglossal nerve

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Trochlear nerve

Cranial nerves

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Trigeminal nerve

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Oculomotor nerve

Abducens nerve

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Mandibular nerve

Vagus nerve

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	Hypoglossal nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve.
		The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus and emerges from the medulla oblongata in the preolivary sulcus separating the olive and the pyramid.
		It spirals behind the vagus nerve and passes between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein lying on the carotid sheath.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve (357 words)

	IX. Neurology. 5l. The Hypoglossal Nerve. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		794, 795) is the motor nerve of the tongue.
		Its fibers arise from the cells of the hypoglossal nucleus, which is an upward prolongation of the base of the anterior column of gray substance of the medulla spinalis.
		The rootlets of this nerve are collected into two bundles, which perforate the dura mater separately, opposite the hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone, and unite together after their passage through it; in some cases the canal is divided into two by a small bony spicule.
	www.bartleby.com /107/207.html (590 words)

	NERVE - LoveToKnow Article on NERVE
		The optic nerve passes through the optic foramen in the skull into the orbit, where it is penetrated by the central artery of the retina, and eventually pierces the scelerotic just internal to the posterior pole of the eyeball.
		The anterior tibial nerve is chiefly muscular, innervating the muscles in front of the tibia and fibula as well as the extensor brevis digitorum pedis on the dorsum of the foot, though it gives one small cutaneous branch to the cleft between the first and second toes.
		The inusculo cutaneous nerve supplies the peroneus longus and brevis muscles, and the rest of the skin of the dorsum, of the foot, and lower part of the leg, while the skin of the upper part of the dorsum of the leg, below the knee, is supplied by the external popliteal before its division.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /N/NE/NERVE.htm (4960 words)

	Hypoglossal Nerve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The neuronal cell bodies that originate the hypoglossal nerve are found in the dorsal medulla of the brain stem in the hypoglossal nucleus.
		The nerve passes laterally and inferiorly between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein.
		The twelfth cranial nerve travels lateral to the bifurcation of the common carotid and loops anteriorly above the greater horn of the hyoid bone to run on the lateral surface of the hyoglossus muscle.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn12.htm (179 words)

	Hypoglossal facial nerve side to end...
		The hypoglossal nerve beneath the internal jugular vein is exposed at the level of the axis and dissected as proximally as possible.
		One-half of the hypoglossal nerve is transected: use of less than one-half of the hypoglossal nerve is adequate for approximation to the distal stump of the atrophic facial nerve.
		The hypoglossal nerve behind the internal jugular vein was exposed at the level of the axis and dissected as proximally as possible, compressing the jugular vein dorsally.
	www.c3.hu /~mavideg/jns/1.2.3.html (2625 words)

	AANS.org \| Education and Meetings \| AANS Scientific Journals \| Neurosurgical Focus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The nerve supply of both bellies of the omohyoid and of the sterno-hyoid and sterno-thyroid muscles would be left to the communicans cervicis nerve from the second and third spinal nerves, and this motor supply would probably become in time ample for these muscles.
		The hypoglossal nerve was cut half across and a slip 3/4 in long was raised and sutured to the peripheral end of the facial nerve.
		Ballance C: Anastomosis of nerves: experiments in which the central end of the divided cervical sympathetic nerve was anastomosed to the peripheral end of the divided facial nerve and to the peripheral end of the divided hypoglossal nerve.
	www.aans.org /education/journal/neurosurgical/august96/Histcom.asp (2188 words)

	Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Hypoglossal Nerve -- Badion et al. 24 (3): 343 -- American Journal of Neuroradiology
		of the hypoglossal nerve was diagnosed with a differential diagnosis
		differential diagnosis to palsy of cranial nerve XII (1).
		meningiomas are EMA-positive and CD34-negative, and nerve sheath
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/24/3/343 (1443 words)

	The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy is a rare condition and may be due to vaccination, aneurysms, trauma, dislocation of vertebrae, intracranial tumor or infectious processes such as infectious mononucleosis.
		Hypoglossal nerve motor composition is highly complex and not fully understood, with the nucleus consisting of four topographically distinct subnuclear columns[4].
		Isolated, unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy is rare and usually results from vaccination, carotid and vertebral artery aneurysms, trauma, dislocation of the first cervical vertebra, intracranial neurilemoma or from infectious mononucleosis[1-3,5,6,8,9].
	tjp.dergisi.org /text.php3?id=161 (1247 words)

	eMedicine - Facial Nerve Repair : Article by Patrick Byrne, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the cortex and brainstem, the nerve is spatially oriented.
		The nerve is the largest of the ascending branches of the superficial cervical plexus and arises from C2-3.
		In the case of an end-to-end anastomosis, the hypoglossal nerve is transected distally and brought to meet the facial nerve by passing it either medial or lateral to the digastric muscle.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic408.htm (5995 words)

	Hypoglossal canal controversy
		Hypoglossal canal size has been used to date the origin of human-like speech capabilities to at least 400,000 years ago, and to assign modern human vocal abilities to *Neandertals.
		hypoglossal canal: This canal, at the level of the brainstem, is a passageway through bone for the XII cranial nerve, the nerve* bundle that innervates the tongue.
		Essentially, the hypoglossal nerve merely transmits information originating in the brain, and both the origin and transmission of this information must be considered in any analysis of the evolution of human speech.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /comm/steen/cogweb/ep/Hypoglossal.html (1123 words)

	Search Results for "Hypoglossal"
		The area of attachment of a cranial nerve to the surface of the brain...
		...Platysma, deep fascia, and anterior margin of the Sternocleidomastoideus; it is crossed by the hypoglossal nerve, by the lingual, ranine, common facial, and superior...
		...to its surface in series with the roots of the spinal nerves; thus, the fibers of the hypoglossal nerve represent the upward continuation of the anterior nerve roots,...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col107%amp;query=Hypoglossal (307 words)

	Cranial nerves - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge from the brainstem instead of the spinal cord.
		All cranial nerves except for the olfactory and optic nerves belong to the peripheral nervous system, having axons that are myelinated by Schwann cells (myelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system) rather than oligodendrocytes (myelinating cells of the central nervous system).
		The olfactory and optic nerves are named as such, but are technically not nerves, and are continuations of the central nervous system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cranial_nerves (708 words)

	eMedicine - Schwannoma, Cranial Nerve : Article by Mahesh Jayaraman, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		From the trochlear nucleus in the midbrain, fibers of the trochlear nerve (ie, CN IV) cross the midline dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct and exit the midbrain dorsally.
		The facial nerve enters the labyrinth (labyrinthine segment), courses anteriorly in the temporal bone to the geniculate ganglion, turns posteriorly to pass beneath the lateral semicircular canal (tympanic segment) and then inferiorly to course through the mastoid (vertical segment), and exits the temporal bone via the stylomastoid foramen.
		The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is formed by the fusion of multiple rootlets that emerge from the ventrolateral sulcus between the medullary olive and pyramid.
	www.emedicine.com /radio/topic7.htm (4023 words)

	Hypoglossal nerve: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Cranial nerves are nerves which emerge from the brainstem instead of the spinal cord....
		The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve cranial nerves....
		The accessory nerve is the eleventh of twelve cranial nerves....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hy/hypoglossal_nerve.htm (786 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The hypoglossal nerve communicates with the first cervical nerve forming the descending branch of the hypoglossal which unites with the combined 2nd and 3rd cervical branch forming the ansa hypoglossi which branches and enters the hyoid pre-muscle mass.
		By this stage the nerve rootlets of the hypoglossal have lost their sheaths of neural crest cells and the communication between the 2nd and 3rd cervical nerves with the hypoglossal has formed the ansa cervicalis.
		The hypoglossal nerve is described by Thyng F.W., (1914).
	ana.ed.ac.uk /anatomy/humat/notes/embryo/nervous/cranial_nerves/xii.htm (263 words)

	Management of Facial Paralysis after Intracranial Surgery
		The partial hypoglossal-facial nerve anatomosis is utilized in specific clinical circumstances in which ihe facial nerve has been sacrificed at the time of surgery and the surgeon is unable to immediately graft the neural defect.
		The facial nerve is identified as it courses from the stylomastoid foramen and is dissected peripherally distal to the point where the two major divisions of the faciai nerve are clearly identified.
		Rather than a complete transection of the hypoglossa1 nerve, this technique utilizes a 30% selected neural graft which is mobilized distal to the takeoff of the ansa hypoglossal nerve and is superiorly rotated for microsurgical anastomosis with the lower division of the facial nerve.
	neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu /CranialBaseCenter/b95.htm (4172 words)

	AANS.org \| Education and Meetings \| AANS Scientific Journals \| Neurosurgical Focus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The hypoglossal nerve normally has a larger diameter than the facial nerve and this difference is accentuated in the situation in which there is proximal interruption of the facial nerve.
		This leads to redundancy and waste in the use of hypoglossal "fire power." Thus, the authors' attempt to preserve hypoglossal function is both laudable and practical.
		The authors describe a technique in which the hypoglossal nerve is not split for any distance, which further enhances the integrity of this nerve and reduces the degree of hemiatrophy of the tongue.
	aans.org /education/journal/neurosurgical/august96/RevCom2.asp?... (330 words)

	ISOLATED HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE PALSY WITH TENSION PNEUMOCEPHALUS. A CASE REPORT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One significant possibility for the hypoglossal nerve palsy here is the backward kicking of the brain stem with traction on the twelfth nerve.
		Also, hypoglossal nerve palsy could be due to the disturbance of intracerebral vascular homeostasis occurring after the tension pneumocephalus where there has been a significant pressure on the brain stem.
		Another possibility for the hypoglossal nerve palsy is the direct compression of trapped air located in the premedullary cistern to the cisternal segment of the hypoglossal nerve.
	www.med.ege.edu.tr /~norolbil/2001/NBD15101.html (1017 words)

	Cranial nerve XII definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Cranial nerve XII: The twelfth cranial nerve is the hypoglossal nerve.
		The twelve cranial nerves, the hypoglossal nerve included, emerge from or enter the skull (the cranium), as opposed to the spinal nerves which emerge from the vertebral column.
		Paralysis of the hypoglossal nerve affects the tongue.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7649 (221 words)

	Chronic recordings of hypoglossal nerve activity in a dog model of upper airway obstruction -- Sahin et al. 87 (6): ...
		Chronic recordings of hypoglossal nerve activity in a dog model of upper airway obstruction -- Sahin et al.
		Chronic recordings of hypoglossal nerve activity in a dog model of upper airway obstruction
		The activity of the hypoglossal nerve was recorded during pharyngeal loading in sleeping dogs with chronically implanted cuff
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/87/6/2197 (244 words)

	Radiology, University of Rochester Medical Center
		Hypoglossal schwannomas are uncommon and in a recent review found only one case in about 100 cases of XII nerve paralysis [3].
		It is unknown why so many schwannoma arise from the 8th cranial nerve and so few from the other cranial nerves.
		Hypoglossal Schwannoma: an uncommon case of 12th nerve paralysis.
	www.urmc.rochester.edu /smd/Rad/neurocases/Neurocase39.htm (400 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Cranial Nerves
		Some of these nerves bring information from the sense organs to the brain; other cranial nerves control muscles; other cranial nerves are connected to glands or internal organs such as the heart and lungs.
		Note: the olfactory "nerve" is composed of the rootlets of olfactory hair cells in the nasal mucosa and is not visible on the ventral surface of the brain.
		To test the motor part of the nerve, tell your partner to close his or her jaws as if he or she was biting down on a piece of gum.
	staff.washington.edu /chudler/cranial.html (785 words)

	ANNALS Jun2001: LARYNGEAL REINNERVATION WITH THE HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE I. PHYSIOLOGY, HISTOCHEMISTRY, . . . (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		ANNALS Jun2001: LARYNGEAL REINNERVATION WITH THE HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE I. Title: LARYNGEAL REINNERVATION WITH THE HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE I. Authors: RANDAL C. This study was performed to determine whether the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII [XII]) would serve as a useful donor for laryngeal reinnervation by anastomosis to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN).
		Stimulation of the transferred nerves caused more activity in groups A and B than in the other groups; groups C and F partially adducted at high levels.
		We conclude that the hypoglossal nerve functions well as a donor for adductory reinnervation of the larynx.
	www.annals.com /abs/annals797.htm (281 words)

	MRI study of pharyngeal airway changes during stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve branches in rats -- Brennick et al. ...
		MRI study of pharyngeal airway changes during stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve branches in rats -- Brennick et al.
		Influence of hypoglossal nerve stimulation on airway volume in the high, middle, and low regions of the pharyngeal airway.
		Organization of motorneurons in the dorsal hypoglossal nucleus that innervate the retrussor muscles of the tongue in the rat.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/4/1373 (6556 words)

	[No title]
		Follow the nerve proximally and confirm that it lies medial to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, and passes lateral to the internal and external carotid arteries.
		Identify the superior root of the ansa cervicalis (descendens hypoglossi) as it descends into the anterior triangle on the surface of the carotid sheath (Figure 25.3).
		The superior root is composed mainly of fibers of C1, which accompany the hypoglossal nerve into the neck.
	www.med.uc.edu /haonline/head/labs/lab25/lab25_8.html (149 words)

	California Ear Institute - (650) 494-1000 - Surgical Procedure: Facial – Hypoglossal Nerve Reconstructive Surgery
		A portion of the nerve supplying the tongue (Hypoglossal Nerve) is connected to the facial nerve as it exits the skull base.
		Nerve cell fibers grow through the connections over 6-12 months re-supplying movement to the face.
		With partial Hypoglossal nerve transposition, no change in tongue movement is experienced.
	www.californiaearinstitute.com /services_surgical/facial_hypoglossal.php (127 words)

	Practice Quiz - Carotid Sheath, Pharynx, & Larynx
		The nerve that innervates all but one muscle of larynx is the:
		Which nerve bundle running vertically within the carotid sheath must the surgeon be careful not to injure?
		While doing a postoperative physical on a patient who has undergone carotid endarterectomy on the right side, it was noted that the tongue deviated toward the right when the patient was asked to point the tongue outward.
	www.med.umich.edu /lrc/coursepages/m1/anatomy/html/nervous_system/deepneck_questions.html (342 words)

	ANNALS Mar1999: HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE TRANSFER FOR LARYNGEAL REINNERVATION: A PRELIMINARY STUDY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Authors: RANDAL C. The hypoglossal nerve is a logical donor nerve for hemilaryngeal reinnervation because 1) its activity coincides with normal laryngeal adduction during speech and deglutition; 2) it is a large nerve with many axons; and 3) donor site morbidity is low.
		Hypoglossal-to#recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis was performed on a series of 5 dogs.
		Hypoglossal nerve transfer appears to be capable of providing functional adduction to the paralyzed hemilarynx.
	www.annals.com /abs/annals339.htm (180 words)

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