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Topic: Hypoglossal nucleus

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	IX. Neurology. 5l. The Hypoglossal Nerve. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		Its fibers arise from the cells of the hypoglossal nucleus, which is an upward prolongation of the base of the anterior column of gray substance of the medulla spinalis.
		The rootlets of this nerve are collected into two bundles, which perforate the dura mater separately, opposite the hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone, and unite together after their passage through it; in some cases the canal is divided into two by a small bony spicule.
		The Thyrohyoid Branch (ramus thyreohyoideus) arises from the hypoglossal near the posterior border of the hyoglossus; it runs obliquely across the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and supplies the Thyreohyoideus muscle.
	www.bartleby.com /107/207.html (590 words)

	Uncoupling of rhythmic hypoglossal from phrenic activity in the rat -- St.-John et al. 89 (6): 727 -- Experimental ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		the hypoglossal discharge was characterized by a pause at or
		the depolarization of neurones in the hypoglossal neurones commenced
		Reflex response and convergence of pharyngoesophageal and peripheral chemoreceptors in the nucleus of the solitary tract.
	ep.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/89/6/727 (4461 words)

	Hypoglossal nerve - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hypoglossal nerve is the twelfth cranial nerve.
		The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus and emerges from the medulla oblongata between the olive and the pyramids.
		It spirals behind the vagus nerve and passes between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein lying on the carotid sheath.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve (353 words)

	Changes in Inhibitory Amino Acid Release Linked to Pontine-Induced Atonia: An In Vivo Microdialysis Study -- Kodama et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		of neurotransmitter release in the XII nucleus and ventral horn
		Glutamate release in the hypoglossal nucleus and spinal cord was unaltered by pontine acetylcholine injection.
		GABAergic and glycinergic neurons in the nucleus gigantocellularis
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/4/1548 (5013 words)

	MEDLINE_1966-1995 - Resultado de la búsqueda <página 1>
		Raphespinal and reticulospinal axon collaterals to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat.
		In these structures the number of neurons projecting to both the hypoglossal nucleus and the spinal cord was equivalent to the number of neurons projecting to multiple levels of the spinal cord observed in control animals.
		Fewer neurons projecting to both the hypoglossal nucleus and the spinal cord were observed in several other nuclei and subregions of the medial tegmental field, while almost no such neurons were observed in the lateral tegmental field or other pontomedullary structures.
	www.bireme.br /cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&nextAction=lnk&base=MEDLINE_1966-1995&exprSearch=1385487&indexSearch=UI&lang=e (309 words)

	Hypoglossal nucleus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The hypoglossal nucleus extends the length of the medulla, and being a motor nucleus, is close to the midline.
		In the open medulla, it is visible as what is known as the hypoglossal trigone, a raised area (medial to the vagal trigone) protuding slightly into the fourth ventricle.
		In the closed medulla, the gracile and cuneate nuclei lie posteriorly, which means the nucleus is not as close to the back of the medulla as in the open medulla.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypoglossal_nucleus (199 words)

	Changes in Monoamine Release in the Ventral Horn and Hypoglossal Nucleus Linked to Pontine Inhibition of Muscle Tone: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		release in the ventral horn with that in the hypoglossal nucleus
		Serotonin release in the hypoglossal nucleus and spinal ventral horn
		Reduction of 5-HT release in the spinal cord was 26.4% and in the XII nucleus was
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/18/7384 (5866 words)

	Cranial nerves - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Principal nucleus, Spinal trigeminal nucleus, Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, Trigeminal motor nucleus
		Nucleus ambiguus, Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, Solitary nucleus
		Alternatively, C1 could be considered the spinal root of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cranial_nerves (470 words)

	Medical Neurosciences
		The hypoglossal nerve then passes through the hypoglossal foramen to emerge from the base of the skull.
		Following a lesion of the hypoglossal nucleus or nerve, there is ATROPHY of the muscles of the IPSILATERAL one-half of the tongue.
		Both fasciculations and atrophy result from the loss of the normal innervation of the muscle by the lower motor neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus.
	www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu /virtualbrain/BrainStem/07CNXII.html (514 words)

	Karger Publishers
		The nuclei investigated were the hypoglossal nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular midbrain, central nucleus of the archistriatum, central nucleus of the lateral neostriatum, oval nucleus of the hyperstriatum ventrale, medial division of the oval nucleus of the anterior neostriatum, and magnocellular nucleus of the lobus parolfactorius.
		At hatching the hypoglossal nucleus exhibits adult-like cytoarchitecture, and the central nucleus of the archistriatum and the central nucleus of the lateral neostriatum are distinguishable from surrounding fields.
		NAo = oval nucleus of the anterior neostriatum
	content.karger.com /ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Doi=6595 (569 words)

	hypoglossal nucleus
		Increased glucose use in the hypoglossal nucleus after hypoglossal nerve transection in aged rats.
		Age-related changes in serotonin in the hypoglossal nucleus of rat: implications for sleep-disordered breathing.
		Topographic segregation of genioglossus motoneurons in the neonatal rat.
	www.arclab.org /node_pages/2097.html (153 words)

	ICP monitors
		• The nucleus is located in the tegmentum of the medulla between the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the midline.
		• Axons from the nucleus course ventrolaterally, lateral to medial lemniscus and pierce most medial part of inferior olive to exit the brainstem via ventrolateral (pre-olivary) sulcus between pyramid and the olive as a series of rootlets.
		• The hypoglossal canal lies in the epiphyseal junction between the basiocciput and jugular process of the occipital bone.
	www.ucsf.edu /nreview/02.2-Anatomy-CranialNerves/CN12-hypoglossal.html (579 words)

	Glycine at hypoglossal motor nucleus: genioglossus activity, CO2 responses, and the additive effects of GABA -- ...
		Glycine at hypoglossal motor nucleus: genioglossus activity, CO2 responses, and the additive effects of GABA -- Morrison et al.
		branches of the hypoglossal nerve, indicating that the retractor
		Hypoglossal and phrenic nerve responses to carotid baroreceptor stimulation.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/93/5/1786 (6350 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Axons of neurons in the caudal spinal nucleus V cross the midline and ascend as the trigeminothalamic tract (T.T.T.) to reach the ventral posteromedial nucleus (V.P.M.) of the thalamus.
		Pathway: Axons of neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus pass ventrally to exit brainstem between the pyramid and the inferior olive.
		Axons arising from cells in the rostral nucleus solitarius comprise the solitariothalamic tract (S.T.T.).
	www.muhealth.org /~md2004/update3/brainstem.doc (4877 words)

	Cranial Nerves
		The fibers of the hypoglossal nerve originate from the hypoglossal nucleus located in the tegmentum of the medulla.
		This long thin nucleus, which extends roughly the same length as the olive, gives rise to the hypoglossal trigone in the floor of the fourth ventricle:
		Fibers leaving the hypoglossal nucleus travel ventrally just lateral to the medial lemniscus to emerge from the brainstem in the groove between the pyramid and the olive - the ventrolateral sulcus.
	info.med.yale.edu /caim/cnerves/cn12/cn12_2.html (75 words)

	MEDLINE_1966-1995 - Resultado de la búsqueda <página 1>
		The hypoglossal nucleus contains serotonin and several different serotonin receptors, and serotonin is present in fibers and terminals contacting hypoglossal motoneurons.
		Fluorogold was injected into the hypoglossal nucleus and serotoninergic immunofluorescence was utilized in a dual-fluorescence technique to identify the sources of serotoninergic afferents to the hypoglossal nucleus.
		The results demonstrate that most serotoninergic afferents to the hypoglossal nucleus originate from the nuclei raphe pallidus and obscurus, while fewer originate from the nucleus raphe magnus and the parapyramidal region.
	www.bireme.br /cgi-bin/wxislind.exe/iah/online/?IsisScript=iah/iah.xis&nextAction=lnk&base=MEDLINE_1966-1995&exprSearch=8376628&indexSearch=UI&lang=e (207 words)

	Mahidol University Annual Research Abstracts
		In 1977, with the method of the retrograde axonal transport of Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP), Kotchabhakdi and Walberg was probably the first to discover that neurons in several cranial nerve motor nuclei, including the hypoglossal nucleus, which controls the movements of the tongue, project their axons as afferents to specific regions of the cerebellum.
		The objective of the present study is to investigate the cell of origin of cerebellar afferents from neurons in the hypoglossal nucleus in the rats.
		A smaller proportion of FG labeled neurons within the hypoglossal nucleus were also double labeled with MR, indicating that they project their axon collaterals to both the tongue muscles and the cerebellum.
	www.mahidol.ac.th /mahidol/abstracts/annual2000/0355.htm (993 words)

	Hypoglossal Nerve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The hypoglossal nerve as the name indicates can be found below the tongue.
		The rootlets come together to form the hypoglossal nerve and exit the cranium via the hypoglossal canal.
		The hypoglossal nerve then separates into branches that supply the intrinsic muscles and three of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue.
	www.meddean.luc.edu /lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/cn12.htm (179 words)

	Roi Alphabetic index
		WOROI: 280 - Caudal caudatus (Tail of caudate nucleus).
		WOROI: 646 - Cortical nucleus (Cortical amygdaloid nucleus).
		WOROI: 280 - Nucleus caudatus; tail (Tail of caudate nucleus).
	hendrix.imm.dtu.dk /services/jerne/brede/index_roi_alphabetic.html (3640 words)

	Pharmacological Characterization of Serotonergic Receptor Activity in the Hypoglossal Nucleus -- Fenik and Veasey 167 ...
		Large motor neuronal cell bodies, counterstained with neutral red, are evident within the ventral half of the hypoglossal nucleus.
		Activity of serotonin-containing neurons in the nucleus raphe pallidus of freely-moving cats.
		Hypoglossal and phrenic motoneuron responses to serotonergic active agents in rats.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/167/4/563 (4480 words)

	Supplemental Problem Set: Medial vs Lateral Brainstem Lesions
		The major structures affected are the pyramid, the medial lemniscus and its decussation (internal arcuate fibers), the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), and the hypoglossal (XII) nucleus and nerve.
		At this level the structures affected are the faciculus and nucleus gracilis and the most medial portion of the nucleus cuneatus.
		Lp (left sided lesion): hemiparalysis of the ipsilateral tongue (hypoglossal nucleus); disturbances of coordinated movements and posture (spinocerebellar tracts; external cuneate nucleus); ipsilateral Horner's syndrome, depending on extent of the lesion.
	www2.umdnj.edu /~neuro/neuro04/handouts/Final_suppl.htm (1344 words)

	Hypoglossal XII, Brain Sections / Schematics - Datasets, Project TOUCH - Health Sciences Center, UNM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Note the inferior olivary nuclei, the pyramids, the medial lemniscii, the dorsal motor nuclei of the vagus nerve, and the nuclei and rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve (XII).
		The inferior cerebellar peduncle is relatively small, but the spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus are prominent.
		The floor of the fourth ventricle is narrow; this section is thus close to the obex (caudalmost part of the roof of the fourth ventricle where the median exit foramen is located).
	hsc.unm.edu /touch/datasets/datasets/29/index.shtml (107 words)

	Glossophar IX, Vagus X, Brain Sections / Schematics - Datasets, Project TOUCH - Health Sciences Center, UNM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Dorsally, from medial to lateral, the hypoglossal nucleus, the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, and the middle vestibular nucleus form the floor of the fourth ventricle.
		Hypoglossal nerve (XII) rootlets appear streaming down through the tegmentum to emerge between the pyramid and olive.
		The solitary tracts and nuclei appear as symmetrical bulls' eyes dorsolaterally and the nucleus ambiguus lives up to its name, forming a vague streaky-looking structure ventral to the spinal trigeminal nucleus.
	hsc.unm.edu /touch/datasets/datasets/26 (157 words)

	[No title]
		The answer is C. The hypoglossal nucleus is the most medial cranial nerve nucleus throughout the extent of the medulla.
		The answer is D. Both the mesencephalic nucleus of V and the locus ceruleus lie lateral to the cerebral aqueduct in the upper pons.
		The answer is A. The trochlear nucleus lies on top of MLF in the anterior pons and forms the \"egg in the nest\" appearance, answer B and and C are nuclei lying lateral to the cerebral aqueduct.
	kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/umo3.wbc (3358 words)

	[No title]
		The hypoglossal nucleus extends throughout the medulla and lies medial to the dorsal motor nucleus of the C.N. The root fibers of the hypoglossal nerve in the medulla
		Axons arising from the dorsal motor nucleus are preganglionic parasympathetic fibers that carry GVE impulses to viscera in thorax and abdomen.
		The efferent nuclei are the Nucleus Ambiguus and the inferior Salivatory Nucleus.
	kumc.edu /research/medicine/pharmacology/CAI/webCAI/anatomy/ua13.wbc (1430 words)

	Blockade of Glycine Transporter-1 (GLYT-1) Potentiates NMDA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Transmission in Hypoglossal ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		expression of glycine receptors in the hypoglossal nucleus and
		GLYT2 labeling in neonates (E) and juveniles (G) is strong throughout the nucleus and is absent in the adjacent dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (X).
		NMDA and non-NMDA receptors are co-localized at excitatory synapses of rat hypoglossal motoneurons.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/92/4/2530 (5176 words)

	Researchers Look To The Brain To Explain Gender Differences In Sleep Apnea
		A University of Wisconsin research team has theorized that either the caudal raphe or the hypoglossal nucleus -- or both together -- play roles in sleep apnea.
		Researchers will next look at the neurons producing serotonin that run from the hypoglossal nucleus to the tongue, explained Barker.
		Also in the future: a look at the interactions among the caudal raphe, the hypoglossal nucleus and the tongue.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=40979&nfid=rssfeeds (1056 words)

	Rapid Prion Neuroinvasion following Tongue Infection -- Bartz et al. 77 (1): 583 -- The Journal of Virology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		and the nucleus of the solitary tract (44).
		immunostaining (B) of adjacent brain stem sections containing hypoglossal nucleus (XII), dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (X), nucleus of the solitary tract (Sol), ventral medullary reticular nucleus (MdV), and raphe obscurus nucleus (ROb) from an HY TME-infected hamster at 6 weeks postinfection.
		in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/77/1/583 (5622 words)

	Pharmacological Characterization of Serotonergic Receptor Activity in the Hypoglossal Nucleus -- Fenik and Veasey 167 ...
		Pharmacological Characterization of Serotonergic Receptor Activity in the Hypoglossal Nucleus -- Fenik and Veasey 167 (4): 563 -- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
		Pharmacological Characterization of Serotonergic Receptor Activity in the Hypoglossal Nucleus
		2A, 2C, or 7 on intrinsic hypoglossal activity and on serotonin
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/167/4/563 (688 words)

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