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Topic: Hyponatremia

Related Topics

Sodium deficiency

Water intoxication

Electrolyte imbalance

Polydipsia

Arginine vasopressin

Cerebral oedema

Electrolyte

Dehydration

DXM

Water

Osmosis

Cirrhosis

Serotonin syndrome

Ecstasy (drug)

Nystagmus

	eMedicine - Hyponatremia : Article by Sandy Craig, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Clinically significant hyponatremia is relatively uncommon and is nonspecific in its presentation; therefore, the ED physician must maintain an appropriate index of suspicion for this disorder.
		Hyponatremia is physiologically significant when it indicates a state of extracellular hypo-osmolarity and a tendency for free water to shift from the vascular space to the intracellular space.
		Acute hyponatremia is less common than chronic hyponatremia and typically is seen in patients with a history of sudden free water loading (eg, patients with psychogenic polydipsia, infants fed tap water for 1-2 days, patients given hypotonic fluids in the postoperative period).
	www.emedicine.com /EMERG/topic275.htm (4129 words)

	Hyponatremia
		Hyponatremia is more likely to occur in people whose kidneys do not function properly, as well as in those with heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and Addison’s disease, in which underactive adrenal glands excrete too much sodium.
		Hyponatremia is diagnosed by measuring the sodium levels in a blood sample.
		Mild hyponatremia is treated by reducing your intake of water and monitoring the use of diuretics.
	www.hmc.psu.edu /healthinfo/h/hyponatremia.htm (530 words)

	Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia in the Elderly - June 15, 2000 - American Academy of Family Physicians
		Hyponatremia and hypernatremia are common in the elderly, particularly among those who are hospitalized or living in long-term care facilities.
		Hypertonic hyponatremia is caused by the accumulation of osmotically active nonelectrolyte solutes, which causes the movement of water from the intracellular compartment to the extracellular fluid.
		Hyponatremia in a euvolemic patient can be managed with fluid restriction and discontinuation of any medications that affect free-water excretion, along with initiation of treatment of the underlying cause.
	www.aafp.org /afp/20000615/3623.html (3192 words)

	Hyponatremia
		Hyponatremia can be caused by abnormal consumption or excretion of dietary sodium or water and by diseases that impair the body's ability to regulate them.
		In most cases of hyponatremia, doctors are primarily concerned with discovering the underlying disease causing the decline in plasma sodium levels.
		Hyponatremia is diagnosed by acquiring a blood sample, preparing plasma, and using a sodium-sensitive electrode for measuring the concentration of sodium ions.
	www.lifesteps.com /gm/Atoz/ency/hyponatremia.jsp (1417 words)

	Hyponatremia Summary
		Hyponatremia due to an abnormal adrenal gland is treated with hormone injections.
		Hyponatremia is an abnormality that can occur in isolation or, as most often is the case, as a complication of other medical illnesses.
		Severe hyponatremia may result from a few hours of heavy exercise in high temperature conditions, such as hiking in desert areas, or from endurance athletic events when electrolytes are not supplied.
	www.bookrags.com /Hyponatremia (2398 words)

	Management of hyponatremia American Family Physician - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Hyponatremia generally is defined as a plasma sodium level of less than 135 mEq per L (135 mmol per L).
		The identification of hyponatremia must be followed by a clinical assessment of the patient, beginning with a targeted history to elicit the symptoms of hyponatremia and exclude important causes such as congestive heart failure, liver or renal impairment, malignancy, hypothyroidism, Addison's disease, gastrointestinal losses, psychiatric illness, recent drug ingestion, surgery, or reception of intravenous fluids.
		Hyponatremia in a volume-depleted patient is caused by a deficit in total body sodium and total body water, with a disproportionately greater sodium loss, whereas in euvolemic hyponatremia, the total body sodium level is normal or near normal.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_10_69/ai_n6048503 (871 words)

	Management of Hyponatremia - May 15, 2004 - American Family Physician
		Hyponatremia with a high plasma osmolality is caused by hyperglycemia, while a normal plasma osmolality indicates pseudohyponatremia or the post-transurethral prostatic resection syndrome.
		In patients with chronic hyponatremia, fluid restriction is the mainstay of treatment, with demeclocycline therapy reserved for use in persistent cases.
		Renal disorders that cause hyponatremia include sodium-losing nephropathy from chronic renal disease (e.g., polycystic kidney, chronic pyelonephritis) and the hyponatremic hypertensive syndrome that frequently occurs in patients with renal ischemia (e.g., renal artery stenosis or occlusion).
	www.aafp.org /afp/20040515/2387.html (3043 words)

	Marathon Dilemma: How Much Water is Too Much?
		Rather, they are part of a new push to protect runners from hyponatremia, a rare condition that claimed the life of a healthy 28-year-old woman who collapsed during last year's race.
		Hyponatremia presents a particularly vexing problem for runners and race medical staff, because many of its symptoms -- throbbing headache, nausea, cramps, and dizziness -- mirror those of dehydration.
		Hyponatremia is caused by water retention, not just sodium loss, he told Reuters Health.
	www.amaasportsmed.org /news_room/hyponatremia_reuters.htm (1274 words)

	Hyponatremia - Health Encyclopedia
		Hyponatremia involves not having enough sodium in the body fluids outside the cells.
		Hypovolemic hyponatremia -- water and sodium are both lost from the body, but the sodium loss is greater.
		Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in the United States.
	www.nbc5.com /encyclopedia/6865419/detail.html (717 words)

	Hyponatremia : Epilepsy.com/Professionals
		Other causes of hyponatremia are hypothyroidism, hyperlipidemia and hyperproteinemia (in which serum osmolality is normal), and hyperglycemia (in which the serum is hyperosmolar).
		Consequently, the symptoms of acute hyponatremia are predominantly neurological and parallel the severity of cerebral edema.
		In one retrospective series, hyponatremia was the cause of seizures in 70% of infants younger than 6 months who lacked other findings suggesting a cause.
	professionals.epilepsy.com /page/electroab_hyponatremia.html (742 words)

	Facts on Hyponatremia
		Although hyponatremia is rare and seen primarily in serious endurance athletes, such as marathon runners, it can be dangerous and fitness enthusiasts should be aware of the condition.
		Hyponatremia is also known as “water intoxication.” Sodium (salt and chloride) is an electrolyte, which helps the body distribute water.
		Remember that hyponatremia is a rare condition for the everyday exerciser, which classifies the majority of the active population.
	www.honoluluclub.com /pulse.php?ID=31 (574 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Hyponatremia and hypernatremia
		Hyponatremia reflects an abnormal ratio of sodium to water and is defined as a serum sodium concentration of less than 135 mEq/L. It usually results from retention of water secondary to impairment in free water excretion.
		Isosmolar hyponatremia (ie, normal serum osmolality of 275 to 290 mOsm/kg) may, rarely, be caused by pseudohyponatremia from either severe hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia.
		Patients with hyponatremia and urine osmolality of less than 100 mOsm/kg are appropriately excreting very dilute urine, as occurs in primary polydipsia and resetting of the osmostat (ie, a form of the syndrome of inappropriate ADH in which serum osmolality is reset downward to a new threshold).
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2000/05_00/fall.htm (2938 words)

	Hyponatremia and strenuous or long-duration exercise on MedicineNet.com
		Hyponatremia is a condition in which the body’s stores of sodium are too low, and this condition can result from drinking extreme amounts of water.
		Hyponatremia is only a danger when extremely high volumes of fluid are lost and replaced with water — for example, when athletes engage in vigorous activity for a protracted time (such as in marathons or triathlons), or when any strenuous physical activity is carried out in very hot temperatures.
		Hyponatremia tended not to affect the fastest runners (those who finished the marathon in about two hours) and was more common in those who took four hours or more to finish the race.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=47388 (494 words)

	HYPONATREMIA
		Hyponatremia is gaining more public attention lately, likely due to the increasing number of slower marathoners who often heed warnings about the dangers of dehydration by drinking copious amounts of water in the days preceding their race and during the marathon itself.
		Within the last few years the condition known as hyponatremia has begun to attract the attention of sports medicine physicians, exercise physiologists, and the medical directors at some of the larger marathons around the country.
		Hyponatremia serves as a reminder that water is good, but don’t forget sports drinks, which replenish your body with the sodium, potassium and other trace minerals you lose through sweat.
	home.versatel.nl /vloemans/Hyponatremia.htm (2131 words)

	HYPONATREMIA AND EXERCISE, PART 2 - MECHANISMS
		The hyponatremia would be made worse by drinking water, and corrected by ingesting salt.
		The exact sequence of events leading to exercise associated hyponatremia is most likely a combination of the three mechanisms.
		The hyponatremia caused the vomiting, not vice versa.
	www.rice.edu /~jenky/sports/hyponatremia.html (1152 words)

	Hyponatremia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		The primary cause was attributed to dehydration and hyponatremia - as was evidenced by the number of IV bags the medical team went through.
		Hyponatremia has recently been discussed more often in the context of 26-mile marathons, with the medical director of the Rock 'n' Roll Marathon stating that the RnR race might have seen as many as 12 cases of hyponatremia.
		It should be noted that drinking sports drinks that have electrolytes added to them will delay the onset of hyponatremia because you are adding back some of the lost salt, however in ultra events this still may not be enough therefore replacement via salt tablets may also be required.
	www.spinalhealth.net /hyponatremia.html (2138 words)

	The Midwest Institute of Sports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Exercise-induced hyponatremia was the subject of an interesting presentation at the American College of Sports Medicine 2005 annual meeting, which I attended in Nashville.
		ADH, also known as arginine vasopressin, is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the pituitary gland in response to a variety of stimuli, and its effect is to promote resorption of free water from the urine, prior to its delivery to the bladder.
		Above all, when exercise-induced hyponatremia is suspected or confirmed, the athlete should be given nothing to drink and normal saline or lactated Ringer's IV is inappropriate and dangerous.
	www.midwest-sportsmed.com /topics/hyponatremia.html (1596 words)

	Hyponatremia
		Hyponatremia: (Serum sodium less than 136 meq/L) Clinical indicators and treatment depend on the cause of hyponatremia and whether or not it is associated with a normal, decreased or increased ECF volume.
		Hyponatremia with normal or increased ECF volume: headache, lassitude, apathy, confusion, weakness, edema, weight gain, elevated blood pressure, muscle cramps, convulsions.
		In patients with symptomatic chronic hyponatremia, or hyponatremia of unknown duration, the serum sodium should be raised slowly (0.5 meq/L/hr) to about 120-125 meq/L in order to avoid CNS complications (cerebral edema, pontine myelinolysis, seizures) and/or pulmonary edema.
	www.globalrph.com /hyponatremia.htm (1064 words)

	Runners Beware: Over-Hydration Can Be More Dangerous Than Dehydration
		For more information about hyponatremia, please visit www.marathonfirsttimers.com, a Web site designed to educate runners of all ages and abilities on the crucial aspects of running a marathon, including nutrition, apparel, injury prevention and pain treatment.
		Hyponatremia occurs when fluid intake – including sports drinks – exceeds fluid loss during exercise, throwing off the balance between the body's water and sodium levels.
		All endurance athletes who over-drink are at risk for hyponatremia, but those most prone to the condition include females and people with marathon times over four hours who are hyper-vigilant about their water intake.
	www.jnj.com /news/jnj_news/20031030_105713.htm (1321 words)

	Erowid Health Vaults : Water Poisoning (Hyponatremia, Water Intoxication) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		Sweating causes the body to lose salt, but the primary cause of hyponatremia is drinking enormous amounts of water, which dilutes the salt in the body to a dangerous level.
		There are occasional deaths in the US and Canada from people accidentally drinking too much water, and some from intentional or forced overconsumption, such as the case of a young man required to drink two or more gallons of water as part of a college fraternity hazing ritual.
		How susceptible one is to the dangers of hyponatremia seems to be partially dependent on body weight, how much food is in the system, and other factors not yet understood which make up individual variation in response.
	www.erowid.org /culture/health/health_water_poisoning.shtml (519 words)

	Clinical Trial: "SALT Trial" Study of Ascending Levels of Tolvaptan in Hyponatremia
		Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium concentration below the lower limit of normal and is the most frequently encountered electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients.
		There is also growing awareness of the association between hyponatremia and increased mortality in patients with heart failure.A common theme underlying the occurrence of hyponatremia whether in the setting of congestive heart failure, hepatic failure with ascites, or the syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) is the non-osmotic secretion of arginine vasopressin (AVP).
		Treatment of hyponatremia, particularly in clinical settings such as decompensated congestive heart failure, is difficult as conventional diuretics cause neurohormonal activation and further stimulate the inappropriate release of vasopressin, leading to additional retention of free water and aggravation of hypoosmolality.
	www.clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00072683 (1063 words)

	Salt and the Athlete
		Athletes who are under a physician's care or have health problems should check with their doctor about salt and their ability to exercise in the heat.
		It is estimated that approximately 30% of the finishers of the Hawaii Ironman are both hyponatremic and dehydrated.
		Longer races carry a greater risk of hyponatremia because of the total amount of sweat lost.
	www.rice.edu /~jenky/sports/salt.html (1154 words)

	Hyponatremia in endurance athletes - MayoClinic.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-09)
		To prevent hyponatremia, new guidelines advise runners to drink only as much fluid as they lose due to sweating during a race.
		Hyponatremia occurs more often in women than in men.
		In addition, you may be at increased risk of hyponatremia if you are on a low-sodium diet or you aren't acclimated to warm weather.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/hyponatremia/AN01140 (370 words)

	Hyponatremia - too much water
		Her blood salt levels were extremely low and she died from a condition called hyponatremia.
		This condition is caused by drinking too much fluid and is not caused by excessive loss of salt in sweat or by exercising.
		You should suspect hyponatremia when the event takes more than four hours, the athlete is a thin woman in her first ultra-long endurance event, and when she has been drinking heavily as she exercises.
	www.drmirkin.com /fitness/hyponatremia.html (637 words)

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