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Topic: Hypopharynx

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	Laryngopharyngeal Reconstruction(Nov.1996)
		The hypopharynx is the most inferior and longest of the 3 segments of the pharynx.
		The esophagus extends from the lower extent of the hypopharynx (inferior cricoid) superiorly down to the gastro-esophageal junction.
		The hypopharynx is involved in the third phase of swallowing (pharyngeal phase) as the food bolus is propelled by pharyngeal peristalsis into the cervical esophagus.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/lareco2.htm (2584 words)

	Best Practice No 169: Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx -- Helliwell 56 (2): 81 -- ...
		"Carcinomas arising in the hypopharynx are uncommon and are
		Carcinoma of the hypopharynx is a relatively uncommon disease,
		Malignant disease of the hypopharynx: surgical pathology of hypopharyngeal neoplasms.
	jcp.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/56/2/81 (3026 words)

	Hypopharyngeal Cancer (Mar.1997)
		The hypopharynx extends from its juncture with the oropharynx at the tip of the epiglottis (or level of the hyoid bone) superiorly to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage.
		The second region is the posterior pharyngeal wall, which extends from a plane drawn at the level of the tip of the epiglottis (some describe at the level of the vallecula or hyoid) to a plane at the inferior border of the cricoid.
		Almost all cancers of the hypopharynx are squamous cell carcinomas and the vast majority of patients present with at least stage III disease.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/hypophar.htm (3230 words)

	What IS laryngeal cancer?
		The hypopharynx is the part of the esophagus or food pipe that immediately surrounds the larynx.
		The shape of the larynx and hypopharynx depends on a framework of connective tissues.
		For this reason, it is very important that patients with larynx and hypopharynx cancer understand the value of follow-up examinations for the rest of their lives and of avoiding risk factors like smoking and drinking.
	www.larynxlink.com /Library/faqs/FAQ19.htm (643 words)

	Reconstruction of the Hypopharynx from the Grand Rounds Archive at Baylor
		Patients requiring reconstruction of the hypopharynx must struggle with several issues: the presence of a serious malignancy, the need for multimodality therapy, the loss of natural speech, and the possible requirement of permanent non-oral feeding.
		The hypopharynx is a thin-walled muscular tube lined with squamous mucosa, which extends from the pharyngoepiglottic folds to the inferior margin of the cricoid cartilage.
		Three is a pharyngoesophageal defect: a defect lying between the oropharynx and the cardia of the stomach and requiring a long segment of reconstruction, which spans from the neck, through the thorax, to the abdomen.
	www.bcm.edu /oto/grand/052799.html (5849 words)

	Hypopharyngeal Cancer
		Cancer of the hypopharynx is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the tissues of the hypopharynx.
		The cancer is in only one part of the hypopharynx and has not spread to lymph nodes in the area (lymph nodes are small bean-shaped structures that are found throughout the body; they produce and store infection-fighting cells).
		Treatment of cancer of the hypopharynx depends on where the cancer is in the hypopharynx, the stage of the disease, and the patient's age and overall health.
	www.marystolfacancerfoundation.com /HypopharyngealCancer.html (1308 words)

	Information about Expert Head and Neck Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment at Continuum Cancer Centers of New York
		The hypopharynx includes the pyriform sinuses, post-cricoid area, as well as the posterior pharyngeal wall.
		Once a lesion is discovered in the hypopharynx, a biopsy must be obtained.
		Treatment is given to the hypopharynx as well as to the lymph nodes on both sides of the neck.
	www.bethisraelny.org /services/headneck/hypopharynx.asp (782 words)

	National Cancer Institute - Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment
		Hypopharyngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the hypopharynx.
		The hypopharynx is the bottom part of the pharynx (throat).
		The tumor is in only one area of the hypopharynx and is 2 centimeters or smaller; cancer has also spread to a single lymph node on the same side of the neck and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.
	nci.nih.gov /cancertopics/pdq/treatment/hypopharyngeal/patient/allpages (2963 words)

	Hypopharyngeal cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [Cancer.gov] This information is produced and, ...
		Clinically, cancers of the hypopharynx tend to be aggressive and demonstrate a natural history that is characterized by diffuse local spread, early metastasis, and a relatively high rate of distant spread.
		The primary prognostic factors for hypopharyngeal SCC are stage, age, and performance status.[1,25,26] Presentation at a late stage, multisite involvement within the hypopharynx, unrestricted soft tissue tumor growth, an extensive regional lymphatic network allowing development of metastases, and restricted surgical options for complete resection, contribute to an overall poor prognosis.
		In addition to the risk of delayed regional metastases, the risk of developing a second primary tumor in patients with tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract has been estimated to be 4% to 7% per year.[20,26,27,28] Because of these risks, surveillance of patients with hypopharyngeal cancer should be lifelong.
	www.uhseast.com /113141.cfm (6264 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Jejunum free flap in hypopharynx reconstruction: Case series
		This study examines the details of the surgical technique, the complications, the oncological and the functional results in a series of 29 consecutive patients submitted to circumferential pharyngoesophageal resection for advanced hypopharyngeal cancer followed by reconstruction with a free flap of jejunum.
		The myocutaneous flaps have the disadvantage of being prone to local complications such as an high rate of salivary fistulae and dysphagia, difficult to treat because of the thickness of the flap [20].
		Although the prognosis of these tumours (18–40% at 5 years) remains poor, jejunum autografts are being shown to be an excellent choice for the reconstruction of the cervical hypopharyngo-oesophagus offering the patient quit rehabilitation and a reasonable quality of survival.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2407/2/13 (3484 words)

	D. McShaffrey - PhD Dissertation - Functional Morphology of Feeding in Mayflies
		The galealaciniae of the maxillae are positioned with their median setae touching the lingua of the hypopharynx; the galealaciniae also are in contact ventrally with the labial palps and dorsally with the superlinguae of the hypopharynx.
		The galealaciniae of the maxillae are positioned with their median setae touching the lingua of the hypopharynx; the galealaciniae also are in contact ventrally with the labial palps and dorsally with both the superlinguae of the hypopharynx and the mandibles.
		Presumably, material left on the denticles of the mandibles is brushed directly onto the dorsum of the hypopharynx or the venter of the epipharynx by the movements of the mandibles; I have not been able to observe this directly since this area is obscured by the other mouthparts.
	www.marietta.edu /~mcshaffd/phd/funcmore.html (16307 words)

	Hypopharyngeal Cancer
		-- Cancer of the hypopharynx is a disease in which cancer (malignant) cells are found in the tissues of the hypopharynx.
		The following stages are used for cancer of the hypopharynx: -- Stage I -- The cancer is in only one part of the hypopharynx and has not spread to lymph nodes in the area (lymph nodes are small bean-shaped structures that are found throughout the body; they produce and store infection-fighting cells).
		-- Treatment by stage -- Treatment of cancer of the hypopharynx depends on where the cancer is in the hypopharynx, the stage of the disease, and the patient's age and overall health.
	www.medhelp.org /lib/cancernet/201500.htm (2011 words)

	World Journal of Surgical Oncology \| Full text \| Unusual metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma to larynx and ...
		Although direct infiltration of papillary carcinoma of thyroid to larynx, trachea and esophagus is well recognized, lymphatic and vascular metastases to larynx and hypopharynx have rarely been reported.
		Although there are several reports of synchronous association between squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aero digestive tract and lymph node metastasis from occult PCT [7,8], extra nodal metastasis to the larynx and hypopharynx is not reported.
		We believe this to be the first report of extra nodal metastasis of papillary carcinoma thyroid to larynx and hypopharynx.
	www.wjso.com /content/1/1/7 (1532 words)

	Statements of Principles - malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx - diagnostic protocol
		Statements of Principles - malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx - diagnostic protocol
		The hypopharynx is the area immediately below that.
		carcinoid of the oral cavity, oropharynx or hypopharynx
	www.dva.gov.au /pensions/statemnt/b034dp.htm (290 words)

	eMedicine - Postcricoid Area, Malignant Tumors : Article by Douglas B Villaret, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Relevant Anatomy: The postcricoid region of the hypopharynx includes the mucosa and submucosa extending from the inferior aspect of the arytenoids to the bottom of the cricoid cartilage.
		The posterior hypopharynx is divided from the oropharynx superiorly by a line drawn horizontally from the hyoid bone and is divided from the cervical esophagus inferiorly by a line drawn horizontally from the bottom of the cricoid cartilage.
		The pyriform sinuses are folds of the hypopharynx that encompass the larynx on its lateral edges.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic276.htm (8454 words)

	eMedicine - Esophageal Diverticula : Article by John B Marshall, MD
		Finally, acquired diverticula of the esophagus and hypopharynx also may be classified according to their pathogenesis as pulsion diverticula or traction diverticula.
		They form in the posterior hypopharynx at a point where a defect in the muscular wall, between the inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the cricopharyngeal sphincter (Killian triangle), usually exists.
		Zenker diverticula are believed to occur because of an outflow obstruction caused when loss of coordination of the buccal squirt (ie, swallowing movement of the tongue posteriorly with contraction of the oropharyngeal muscles) and opening of the cricopharyngeus (ie, the upper esophageal sphincter) occurs.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic736.htm (2900 words)

	Head and Neck Cancers - Hypopharynx Tumors - oncologychannel
		The hypopharynx is located behind and below the oropharynx.
		It is advisable for anyone confronting hypopharyngeal cancer to discuss his or her condition thoroughly and carefully with a physician regarding stage and prognosis.
		The appropriate therapy for tumors of the hypopharynx depends upon several factors:
	www.oncologychannel.com /headneck/hypopharynx.shtml (284 words)

	Hypopharyngeal cancer: Treatment - Patient Information [Cancer.gov] This information is produced and, Eastern Carolina
		Air and food pass through the pharynx on the way to the trachea or the esophagus.
		Patients who have had hypopharyngeal cancer are at an increased risk of developing a second cancer in the head or neck.
		The tumor is larger than 4 centimeters or has spread to the larynx; cancer may have spread to a single lymph node on the same side of the neck and the lymph node is 3 centimeters or smaller.
	www.uhseast.com /145746.cfm (3002 words)

	Understanding Cancer of the Hypopharynx
		Understanding Cancer of the Hypopharynx is also an invaluable resource for clinicians dealing with this difficult condition.
		Featuring a clinical level with a detailed examination of patterns of spread and discussions of the principles of oncology, it introduces health care professionals to the central issues in the treatment of the disease.
		It describes the symptoms of the cancer, the methods used to detect it (e.g., physical examination, laryngoscopy, panendoscopy, biopsy, x-ray, barium swallow, CT scan, MRI scan) and the various factors that influence prognosis.
	www.oncologyinteractive.com /site/institutions/inst_title_hyp.html (668 words)

	Hypopharynx - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wikimedia needs your help in its US$200,000 fund drive.
		In human anatomy, the hypopharynx is the bottom part of the pharynx, and is the part of the throat that connects to the esophagus.
		This page was last modified 16:48, 1 August 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypopharynx (59 words)

	Oncolgoy Interactive™ Education Series: Understanding Cancer of the Hypopharynx
		You will be confronted with the demands of the disease, a new vocabulary and the complexities of the health care system.
		Understanding Cancer of the Hypopharynx is a comprehensive program that gives you the information you need to actively participate in your care.
		Illustrative graphics and animations reveal how different stages are used to describe the extent of the disease and to predict how likely the cancer is to progress.
	www.oncologyinteractive.com /site/patients/pat_title_hyp.html (663 words)

	Statements of Principles - malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx - reasonable hypothesis
		2. (a) This Statement of Principles is about malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx and death from malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx.
		(g) having human papilloma virus infection of the mucosa of the oral cavity, oropharynx or hypopharynx at the time of the clinical onset of malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, oropharynx or hypopharynx; or
		6. Paragraph 5(j) applies only to material contribution to, or aggravation of, malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx where the person's malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity, oropharynx and hypopharynx was suffered or contracted before or during (but not arising out of) the person's relevant service.
	www.dva.gov.au /pensions/statemnt/b034rh.htm (816 words)

	HEMIPTERA - LoveToKnow Article on HEMIPTERA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Vestigial palps have been described in various species of Hemiptera, but the true nature of these structures is doubtful.
		In front of the rostrum and the piercers lies the pointed flexible labrum and within its base a small hypopharynx (fig.
		IV., 2nd maxillae, a, sub-mentuin; b, mentuin; c, ligula, forming beak; d, hypopharynx (shown also from f1ont d, and behind d).
	www.1911ency.org /H/HE/HEMIPTERA.htm (4642 words)

	Cancer
		Having any of the symptoms doesn't mean you have cancer but if the symptoms do persistt for a long period, consult a doctor to find out exactly what's happening.
		Hypopharynx refers to the bottom portion of the throat.
		The thin layer that lines the hypopharynx is known as epithelium.
	www.tipsofallsorts.com /cancer.html (7417 words)

	Larynx and hypopharynx - Printer Friendly Version
		Usually base of tongue, hypopharynx or supraglottic larynx
		Gross: flat plaques with raised edges and superficial ulceration; often involves multiple sites within hypopharynx and extends into adjacent mucosal areas, but usually not into laryngeal cartilage; often involves thyroid gland
		Usually in larynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx and sinonasal tract
	www.pathologyoutlines.com /larynxpf.html (5624 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Tumors of the Larynx and Hypopharynx (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Amazon.ca: Books: Tumors of the Larynx and Hypopharynx
		Look for books like Tumors of the Larynx and Hypopharynx by subject:
		Top of Page : Tumors of the Larynx and Hypopharynx
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0865772908 (96 words)

	Hypopharyngeal Cancer: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		(Refer to the PDQ summaries on Adult Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatment and Childhood Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treatment for more information on cancer that started in the lymph cells of the hypopharynx.)
		Radiation therapy (using high-dose x-rays or other high-energy rays to kill cancer cells).
		Chemotherapy (using drugs to kill cancer cells) is being tested in clinical trials.
	www.acor.org /cnet/62716.html (1945 words)

	The educational encyclopedia, Nose, mouth, tongue, throat anatomy
		Articulatory - resonating system articulation: anatomy definition: movement of structures to produce speech sounds
		Head and neck anatomy and physiology hypopharynx, teeth, tongue, swallowing, salivary glands, dpeech,
		Larynx and voice a basic understanding of the anatomy of the larynx and the mechanics of voice production is necessary before a laryngeal disorder can be defined
	users.telenet.be /educypedia/education/nosemouth.htm (336 words)

	Virtual Children's Hospital: Correlapaedia - a Correlative Encyclopedia of Pediatric Imaging, Surgery, and Pathology: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A MRI of the neck performed at 3 months of age showed the mass to extensively involve the neck.
		A laryngoscopy performed at 3 and a half months of age showed the epiglottis and vallecula replaced by the lymphatic malformation with the hypopharynx on the left side effaced by the lymphatic malformation.
		The subglottic area also showed evidence of lymphangioma.
	www.vh.org /pediatric/provider/radiology/CAP/Case45/Case45.html (371 words)

	Welcome to Heath and Human Services Data Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Table on Cancer data by site and race: 1999, Males, Age- adjusted, Incidence.
		Table on Cancer data by site and race: 2000, Males, Age- adjusted, Incidence.
		Table on Cancer data by site and race: 1999, Females, Age- adjusted, Incidence.
	hhs-stat.net /scripts/topic.cfm?id=640 (691 words)

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