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	Kant's Moral Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Imperatives of etiquette apply to us simply because prevailing customs single us out as appropriate objects of appraisal by standards of politeness, whether we accept those standards or not.
		A hypothetical imperative is a command that also applies to us in virtue of our having a rational will, but not simply in virtue of this.
		A hypothetical imperative is thus a command in a conditional form.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/kant-moral (11653 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Categorical Imperative
		nature of a command or imperative, not of a hypothetical imperative, which enjoins actions only as a means to an end and implies a merely conditional
		The theory of the categorical imperative is, moreover, inconsistent.
		Kant sets forth the categorical imperative in his "Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals" (1785) and his "Critique of Practical Reason" (1788).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03432a.htm (977 words)

	Immanuel Kant and the categorical imperative (Part 1) - That Religious Studies Website
		The categorical imperative is something we are fundamentally required to do irrespective of how we feel about doing it, and even if others around us are telling us to do something completely different.
		Hypothetical imperatives treat people as a means to an end, the categorical imperative does not (and never will).
		So in terms of Kant's categorical imperative, the most logical and rational thing we can do in terms of acting correctly is to think about how our actions will affect those around us, and to only do those things that will not impinge on other people's right to live their own life.
	www.thatreligiousstudieswebsite.com /Articles/Ethics/Deontology/categorical_imperative1.html (2364 words)

	[No title]
		Hypothetical imperatives in effect represent some action as good or required on that condition that one has some purpose, where the purpose is one that is, from the point of view of rationality, optional.
		These hypothetical imperatives, whether problematic or assertoric, differ significantly from the imperatives of morality precisely in their conditionality, in their force depending on people having certain purposes.
		In the face of a hypothetical imperative, there are two ways to preserve one's practical rationality: (1) take the necessary means to achieving the ends the give the imperative its practical force or (2) abandon those ends.
	www.nd.edu /~rbarger/kant-commentary.html (3398 words)

	categorical imperative - Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A maxim is a categorical imperative if it takes the form ‘Always do Y’, where the reason for doing Y is not contingent on any desire in the sense of being your means of obtaining some end that you desire.
		A categorical imperative is intended not only to be rational, but also to serve as a fundamental principle of morality.
		Categorical imperative: more and more retailers are now describing nonfood category management as a necessity.(includes related articles on category management for magazines and general merchandise)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O87-categoricalimperative.html (524 words)

	Kant's Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals
		A 'hypothetical imperative' determines an action to be practically necessary for the attainment of some purpose or goal beyond itself.
		A 'hypothetical imperative' asserts that an action is good for some purpose or goal, but a 'categorical imperative' does not refer to the purpose or goal of an action and asserts that the action is good in itself.
		The concept of a 'categorical imperative' may oversimplify the moral complexity of situations in which there is moral ambiguity, and may not be applicable to situations in which some degree of moral compromise may be necessary.
	www.angelfire.com /md2/timewarp/kant.html (1684 words)

	On Kant's Characterisation of Moral Judgements as Categorical Imperatives
		Categorical imperatives express that âsomething is good to do or to refrain from doingâ independent of any end; hypothetical imperatives express that âsomething is good to do or to refrain from doingâ with respect to an actual or possible end.
		Since hypothetical imperatives are contingent upon the moral actorâs ends, this implies that moral judgements are not hypothetical imperatives.
		Hypothetical imperatives are imperative statements which are retracted by the speaker if the listener does not have the relevant end; categorical imperatives are imperative statements which cannot be retracted by the speaker if the listener does not have the relevant end.
	web.singnet.com.sg /~chlim/imperatives.htm (1485 words)

	hypothetical. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
		Of, relating to, or based on a hypothesis: a hypothetical situation.
		A hypothetical circumstance, condition, scenario, or situation: OK, let's consider this possibility then—just as a hypothetical.
		From Greek hupothetikos, from hupothetos, placed under, supposed, from hupotithenai, to suppose.
	www.bartleby.com /61/5/H0370500.html (103 words)

	Kants CI essays
		Kant came up with the Categorical Imperative he verifiably meant it to be different to the hypothetical Imperative, naturally first one must define the two.
		The categorical imperative is probably the only solid set of moral principles around, they are a set of rules that apply to everyone acting on the interests of all moral agents.
		Universal law is in itself a categorical imperative that states "do not act on any maxim that cannot be universalized" or in other words any moral law i by which you want to live must be able to be applied to every situation and moral agent universally.
	megaessays.com /viewpaper/14138.html (611 words)

	Categorical imperative information - Search.com
		The categorical imperative is the philosophical concept central to the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant and to modern deontological ethics.
		A categorical imperative is the one and only basis for all moral statements, because a hypothetical imperative would depend on the subjective desires of the rational actors, rendering it powerless to compel moral action.
		But this would violate the categorical imperative because it denies the basis for there to be free rational action at all; it denies the status of a person as an end in himself.
	www.search.com /reference/Categorical_Imperative (3079 words)

	Andrew Wille - The Categorical Imperative (Site not responding. Last check: )
		hypothetical imperative and expresses itself in the following way: in order to bring about end ‘B’ which is good, I ought to do action ‘A.’ In contrast, the categorical imperative indicates the objective necessity of an action itself.
		Of the three classes of imperatives, the categorical imperative is the only class which brings about moral action.
		Kant provides two more formulas which represent the same categorical imperative but are necessary in that they accent a slightly different part of the categorical imperative.
	home.uchicago.edu /~awille/Andrew_Wille-The_Categorical_Imperative.htm (1682 words)

	Wikinfo \| Categorical Imperative
		The philosophical concept of a categorical imperative is central to the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant.
		While it is possible to learn imperatives of skill and prudence that are morally neutral through observation, the categorical imperative that allows one to determine what actually is moral is known a priori and can only be properly determined through reason.
		There is nothing in the categorical imperative to discern that this is not a moral imperative for it is easily something which one would wish to be universaily applied, and this universal application would lead to no irrational contradictions.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Categorical_Imperative (1795 words)

	Form and Content in Ethical Theory
		Thus the reasonableness involved by a hypothetical imperative is the reasonableness of a conclusion intention relative to the premise intention in a (possible) piece of practical reasoning.
		Hypothetical imperatives typically rest on causal connections, and, like most singular causal statements in everyday life, they are rarely if ever the direct application of a general causal law.
		Notice, however, that although general hypothetical imperatives "hold for all rational beings", there is an important sense in which each such imperative formulates not one single implication but a family of implications, one for each rational being.
	www.ditext.com /sellars/fcet.html (6713 words)

	[No title]
		Hypothetical imperatives are good, in this case meant more of what gives it its value rather than in a moral sense, in so far as they bring about some specifically desired end.
		The imperative is the command describing one’s action, which is motivated, either consciously or not, by a maxim, which is the determinative statement that makes the ‘ought’ claim upon the action, and that maxim is either universalizable or not, determining its moral character — good or not.
		But when he begins to deduce from the precept [the categorical imperative] any of the actual duties of morality, he fails, almost grotesquely, to show that there would be any contradiction, any logical (not to say physical) impossibility, in the adoption by all rational beings of the most outrageously immoral rules of conduct.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~pruth/CIcritique.doc (3944 words)

	SparkNotes: Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals: Chapter 2 - Part 2
		The categorical imperative, however, may be based only on something that is an "end in itself"-- that is, an end that is a means only to itself and not to some other need, desire, or purpose.
		Thus if we formulate the categorical imperative in terms of the will of a rational being, it would run as follows: act in such a way that you always treat other people not merely as means to some end, but also as ends in themselves.
		The categorical imperative requires you to treat all your fellows as "ends in themselves"--that is, as objects of intrinsic value--and not as mere instruments for the attainment of your personal goals.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/kantsgrounding/section5.rhtml (1739 words)

	PEA Soup: What is a Categorical Imperative? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Given that for him the distinction is between hypothetical and categorical imperatives, and given that hypothetical imperatives are conditional upon something contingent about the agent (more on that in a sec), the contrast means that categorical imperatives' bindingness is not conditional on anything contingent about the agent's volitional makeup.
		Now, we might say that a hypothetical imperative is one given by a sentence of the form O(p/q) for some contingent q, and a categorical imperative is one given by a sentence of the form O(p).
		The proposal is this: a "categorical imperative" is a categorical USE of "ought", which consists in rhetorically presupposing the relevant end (or engaging in a practice parasitic upon this rhetorical use).
	peasoup.typepad.com /peasoup/2006/03/what_is_a_categ.html (8448 words)

	Critique of Kant's Ethics
		Thus we can understand the distinction between hypothetical and categorical imperatives: hypothetical imperatives tell one how to achieve some end, are therefore empirical, and hence are inferior to categorical imperatives, belonging as they do to the world of appearances.
		Categorical imperatives, belonging to the world of things in themselves, as the truly moral imperatives, must prescribe actions which are intrinsically worthy, i.e., ends in themselves, in order that they be a priori.
		The reason obeying the categorical imperative is supposed to be a good thing is that to do so constitutes conforming one's actions to "law as such" or "the universality of law as such." That there is no such thing as conformity to 'law as such' should be evident.
	home.sprynet.com /~owl1/kant1.htm (9049 words)

	SparkNotes: Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals: Chapter 2 - Part 1
		Reason's demands may be called "imperatives." "Hypothetical imperatives" command that a particular action is necessary as a means to some purpose, such as the attainment of personal happiness.
		Since an imperative with universal and intrinsic validity cannot include any circumstantial considerations, the only possible categorical imperative is that actions must conform to a requirement of universal validity.
		Thus the categorical imperative may be formulated as follows: act only in such a way that you could want the maxim (the motivating principle) of your action to become a universal law.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/kantsgrounding/section4.rhtml (2285 words)

	Freedom is absurd
		The "supreme principle of morality" is the categorical imperative, a principle which commands us, as rational beings, to act upon ideas whose fundamental principles are applicable to all humans.
		The very fact that the categorical imperative is an "ought" rather than a "will" implies that we have freedom of choice, and the fact that we can choose to create and obey laws implies the existence of morality.
		Though this may seem a let-down to fans of freedom, because we cannot perceive the true form of freedom (in the noumenal sense), all that matters is this supposed freedom, whether it be real or not is unknowable and irrelevant.
	www.pmb.net /books/notes/freedom.html (2477 words)

	Atheist Ethicist: Kant's Categorical Imperatives and Desire Utilitarianism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For the novice, an imperative is a statement about what ought and ought not to be done.
		This is not a 'categorical imperative' in the Kantian sense.
		All of this is true in the context where all imperatives are hypothetical.
	atheistethicist.blogspot.com /2006/10/kants-categorical-imperatives-and.html (1823 words)

	Kant's Argument for the Categorical Imperative (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hypothetical imperatives are not universal, nor do they conflict with self- interest.
		Therefore, an action that obeys the categorical imperative is one that is commanded by a universal law.
		Therefore, the categorical imperative commands this: Act in such a way that you would want there to be a universal law that commands everyone to act in just that way.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /~janderso/101/kant.html (243 words)

	Ziniewicz on Kant's Ethics
		A hypothetical imperative is a command that depends on some condition being present; it depends upon certain conditions being met.
		The categorical imperative is similar to the "golden rule." This requires a degree of honesty with oneself that in a sense presupposes the presence of a will already good.
		The practical imperative that arises from this view is that one should act in such a way as to regard humanity in oneself and in others as an end in itself and never simply as a means.
	www.fred.net /tzaka/kant2.html (2964 words)

	WowEssays.com - Hume Vs. Kant
		Kant differentiated two kinds of imperative statements: first, the hypothetical imperative, which has the general for If you want to achieve P then you should do X; and, second, the categorical imperative, of the form You should do X. Hypothetical imperatives are unproblematic.
		This is because if somebody is acting out of the hypothetical imperative, he/she has an ulterior motive in acting in that way and are therefore not acting out of duty but are pursuing a certain end.
		As Hume points out No imperative conclusion can be validly drawn from a set of premises which does not contain at least one imperativeIn this logical ruleis to be found the bases of Hume's celebrated observation on the impossibility of deducing an 'ought'-proposition from a series of 'is'-propositions (R.M. Hare 'The Language of Morals').
	www.wowessays.com /dbase/ae2/dkt111.shtml (1582 words)

	Kant's Moral Axioms
		Further the hypothetical imperatives can be divided into technical (imperative of skill) belonging to art and into pragmatic (imperative of prudence), belonging to welfare of the being.
		He is not truly moral because all his maxims are hypothetical and he cannot act out of respect for a universal law which takes no account of the contingent and divisive interests of individuals.
		Freedom is expressed by the categorical imperative and the hypothetical imperative expresses inclinations in the world of sense.
	www.socinian.org /kant.html (3096 words)

	The Categorical Imperative
		The Categorical Imperative is Kant bases his entire argument on reason, he believed that statements about the moral law were a priori and could be reached through logic alone, independent of experience.
		Such commands as ‘Thou shalt not kill’ are considered to be examples of a Catigorical Imperative, however Kant argues that commands such as this are derived from a more general principle it is the formulation of this principle which Kant calls ‘The Catigorical Imperative’.
		As Kant argues his Categorical Imperative is based entirely on logic he believes that all members of the society would come to the same conclusions about moral law because they are all working under the same rational law.
	members.tripod.com /perciclark/kant2.htm (1242 words)

	Beauty and Man: An Exegetical Essay
		The hypothetical imperative treats an action as good only for a subjective purpose, for example, to obtain sensory pleasure.
		Kant dismisses the hypothetical imperative because its maxim, or subjective principle of action, relates merely to a desired end.
		Kant's categorical imperative requires that the principles of our actions command categorically and absolutely even though the results of these actions might be unknowable.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /pcu/noesis/issue_vi/noesis_vi_5.html (2794 words)

	The Categorical Imperative
		The hypothetical imperative which expresses the practical necessity of an action as means to the advancement of happiness is assertorial.
		On the other hand, the question how the imperative of morality is possible, is undoubtedly one, the only one, demanding a solution, as this is not at all hypothetical, and the objective necessity which it presents cannot rest on any hypothesis, as is the case with the hypothetical imperatives.
		Secondly, in the case of this categorical imperative or law of morality, the difficulty (of discerning its possibility) is a very profound one.
	ghc.ctc.edu /HUMANITIES/DLARSON/kant.htm (3964 words)

	KANT
		imperatives (commands or prohibitions) and indeed categorical (unconditional) imperatives.
		Categorical imperatives, on the other hand, imply that certain actions are either “permitted or forbidden, that is, morally possible or impossible, while some of them or their opposites are morally necessary, that is obligatory” (MM 6:221, pp.
		Hypothetical imperatives are those imperatives, as mentioned earlier, that are done for the sake of some purpose.
	userpages.wittenberg.edu /mmartinezsaenz/KantImperfectandPerfectDuties.htm (1743 words)

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