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Topic: Hypothetical syllogism

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	AllRefer.com - syllogism (Philosophy, Terms And Concepts) - Encyclopedia
		Every syllogism is a sequence of three propositions such that the first two imply the third, the conclusion.
		The categorical syllogism comprises three categorical propositions, which must be statements of the form all x are y, no x is y, some x is y, or some x is not y.
		A categorical syllogism contains precisely three terms: the major term, which is the predicate of the conclusion; the minor term, the subject of the conclusion; and the middle term, which appears in both premises but not in the conclusion.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/syllogis.html (427 words)

	29 Hypothetical Syllogism & Production
		Hypothetical syllogism is argument whose premises and conclusion are all hypotheticals.
		Although the connection in hypotheticality is expressed by modal conjunctive statements, 'if-then' underscores an additional, not-tautologous, sense, occurring on a finer level.
		These are valid only with normal hypotheticals, unlike the preceding, because they are derived from the latter by subalternating a lowercase premise or being subalternated by an uppercase conclusion.
	www.thelogician.net /2_future_logic/2_chapter_29.htm (1700 words)

	DOLHENTY ARCHIVE: The Hypothetical Syllogism
		The propositions contained with a categorical syllogism consist of a direct assertion between the subject and the predicate of a sentence.
		The truth of a hypothetical judgment is involved with the truth of the dependence, a logical relation, between one statement upon another statement.
		A mixed conditional syllogism consists of one premise that is a conditional proposition and one premise that is a categorical proposition.
	radicalacademy.com /logichypothetsyllo.htm (3209 words)

	Medieval Theories of the Syllogism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A theory of consequences was developed by Abelard in the course of his discussion of topical inferences and hypothetical syllogisms, and during the thirteenth century the basic idea was further developed in treatments of the topics, but in the fourteenth century works devoted solely to consequences began to appear (Green-Pedersen 1984).
		Expository syllogisms are perfect for this because the middle term is the subject of both premises in that figure.
		Supposition is a theory of reference and it is the coreferentiality of terms in the different sentences in a syllogism that is the decisive factor in determining whether the principle of uniform substitution is satisfied or not.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/medieval-syllogism (11683 words)

	Syllogism
		In traditional logic, a syllogism is an inference in which one proposition (the conclusion) follows of necessity from two others (known as premises).
		A Barbara syllogism involves grammar and logical types; it has a subject and a predicate.
		Syllogisms may also be invalid if they have four terms or the middle term is not distributed.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/s/sy/syllogism.html (268 words)

	Sophia on the web: Logic Page ~ Hypothetical and Disjunctive Syllogisms w/ diagramming
		A rule for pure, valid hypothetical syllogisms is: Any pure hypothetical syllogism is valid in which the first premise and the conclusion have the same antecedent, the second premise and the conclusion have the same consequent, and the consequent of the first premise is the same as the antecedent of the second premise.
		Two fallacies, or invalid forms of hypothetical syllogisms are to deny the antecedent, and to affirm the consequent:
		Or a rule for valid disjunctive syllogisms is: A valid disjunctive syllogism must contain in the premises a denial of one alternative while the conclusion affirms the other.
	members.aol.com /moresophia/topic11.html (349 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Remember that a syllogism is an argument with two premises and one conclusion.
		Disjunctive syllogisms have one premise that is a disjunctive statement and another premise that either affirms (restates) one side of that disjunctive statement (one side is a disjunct) or negates one side.
		When one of the premises is a hypothetical statement and the other either affirms or negates one or the other of the parts of that hypothetical statement (the left side of one in the form of "If..., then...." is called the antecedent and the right side the consequent), then it is a mixed hypothetical syllogism.
	condor.depaul.edu /~mlarrabe/logic/wk6a.htm (314 words)

	Science of Logic, Syllogism of Reflection
		The mediation of the syllogism has hereby determined itself as individuality, immediacy, and as self-related negativity, or as an identity that differentiates itself and gathers itself into itself out of that difference — as absolute form, and for that very reason as objective universality, a content that is identical with itself.
		As the hypothetical syllogism in general comes under the schema of the second figure of the formal syllogism, U-I-P, so the disjunctive syllogism comes under the schema of the third figure, I-U-P. But the middle term is the universality that is pregnant with form; it has determined itself as totality, as developed objective universality.
		Consequently the truth of the hypothetical syllogism, namely the unity of the mediating and the mediated, is posited in the disjunctive syllogism, which for this reason is equally no longer a syllogism at all.
	www.marxists.org /reference/archive/hegel/works/hl/hl696.htm (1878 words)

	LOGIC - LoveToKnow Article on LOGIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		But he thought that inferences other than syllogism are imperfect; that analogical inference is rhetorical induction; and that induction, through the necessary preliminary of syllogism and the sole process of ascent from sense, memory and experience to the principles of science, is itself neither reasoning nor science.
		The last supposed syllogism, namely, that having two affirmative premises and entailing an undistributed middle in the second figure, is accepted by Wundt under the title Inference by Comparison (Vergleic/zungsschluss), and is supposed by him to he useful for abstraction and subsidiary to induction, and by Bosanquet to be useful for analogy.
		The axiom of contradiction is not a major premise of a judgment: the dictum de omni et nullo is not a major premise of a syllogism: the principle of uniformity is not a major premise of an induction.
	11.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LO/LOGIC.htm (17341 words)

	Propositional Syllogisms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Whereas the logic of the categorical syllogism is based on the relationships between categories, the logic of the propositional syllogism is based on the relationships between propositions.
		In a hypothetical (in standard form) the component proposition which follows the "if" is called the antecedent, and the other, which follows the "then", is called the consequent.
		A mixed hypothetical syllogism consists of a hypothetical proposition as the first premise and a premise which either affirms or denies either the antecedent or the consequent.
	skyway.usask.ca /~wiebeb/Propositional.html (1333 words)

	Study Four
		Modus Ponens is also known as hypothetical syllogism, or the constructive hypothetical syllogism to distinguish it from another form of hypothetical syllogism described in the next section.
		The structure of Modus Ponens consists of an implication (hypothetical) as a premise, and the antecedent of the implication as another premise from which the consequent of the implication follows as a conclusion.
		With a hypothetical (or conditional) as a premise and the denial of its consequent as another premise, it is valid to infer the denial of the antecedent of the hypothetical as conclusion.
	www.sjsu.edu /logic/study4.htm (2761 words)

	Medieval Theories of the Syllogism
		A hypothetical syllogism is a syllogism in which one or more premises are hypothetical sentences.
		As consequences, syllogisms are distinguished by their conjunctive antecedent and single-sentence consequent, and furthermore by their three terms — though this last condition is not necessary since Buridan also treats of syllogisms with more than three terms.
		Syllogisms concluding to an "uncommon idiom for negatives" add another three valid forms in the first figure and two in the second.
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/sum2004/entries/medieval-syllogism (11686 words)

	The Philosophy Resource Center: Mini-Course - Logic
		The antecedent element of the syllogism conists of two propositions called the premises (the first of which is the major premise, and the second the minor premise); the consequent element consists of a single proposition called the conclusion.
		Although fundamentally the laws governing the syllogism are the same for all types, it is a convenience for the student to have definite regulations for the forming and judging of each type, and so we shall presently discuss two sets of laws, one for the categorical syllogism, and one for the hypothetical syllogism.
		A hypothetical syllogism is a syllogism which has a hypothetical proposition as its major premise.
	radicalacademy.com /prcminicourselogic4.htm (2690 words)

	Logic Notes
		The pure hypothetical syllogism consists of two premises and a conclusion and all three propositions are hypothetical propositions.
		The mixed hypothetical syllogism consists of two premises and a conclusion but one of the premises and the conclusion can be non-hypothetical propositions.
		In the second form of a mixed hypothetical syllogism, one premise denies the consequent of the hypothetical premise in order to infer the denial of the antecedent of that premise.
	www.uwplatt.edu /~drefcins/logic.htm (3193 words)

	Tutorial- Hypothetical Syllogisms
		We often use pure hypothetical syllogisms in describing chains of events in which each event causes the next.
		In an argument of this form, the first premise is hypothetical and the second premise is categorical.
		Determine whether the following hypothetical syllogism is valid or invalid.
	www.wwnorton.com /college/phil/logic3/ch10/hyposyll.htm (252 words)

	syllogism on Encyclopedia.com
		The Hindu syllogism: nineteenth-century perceptions of Indian logical thought.
		Syllogism or paradox: Aquinas and Luther on theological method.
		The effect of explicit negatives and of different contrast classes on conditional syllogisms.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s1/syllogis.asp (561 words)

	Determining The Validity of Categorical Syllogisms
		If the resulting syllogism is "pure" (that is, both of the premises and the conclusion are conditional statements), then identify its middle term.
		The result should be a syllogism in which the middle term appears in the antecedent of one premise and the consequent of the other.
		Note finally that it is indeed possible to chain syllogisms together (especially those with several universal or conditional premises), and to apply several of our inference rules (especially hypothetical syllogism) all at once.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/beisecker/Courses/Phi-102/CategoricalSyllogisms.html (739 words)

	clinton8
		Many arguments that are based on the of cause and effect, or antecedent and consequent are expressed as a hypothetical proposition.
		A hypothetical proposition, consists of an antecedent, if A, and a consequent, then B, for example, If he has AIDS, he will die; the argument asserts the truth of the antecedent implies the truth of the consequent, not that the truth of the consequent implies the truth of the antecedent.
		A disjunctive, or an "either-or", syllogism is based on the idea that if one contrary proposition is true the other is false, e.g.
	claweb.cla.unipd.it /home/rchurch/site_two/clinton8.htm (239 words)

	HypothProp
		The hypothetical proposition also is a truth functional proposition.
		The major premise of a hypothetical syllogism is a hypothetical
		hypothetical syllogism focuses on the relationship between the major premise and the minor premise.
	webpages.charter.net /Phil106/HypothProp.html (708 words)

	submit10
		is the sufficient condition established in the major premise of the hypothetical syllogism
		If the minor premise denies the consequent of the major premise in a hypothetical syllogism the argument is valid.
		If the minor premise affirms the antecedent of the major premise in a hypothetical syllogism the argument is valid.
	webpages.charter.net /Phil106/submit10.html (177 words)

	Damren - THE UTILIZATION OF SYLLOGISMS IN CONTEMPORARY LEGAL ANALYSIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Disjunctive syllogisms are generally premised upon the inclusive sense of "or" and analyze the relationship between two objects, groups or events that are "disjuncts" to one another, i.e., one or the other is true, or both.
		Where hypothetical syllogisms appear in a legal argument, a "causal" relationship between the elements under analysis is generally assumed; whereas, where conditional propositions appear in legal documents in the form of "conditions precedent" or "conditions subsequent," or in statutory or common law as qualifications, the decisional or definitional forms of implication generally apply.
		The reason for the discrepancy between the 15 valid syllogisms without existential import identified from the grid analysis of the four figures and Aristotle's original 14 valid syllogisms based on three figures and his rules of conversion is the different assumptions and starting points for each method of analysis.
	www.law.msu.edu /lawrev/98-1/damren.htm (11293 words)

	The Argument from Existence: Formalized
		This form of hypothetical syllogism is called mixed because it is an inference to a non-hypothetical conclusion from two premises, one of which is hypothetical in nature (i.e., if..., then...
		In the case of AFE, P corresponds to the clause "the primacy of consciousness is invalid," and Q corresponds to the statement "the claim that God exists is false." That the primary form of the argument is valid is undeniable.
		Since the syllogism above may appear rather thin on substance, I have developed an expanded form of AFE which fills in many of the primary version's apparent blanks with subarguments and supporting details, including citations of theistic attributions justifying certain inferences and propositions.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Sparta/1019/AFE/AFE1.htm (4113 words)

	PHI 2101: Critical Thinking
		Modus Tollens – from a hypothetical statement, you know that if the consequent is false, the antecedent must be false.
		Hypothetical Syllogism – from two hypothetical statements having the general form A à B and B à C, A à C follows.
		Disjunctive Syllogism – from a disjunction, if one disjunct is false, the other must be true.
	pegasus.cc.ucf.edu /~stanlick/ctfinalexamreview.html (195 words)

	CHAPTER VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The first statement of the syllogism is called the major premise, the second statement is called the minor premise, and the last statement is called the conclusion.
		The key to changing enthymemes into syllogisms is recognition that all three terms of the syllogism but not all three statements will be present in the enthymeme.
		By definition, hypothetical deduction is that form of deductive reasoning based upon a major premise which expresses a hypothetical or conditional relationship of sign or causation.
	debate.uvm.edu /huber/huber07.html (6539 words)

	Answer Key: 1.3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Categorical syllogism: A syllogism in which all three statements are categorical propositions; a syllogism in which all three statements begin with the words "all," "no" or "some"
		Hypothetical syllogism: A syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises
		Disjunctive syllogism: a syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its premises
	ethics.acusd.edu /Courses/logic/answers/Exercise1_3.html (643 words)

	Deduction
		The name of this mistake is "the fallacy of the undistributed middle." Names of mistakes in reasoning are steeped in history and often are very colorful.
		This syllogism is deceptively simple because it does not consider other possible causes for the effect.
		Aristotle formed several syllogisms to cover a variety of cause-and-effect situations just as he formed several kinds of categorical syllogisms to cover several ways of making categories.
	www.delmar.edu /engl/instruct/stomlin/1301int/lessons/content/deduct.htm (655 words)

	ELENCHUS
		By a 'syllogism' let us not mean, in the narrow modern sense, an argument depending on our insight into the relation of class-inclusion; but, to translate Aristotle's own words, any 'argument in which, after certain propositions have been assumed, there necessarily results a proposition other than the assumptions because of the assumptions'.
		The verb 'syllogize' occurs in the Charmides (160D) not as something to be done towards the end of an elenchus, but as something to be done in formulating a thesis: you form the thesis by syllogizing or putting together all the relevant facts.
		There must therefore be a premiss declaring that the falsehood is a falsehood; and that is the office of the minor premiss of a destructive hypothetical syllogism.
	www.ditext.com /robinson/dia3.html (4640 words)

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