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Topic: Hypovolemia

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	Hypovolemia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In (The branch of the biological sciences dealing with the functioning of organisms) physiology and (The branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques) medicine, hypovolemia is a state of decreased (The fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped by the heart) blood volume.
		Severe hypovolemia leads to hypovolemic ((pathology) bodily collapse or near collapse caused by inadequate oxygen delivery to the cells; characterized by reduced cardiac output and rapid heartbeat and circulatory insufficiency and pallor) shock.
		See also the discussion of ((pathology) bodily collapse or near collapse caused by inadequate oxygen delivery to the cells; characterized by reduced cardiac output and rapid heartbeat and circulatory insufficiency and pallor) shock and the importance of treating reversible shock while it can still be countered.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hy/hypovolemia.htm (601 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 16, Ch. 200, Orthostatic Hypotension And Syncope
		Hypovolemia is often induced by excessive use of diuretics (eg, loop diuretics such as furosemide, bumetanide, and ethacrynic acid); relative hypovolemia is due to vasodilator therapy with nitrate preparations and Ca blockers (verapamil, nifedipine, diltiazem, amlodipine) or with ACE inhibitors.
		The hypovolemia and diminished vasomotor tone caused by protracted bed rest are also often a cause of orthostatic hypotension.
		Acute or subacute severe hypovolemia caused by disease may produce orthostatic hypotension due to a decrease in cardiac output despite intact autonomic reflexes.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section16/chapter200/200a.htm (1620 words)

	HYPOVOLEMIA AND NEUROVASCULAR CONTROL DURING ORTHOSTASIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of acute hypovolemia alone on the neural and vascular response to a graded orthostatic challenge.
		In addition, hypovolemia produced an upward shift in the responses of forearm vascular resistance and total peripheral resistance (TPR) for the same decrease in CVP.
		Therefore, hypovolemia caused a heightened sympathetic and vascular response for a given level of orthostatic stress.
	www.ccs.ca /society/congress2001/abstracts/abs/a529.htm (259 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 16, Ch. 204, Shock
		Pulmonary edema after hypovolemia usually is caused by excessive fluid infusion during resuscitation, although it may be confused with pneumonia due to unrecognized sepsis or aspiration of gastric contents due to transient CNS depression.
		Hypovolemia can be assumed when volume loading improves BP and urine flow and reduces the clinical manifestations of shock, with small increments in CVP or PCWP.
		Because hypovolemia may coexist with acute MI or preexisting heart disease, the shock cannot be assumed to be due entirely to myocardial damage, especially inferior or posterior infarcts, which may involve the right ventricle or atrium.
	www.merck.com /pubs/mmanual/section16/chapter204/204a.htm (3451 words)

	Encyclopedia: Hypovolemia
		In physiology and medicine, hypovolemia is a state of decreased blood volume; more specifically, decrease in volume of blood plasma.
		Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are present in the blood and help carry oxygen to the rest of the cells in the body Blood is a circulating tissue composed of fluid plasma and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets).
		An intravenous drip in a hospital Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the administration of liquid substances directly into a vein.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hypovolemia (1011 words)

	Diabetes Insipidus
		Plasma volume: Baroreceptors (stimulated by hypervolemia, inhibited by hypovolemia) inhibit AVP release via cranial nerves IX, X. The atrial cardiopulmonary low-pressure baroreceptors are less sensitive than osmoreceptors, requiring a 5-10% decrease in blood volume before AVP is released.
		Severe hypovolemia, however, triggers the sino-aortic high-pressure baroreceptors to cause exponential increases in AVP, which may be high enough to exert a pressor effect.
		Interaction of osmo- and baroreceptors: A decrease in left atrial pressure (as in hypovolemia, hypotension) leads to a reduction of the osmotic threshold and increases the sensitivity for osmotic AVP release.
	www.endocrinology.med.ucla.edu /diabetes_insipidus.htm (3914 words)

	Acute renal failure, VM 552 SAM Urogenital System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The causes of hypovolemia include the same causes as those resulting in prerenal azotemia but the insults are more profound and sustained to result in ARF.
		Hypovolemia is due to fluid loss in vomitus and diarrhea and lack of intake and in some patients, hypovolemia is the cause of ARF.
		As the patients are usually hypovolemic and the cardiac response to hypovolemia is to increase the heart rate, the two opposing influences on heart rate may result in a normal heart rate.
	courses.vetmed.wsu.edu /vm552/urogenital/arf.htm (4732 words)

	Read about Hypovolemia at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Hypovolemia and learn about Hypovolemia here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In physiology and medicine, hypovolemia is a state of decreased
		Minor hypovolemia from a known cause that has been completely controlled (such as a blood transfusion from a healthy patient who is not anemic) may be countered with initial rest for up to half an hour, oral fluids including moderate sugars (
		emergency medical services for a discussion of techniques used in IV fluid management of hypovolemia.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Hypovolemia (504 words)

	Virtual Hospital: P & T News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hypovolemia is one of the principal defects contributing to shock in the general medical-surgical hospitalized patient.1 Treatment of this problem involves the administration of crystalloid or colloid solutions to correct the deficiency in the circulation of intravascular volume.
		Hypovolemia, however, can be seen in shock-like states with or without depletion of that volume.
		The object of resuscitation in hypovolemia is to maintain perfusion to vital organs and to increase oxygen transport, as well as carriage of other vital substances.4 In principle, the less fluid necessary to achieve these objectives the better.
	www.vh.org /adult/provider/pharmacyservices/PTNews/1994/04.94.html (3660 words)

	Sommers & Roth - Chow (Litigation guardian of) v. Wellesley Hospital
		Accordingly, he did not diagnose or treat, in an appropriate and timely manner, the hypovolemia from which the plaintiff's allege Michael was suffering nor did he recognize Michael's critical need for volume to boost his inadequate blood circulation.
		She stated that, in a case of severe hypovolemia, you would have to restore a significant amount of circulating volume before you would see any effect.
		An undetected and uncorrected hypovolemia, with associated inadequate oxygenation and perfusion of Michael's brain, resulted in his brain sustaining hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (i.e., brain damage due to inadequate blood circulation to and oxygenation of the brain).
	www.sommersandroth.com /case-law-chow.htm (13437 words)

	Rhabdomyolysis And Myoglobinuria MEDSTUDENTS-INTENSIVE CARE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hypovolemia may be profound and hyperkalemia may require electrocardiographic monitoring and emergent dialysis.
		The release of purines and subsequent hepatic conversion to uric acid can cause hyperuricemia, which, particularly in the setting of hypovolemia with low urine flow and pH, may cause sludging of urate crystals in the renal tubules, contributing to the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in rhabdomyolysis.
		Because hypovolemia is often present, agressive volume ressucitation should be instituted.
	www.medstudents.com.br /terin/terin3.htm (1804 words)

	American Family Physician: Establishing a Bedside Diagnosis of Hypovolemia
		Some studies were of patients with known amounts of blood loss, while others were of patients who presented to emergency departments and were suspected of having hypovolemia as a result of symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea and decreased oral intake.
		While the literature indicates that the finding of a dry axilla increases the probability of hypovolemia, studies suggest that this is an insensitive physical sign, with only a 50 percent sensitivity.
		Signs that point away from hypovolemia are moist mucous membranes, lack of sunken eyes and lack of furrows on the tongue.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_4_60/ai_57007045 (545 words)

	Critical Care Medicine Tutorials: Shock - Hypovolemia
		The body acts to defend itself from hypovolemia by way of a series of reflex mechanisms involving the cardiovascular and neurohormonal systems.
		The reflex compensatory responses occur in the macrocirculation, in the kidney and in the microcirculation.
		In hypovolemia, extracellular and interstitial fluid is mobilized into the bloodstream as a form of auto-transfusion.
	www.ccmtutorials.com /cvs/Shock/page_5.5.htm (512 words)

	[No title]
		At this point, an explanation of the terms anemia, polycythemia, hypovolemia and hypervolemia is required.
		The current standard obstetrical practice is to clamp the cord immediately to obtain a cord pH [3][4] - this maximizes the asphyxiation and hypovolemia, and accelerates HIE; the life-saving blood in the placenta is thrown away while parts of the child's brain die.
		The varying degrees of cerebral palsy and spastic paralysis are usually evident soon after birth in the movement and reflexes of the child, but lesser degrees of hypoxic, ischemic brain damage may remain hidden for years.
	www.mercola.com /2002/mar/20/clamp.htm (2917 words)

	TRAUMA.ORG: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		During hypovolemia the SPV and the D down component increase, reflecting a decrease in preload and cardiac output.
		It is important to recognize that the increase in the SPV and the D down component may be caused by conditions other than hypovolemia such as the use of large tidal volumes, air trapping, decreased chest wall compliance and arrhythmias.
		The CVP may be useful in a hypotensive trauma patient to differentiate pericardial tamponade from hypovolemia.
	www.trauma.org /anaesthesia/monitoring.html (3862 words)

	Correction of hypovolemic hypotension by centrally administered naloxone in conscious rabbits -- Van Leeuwen et al. 274 ...
		phase of hemorrhage or acute central hypovolemia (18).
		Roles of carotid baroreceptor and cardiac afferents in the hemodynamic responses to acute central hypovolemia.
		Hemodynamic and neurohumoral responses to acute hypovolemia in conscious mammals.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/4/H1371 (3468 words)

	RFA-HL-03-015: HYPOVOLEMIC CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE: MECHANISMS AND OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE RESUSCITATION OUTCOMES
		Applications are sought that propose innovative research approaches to identify the molecular, cellular, and pathophysiologic response of the whole organism to hypovolemia and to apply results of such approaches to the identification of potential, new approaches to out-of-hospital resuscitation following severe hypovolemia.
		Rapid response and early intervention are key to improving survival since approximately one third of trauma deaths occur out-of-hospital and severe blood loss is a major cause of deaths occurring within 4 hours of injury.
		Although the factors that contribute to the transition from reversible hypovolemia to circulatory collapse are not known, they likely include those associated with ischemia and reperfusion injuries.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-HL-03-015.html (3314 words)

	Fetal Neonatal Ed. -- eLetters for Shah et al., 89 (2) 152-155
		Normal neonatal systolic blood pressure is 80+mms Hg and the normal central venous pressure immediately after natural cord closure may be as high as 10mms Hg (13 cms water.) [4] This large additional blood volume is readily accommodated and is needed in the newly functioning lungs, gut, liver, kidneys, skin and respiratory muscles.
		Depending on the degree of hypovolemia, the blood pressure, central venous pressure and cardiac output all fall; the neonate responds with retraction respiration.
		Retraction respiration in a neonate is an absolute indication that the child is hypovolemic and hypotensive; prompt correction of the hypovolemia and the hypotension by blood volume replacement is essential for maintaining the integrity of the brain.
	fn.bmjjournals.com /cgi/eletters/89/2/F152 (7721 words)

	APStracts 4:0591H, 1997. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 8 chronically instrumented rabbits, progressive central hypovolemia and fall in cardiac output (CO) was produced by gradually inflating a cuff on the thoracic vena cava.
		Saline or naloxone treatment commenced 10 min before progressive hypovolemia (early treatment) or 2 min after the onset of sustained hypovolemia (late treatment), given by infusion iv or into the 4th ventricle.
		Thus, under conditions of constant cardiac output and central blood volume, the vasodilatation of the decompensatory phase of acute hypovolemia is not sustained, and iv naloxone's vasoconstrictor action is via a brainstem mechanism.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1997/heart/591H.html (225 words)

	Nursing: Choosing the right fluid to counter hypovolemic shock
		In this article, we'll examine the fluids used for resuscitation and discuss which one is right for your patient, depending on his condition.
		* Internal fluid shifts leading to hypovolemia occur as fluid moves out of the intravascular compartment into another area of the body, such as the interstitial space; for example, during internal hemorrhage associated with a hemothorax, long-bone fracture, or ruptured spleen.
		The goal of fluid resuscitation is to maintain perfusion to the patient's vital organs, especially the brain and heart, by restoring circulating volume.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3689/is_200403/ai_n9405325 (1390 words)

	Systolic pressure predicts plasma vasopressin responses to hemorrhage and vena caval constriction in dogs -- Thrasher ...
		hypovolemia, and in response to thoracic inferior vena caval constriction
		hypovolemia because it unloads cardiac and arterial baroreceptors
		Arnauld, E, Czernichaw P, Fumoux F, and Vincent J-D. The effects of hypotension and hypovolemia on the liberation of vasopressin during hemorrhage in the unanesthetized monkey (Macaca mulatta).
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/3/R1035 (5202 words)

	Volume Replacement in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Renal Failure -- RAGALLER et al. 12 (Supplement 1): 33 -- ...
		hypovolemia, especially in cases of generalized capillary leakage (9).
		to outcomes, for patients with hypovolemia or hypoalbuminemia (9,18,19).
		Schadt JC, Ludbrook J: Hemodynamic and neurohumoral responses to acute hypovolemia in conscious mammals.
	jasn.asnjournals.org /cgi/content/full/12/suppl_1/S33 (4231 words)

	Influence of Hypovolemia on the Pharmacokinetics and the Electroencephalographic Effect of Etomidate in the Rat -- De ...
		Influence of Hypovolemia on the Pharmacokinetics and the Electroencephalographic Effect of Etomidate in the Rat -- De Paepe et al.
		The influence of hypovolemia (removal of 30% of the blood volume) on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of etomidate
		The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of hypovolemia on the pharmacokinetics and the EEG effect of etomidate.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/290/3/1048 (4158 words)

	CSF hypovolemia vs intracranial hypotension in "spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome" -- Miyazawa et al. 60 ...
		CSF hypovolemia vs intracranial hypotension in "spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome" -- Miyazawa et al.
		CSF hypovolemia vs intracranial hypotension in "spontaneous intracranial hypotension syndrome"
		CSF hypovolemia, not intracranial hypotension, may be the cause.
	www.neurology.org /cgi/content/abstract/60/6/941 (331 words)

	UpToDate Fluid replacement in volume depletion in adults
		There are two major issues that must be addressed when instituting fluid replacement therapy: the type of fluid that is given; and the rate of volume replacement [1].
		The type of fluid given is largely dependent upon the type of fluid that has been lost and any concurrent fluid and electrolyte disorders [1].
		A safe and effective regimen to induce positive fluid balance is to administer 50 to 100 mL per hour in excess of continued losses (equal to the sum of the urine output, estimated insensible losses [approximately 30 to 50 mL per hour], and any other losses that may be present).
	patients.uptodate.com /topic.asp?file=fldlytes/13345 (626 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Experimental evidences suggests that alpha-2 agonists leave intact the reactivity of the circulatory system to challenges such as hypovolemia and hypotension.
		These data are in keeping with the proposition that alpha-2 agonists depress the baseline sympathetic activity, while leaving, totally or partially unaffected the response to circulatory challenges such as hypotension.
		This may be of clinical relevance with respect to tolerance to mild to moderate hypovolemia.
	www.md.ucl.ac.be /virtanes/esralect11.html (4967 words)

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