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	Hypoxia in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Bottom water hypoxia in the Laurentian Trough is not a seasonal phenomenon because the water column is permanently stratified and the bottom water is isolated from the atmosphere.
		In these areas, hypoxia develops in the bottom water during spring and summer, but the conditions return to oxic when vertical mixing of the water column by strong winds in fall and winter replenishes the deep water oxygen.
		The oxygen concentration at a given location is determined uniquely by the oxygen concentration in the water that flows from the Atlantic Ocean along the bottom towards the head of the Laurentian Trough and by the local rate of oxygen consumption.
	www.eps.mcgill.ca /~sundby/MarineGeochemistry/hypoxia.html (609 words)

	Hypoxia (environmental) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hypoxia or oxygen depletion is a phenomenon that occurs in aquatic environments as dissolved oxygen (DO; molecular oxygen dissolved in the water) becomes reduced in concentration to a point detrimental to aquatic organisms living in the system.
		Dissolved oxygen is typically expressed as a percentage of the oxygen that would dissolve in the water at the prevailing temperature and salinity (both of which affect the solubility of oxygen in water; see oxygen saturation and underwater).
		Hypoxia is particularly problematic in shallow waters of semi-enclosed bodies of water like the Waddenzee or the Gulf of Mexico where land runoff is substantial.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypoxia_(water) (732 words)

	Chemoreceptor plasticity and respiratory acclimation in the zebrafish Danio rerio -- Vulesevic et al. 209 (7): 1261 -- ...
		to acute hypoxia and modestly blunted the response to hypercapnia.
		to acute hypoxia or hypercapnia (Remmers and Lahiri, 1998
		The respiratory responses of zebrafish Danio rerio pre-exposed to hypoxia (Pw
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/209/7/1261 (6039 words)

	Shallow Water Blackout
		This was first described by S. Miles as "latent hypoxia", shallow water flout is the term he ascribed to unexplained loss of consciousness in divers using closed-circuit oxygen breathing apparatus at shallow depths.
		The oxygen concentration in the lungs of a descending diver increases because of the increasing water pressure.
		The hypoxia of predive hyperventilation is corrected by an increased PO2 during descent.
	www.scuba-doc.com /latenthypoxia.html (2009 words)

	The Insomniacs > Papers > Hypoxic Conditions in Narragansett Bay During the Summer of 2001 > Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hypoxia is a subject of increasing concern in coastal ecosystems.
		Eutrophication is accompanied by an increased demand for oxygen within the water column due to respiration by the large biomass of organisms supported in the nutrient loaded system and respiration of bacteria that consume organic matter during the process of decomposition.
		Thus, the regions in which hypoxia is most likely to develop are those where surface and bottom waters are separated from one another by a steep density gradient, or pycnocline, that prevents down-mixing of oxygen rich surface waters.
	www.geo.brown.edu /georesearch/insomniacs/emilythesis-1.html (2268 words)

	Global Water Cycle Study Chapter 4: Determining Links between Water
		To benefit fully from this research, water use models must be coupled to models of water supply (e.g., aquifer recharge, streamflow, precipitation) and to models describing influences of land use changes on water and nutrient cycles, and sediment transport.
		Develop process models of coupled water, carbon, and nitrogen transport and transformation in aquatic ecosystems and other terrestrial components of the hydrologic cycle (e.g., soil and groundwater) that can be tested against data from integrated databases and results of field studies.
		The combined influences of carbon, nitrogen, and water must be harnessed to predict the trajectory of vegetation shifts and their feedbacks on spatial and temporal distribution of water through infiltration, retention, and transpiration.
	www.mnforsustain.org /water_climate_chap4_plan_for_science.htm (8795 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico
		Hypoxia means "low oxygen." Researchers believe that seasonal hypoxia is caused or aggravated by pollutants from human activities, primarily nitrogen runoff from fertilizers used on the rich farmland alongside the Mississippi.
		Seasonal hypoxia is a natural phenomenon in the Mississippi rivermouth region, as winter snows melt and drain into the Mississippi watershed and spring rains intensify the river's flow, the northern Gulf of Mexico experiences an influx of fresh water that is rich in organic matter.
		The hypoxia page is part of a larger EPA website regarding the Mississippi River Basin, which also includes a page on channelization/navigation that describes in general terms how man-made physical changes have affected wetlands and water quality.
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php/1128.html (1008 words)

	Environmental Atlas of Lake Pontchartrain
		Episodic hypoxia is often difficult to detect by direct measurement because it may be limited to a relatively thin layer of water above the sediment and occur during a rare combination of environmental conditions.
		This effect of hypoxia on the clam population was not evident prior to the recovery of large clams from shell dredging throughout the rest of the lake.
		In a water quality study by Schurtz and St. Pe` (1984) this same area was shown to be affected by saltwater intrusion and episodic summer hypoxia.
	pubs.usgs.gov /of/2002/of02-206/env-issues/hypoxia.html (1060 words)

	Hypoxia Definition Page
		Hypoxia means "low oxygen." In estuaries, lakes, and coastal waters low oxygen usually means a concentration of less than 2 parts per million.
		The consequences of this enhanced growth are reduced sunlight penetrating the water, a decreased amount of oxygen dissolved in the water, and a loss of habitat for aquatic animals and plants.
		Stratification of fresh water from the Mississippi River and saline water prevents the mixing of oxygen-rich water on the surface with oxygen-depleted water on the bottom.
	toxics.usgs.gov /definitions/hypoxia.html (506 words)

	CRS Report: 98-869 - Marine Dead Zones: Understanding the Problem - NLE
		Hypoxia refers to a depressed concentration of dissolved oxygen in water.
		When this eutrophication is extensive and persistent, bottom waters may become hypoxic, or even anoxic (no dissolved oxygen), while surface waters are completely normal and full of life.
		Hypoxia is becoming more frequent and widespread in these shallow coastal and estuarine areas.
	www.cnie.org /nle/crsreports/marine/mar-30.cfm (1548 words)

	Long Island Sound Study CCMP: Hypoxia
		Excessive discharges of nitrogen, a nutrient, are the primary cause of hypoxia.
		Hypoxia develops and usually persists as long as the stratification lasts (usually one to two months in late summer).
		By substantially reducing nitrogen loadings to the Sound from sources within its drainage basin, the minimum dissolved oxygen levels in the bottom waters during late summer can be increased to an average of about 3.5 mg/l, thereby significantly reducing the probability and frequency of severe hypoxia and reducing the area affected by hypoxia.
	www.longislandsoundstudy.net /ccmp/hypox.html (3036 words)

	eMedicine - Submersion Injury, Near Drowning : Article Excerpt by: Suzanne Shepherd, MD, MS, DTMandH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The classic image of a victim helplessly gasping and thrashing in the water rarely is reported.
		In young children suddenly immersed in cold water, the mammalian diving reflex may occur and produce apnea, bradycardia, and vasoconstriction of nonessential vascular beds with shunting of blood to the coronary and cerebral circulation.
		In salt water near drowning, surfactant washout occurs, and protein-rich fluid exudates rapidly into the alveoli and pulmonary interstitium.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/submersion-injury-near-drowning.htm (594 words)

	Causes and Consequences of Seasonal Coastal Hypoxia/Anoxia I Posters - Ocean Sciences [OS]
		Hypoxia on the shelf is initiated and sustained by the combined effects of nutrient loading by the Mississippi River system and stratification of the water column enhanced by weak upwelling favorable winds during early summer.
		Of concern is that the dissolved oxygen inventories of the deep waters in the southern portion of the canal (where the hypoxia is strongest) measured during the 2000's are among the lowest, with 2004 the absolute lowest, on record compared to the data from the 1950's, 60's, and 90's.
		Water was mixed in a 9.5 L ferrybox; water flow rates were adjusted to vessel speed to maintain a spatial resolution of 0.5 km.
	www.agu.org /meetings/os06/os06-sessions/os06_OS46J.html (7105 words)

	Ecosystem Description - Hypoxia in the Gulf Of Mexico
		Examples of variability in the midsummer extent of hypoxia due to physical conditions at the time of sampling include the reduced midsummer size in 1997 and 1998 due to the passage of a hurricane on the southeastern portion of the study area, and the current regime, respectively.
		Throughout its distribution, the impact of hypoxic bottom waters is exacerbated by the release of toxic hydrogen sulfide from sediments (Harper et al., 1981, 1991).
		Hypoxia was first recorded on the continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico in the early 1970s.
	www.csc.noaa.gov /products/gulfmex/html/rabalais.htm (3029 words)

	ISWS - Hypoxia in the Gulf
		The federal government has organized a science assessment of the causes and consequences of hypoxia in the northern Gulf of Mexico.
		Marine modification of terrestrial influences on Gulf hypoxia: Part II
		Chief Derek Winstanley testified on water quality and hypoxia to the House Agriculture Committee on June 28, 2000.
	www.sws.uiuc.edu /docs/hypoxia/hypoxia.asp (440 words)

	Environ Health Perspect 108-3, 2000: The Dead Zones: Oxygen-Starved Coastal Waters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hypoxia changes the energy flow of marine systems, altering the dynamics of the food chain, says Robert J. Diaz, a professor of marine science at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, who specializes in the effects of hypoxia.
		that settles to the bottom through the water column [a vertical cross-section of water from surface to bottom] is the energy for a basic food chain of worms to shrimp, crabs, and bottom-feeding fish.
		Biological response to hypoxia varies according to species tolerance and the degree and frequency of the hypoxic event, but as its freqency increases, hypoxia tends to reduce biomass and diversity of benthic, or bottom-dwelling, communities.
	www.ehponline.org /docs/2000/108-3/focus.html (4137 words)

	ScienceDaily: Potential Solutions For Gulf Of Mexico's "Dead Zone" Explored
		Hypoxia happens when excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, accumulate in a body of water and cause algae to flourish into algal blooms.
		Muddy Waters: Letting The Gulf Of Mexico Breathe Again (June 26, 2001) -- Saving the Gulf of Mexico from polluted runoff is possible, but it means creating or restoring at least 5 to 13 million acres of wetlands in the Midwest and the lower Mississippi River basin,...
		Water pollution -- Water pollution is a term that describes any adverse effect upon water bodies (lakes, rivers, the sea, groundwater etc.) caused by man and his...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1998/06/980619073227.htm (1888 words)

	Hypoxia and Its Causes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The second key to hypoxia is the rich nutrient content of the Mississippi River water.
		The calm waters of Louisiana’s coastal wetlands and near-shore habitats begin to teem with juvenile shrimp, fish and other sea life.
		Warm coastal waters and abundant vegetation provide these organisms with the nursery grounds they need prior to their migration into Gulf of Mexico waters.
	www.ncat.org /nutrients/hypoxia/hypoxia1.htm (594 words)

	Hypoxia - SRWQIS
		Hypoxia means an absence of oxygen reaching living tissues.
		Waters with inadequate levels of dissolved oxygen (less than 2 mg/l) to support fish and other aquatic species are called hypoxic.
		The Task Force was established to study the causes and effects of excessive nutrient runoff to the Mississippi River Basin and to coordinate and emplement nutrient reduction activities to alleviate hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico.
	srwqis.tamu.edu /hypoxia.aspx (481 words)

	HYPOXIA: The Gulf of Mexico’s Summertime Foe
		Each summer the richly productive bottom waters off Louisiana’s coast are transformed from a region of teeming marine life into a vast area known as the “Dead Zone,” which can encompass up to 8,500 square miles.
		Transects of the coastal waters map the extent of the zone.
		Other fishermen who take their catches from the uppermost waters may not be affected unless the Dead Zone reaches the very top of the water column.
	www.lacoast.gov /watermarks/2004-09/1hypoxia (1119 words)

	[No title]
		Distilled water is the softest water because there is nothing in it which also excludes the harmful chemicals but...the process of distillation may also increase the toxicity of some of the chemicals found in our water.
		Water described as "hard" is high in dissolved minerals, specifically calcium and magnesium.
		Hard water is not a health risk, but a nuisance because of mineral buildup on fixtures and poor soap and/or detergent performance.
	www.xanga.com /MrsCatherine/514818850/diet-challenge--the-benefits-of-drinking-mineral-water.html (4072 words)

	Hypoxia
		Hypoxia or "low oxygen" describes a condition in water.
		Hypoxia causes a severe reduction of the amount, or in in extreme cases, the complete loss of animal life in hypoxic zones.
		Following are examples of key journals to locate information on hypoxia in lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters.
	www.library.umass.edu /subject/hypoxia/index.html (686 words)

	Puffernet >>> Puffer Pathology >> Hypoxia
		It is important to find the cause of the Hypoxia as quickly as possible and rectify it.
		Hypoxia is a condition where, quite simply, there is not enough oxygen reaching the puffer's tissues.
		The simplest cause is seen in fish during transport, as they exhaust the oxygen supply in the small volume of water in which they are traveling.
	puffernet.tripod.com /hypoxia.html (334 words)

	Hypoxia: Shelfwide Cruise 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The scientific word for the commonly named Dead Zone is ‘hypoxia,’ or low oxygen, which results in the failure to capture fish, shrimp, and crabs in bottom-dragging trawls when the oxygen falls below the critical level of 2 ppm.
		Higher in the water column and on both inshore and offshore sides of the hypoxic area, there is sufficient oxygen to support sizeable numbers of fish.
		The seasonal formation and persistence of hypoxia are influenced by the discharges and nutrient loads of the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers.
	www.gulfhypoxia.net /shelfwide06/PressRelease.asp (727 words)

	Rhode Island DEM/Bay Assessment & Response Team - Hypoxia (Low Oxygen) and Anoxia (No Oxygen)
		"Hypoxia" is a name for this condition when it turns critical - less than 2-3 milligrams of oxygen per liter of water.
		Warm water (e.g., in the summer, in shallows, or near factory effluent) holds less oxygen than cold.
		In stagnant waters, hypoxia or anoxia is a natural condition, but it was rare in the Bay until humans significantly altered it.
	www.dem.ri.gov /bart/hypoxia.htm (403 words)

	eMedicine - Submersion Injury, Near Drowning : Article by Suzanne Shepherd, MD, MS, DTMandH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The submersion time, water temperature, water tonicity, degree of water contamination, symptoms, associated injuries (especially cervical spine and head), presence of co-ingestants, underlying medical conditions, type of rescue, and response to initial resuscitation are all relevant factors.
		The mechanism for this reflex has been postulated to be reflex inhibition of the respiratory center (apnea), bradycardia, and vasoconstriction of nonessential capillary beds triggered by the sensory stimulus of cold water touching the face; these responses preserve the circulation to the heart and brain and conserve oxygen, thereby prolonging survival.
		Patients exhibiting significant hypoxia requiring intubation, worsening dyspnea with the potential for intubation, evidence of hypoxic cerebral injury, evidence of renal insufficiency, evidence of hemolysis, or severe hypothermia requiring cardiopulmonary bypass must be in a facility capable of providing appropriate, age-related intensive care.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic744.htm (4773 words)

	Generation of oxidative stress contributes to the development of pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia -- Hoshikawa ...
		hypoxia in a normobaric hypoxic chamber (60 × 70 × 50 cm).
		Muscular pulmonary artery in the rat lung of normoxia + water group (A), in the lung from a rat exposed to normobaric hypoxia (B), and in the lung from a hypoxic rat treated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) (C) at 3 wk of normoxia or hypoxic exposure.
		PAF antagonists inhibit pulmonary vascular remodeling induced by hypobaric hypoxia in rats.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/90/4/1299 (5608 words)

	Hypoxia: Shelfwide Cruise 2006 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hypoxia in the mid depth stations of transect G
		Hypoxia in mid depth stations of transect H, mixed nearshore
		ESTIMATED SIZE OF BOTTOM-WATER HYPOXIA for 2006 is 17,280 square kilometers (or 6,662 square miles) about the size of the states of Rhode Island and Connecticut combined.
	www.gulfhypoxia.net /shelfwide06 (815 words)

	Overview of Hypoxia around the World -- Diaz 30 (2): 275 -- Journal of Environmental Quality
		hypoxia in the bottom water is spreading rapidly and the main
		Effects of hypoxia on continental shelf benthos: Comparisons between the New York Bight and the northern Gulf of Mexico.
		Seasonal oxygen depletion in continental-shelf waters of Louisiana: Historical record of benthic foraminifers.
	jeq.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/30/2/275 (3242 words)

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