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Topic: Hyrcania

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Gorgan

Alans

423 BC

424 BC

1st century BCE

Mazandaran

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Persian Empire

Guilan

Achaemenid

Persia

440s BC

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	Gorgan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hyrcania is situated between the Caspian Sea -which was called Hyrcanian Ocean in Antiquity- in the north and the Alborz mountains in the south and west.
		Hyrcania became part of the Persian empire during the reign of king Cyrus the Great (559-530 BC) or Cambyses (530-522 BC).
		The latter was satrap in Hyrcania and may have used troops from Hyrcania and the 'upper satrapies', that is Aria, Parthia, Arachosia, Bactria and Sogdiana.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hyrcania (1400 words)

	hyrcania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hyrcania is situated between the Caspian Sea -which was called Hyrcanian Ocean in Antiquity- in the north and the Elburz mountains in the south and west.
		Hyrcania became part of the Persian empire during the reign of king Cyrus the Great (559-530) or Cambyses (530-522).
		At the end of the third century BCE, northeastern nomads belonging to the tribe of the Parni, invaded Parthia and Hyrcania.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /hyrcania.html (877 words)

	Hyrcania
		Hyrcania, the main residence of the Shatomlics, is located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea.
		Hyrcania and the surrounding area is densely forested, and has an almost rainforest like feel, due to the constant humidity and heavy amounts of rainfall.
		Hyrcania, written in the Persian tongue is itirkana which means Land of the Wolves, and this tribe certainly fits that definition.
	p214.ezboard.com /ftheamazonnationfrm16 (353 words)

	Hyrcania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The name "Hyrcania" is how it was by the Greek historians but the local in Old Persian was Varkâna as it is recorded in Darius the Great 's Behistun Inscription as well as other inscriptions in Persian in cuneiform.
		Hyrcania is situated between the Caspian Sea was called Hyrcanian Ocean in Antiquity- in the north and Elburz mountains in the south and west.
		In the confused years after the death king Artaxerxes I Makrocheir (465-424) three of his succeeded to the throne: Xerxes II Sogdianus Darius II The latter was satrap in Hyrcania may have used troops from Hyrcania and 'upper satrapies' that is Aria Parthia Arachosia Bactria and Sogdiana.
	www.freeglossary.com /Hyrcania (748 words)

	Hyrcania (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The name "Hyrcania" is how it was recorded by the Greek historians, but the local name in Old Persian was Varkâna asit is recorded in Darius the Great 's Behistun Inscription, as well as other inscriptions in Old Persianin cuneiform.
		The latter wassatrap in Hyrcania and may have used troops from Hyrcania and the 'upper satrapies', that is Aria,Parthia, Arachosia, Bactria and Sogdiana.
		At theend of the third century BCE, northeastern nomads belonging to the tribe of the Parni,invaded Parthia and Hyrcania.
	www.therfcc.org /hyrcania-6347.html (808 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hyrcania Hyrtl, Joseph hyssop hysterectomy hysteresis hysteria hysteron proteron Hytelnet Hythe Hytner, Nicholas Hyundai Hywel Dda Hz I I Ching hysterotomy hysterotomy Hysterotomy abortion hysterotrachelectomy...
		Hyrcania and Parthia were already part of the Median Kingdom.
		(Hassanzadeh, 2000) The surrounding area, the ancient Hyrcania, was captured by the Arabs(716 A.D.) and conquered by the Mongols(13th cent.).
	hyrcania.iqexpand.com (1159 words)

	Hyrcania
		The country has a tropical climate and is very fertile; the Persians considered it one of 'the good lands and countries' which their supreme god Ahuramazda had created personally (text).
		Hyrcania became part of the Achaemenid empire during the reign of king Cyrus the Great (559-530) or Cambyses (530-522).
		The latter was satrap in Hyrcania and may have used troops from Hyrcania and the 'upper satrapies', that is Aria, Parthia, Arachosia, Bactria and Sogdia.
	www.livius.org /ho-hz/hyrcania/hyrcania.html (684 words)

	Gorgan -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hyrcania is situated between the Caspian Sea -which was called Hyrcanian Ocean in Antiquity- in the north and the (Click link for more info and facts about Alborz) Alborz mountains in the south and west.
		Hyrcania became part of the Persian empire during the reign of king (King of Persia and founder of the Persian empire (circa 600-529 BC)) Cyrus the Great ((Click link for more info and facts about 559) 559-530 BC) or Cambyses ((Click link for more info and facts about 530) 530-522 BC).
		There is no report about the conquest of Hyrcania, but from the Behistun inscription we know that it was Persian by (Click link for more info and facts about 522) 522.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/G/Go/Gorgan.htm (782 words)

	Gorgan articles and news from Start Learning Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The name "Hyrcania" is how it was recorded by the Greek historians, but the local name in Old Persian was VarkÃ¢na as it is recorded in Darius I of PersiaDarius the Great's Behistun Inscription, as well as other inscriptions in Old Persian in Cuneiform (script)cuneiform.
		Hyrcania became part of the Persian empire during the reign of king Cyrus the Great (559 BC559-530 BC) or Cambyses (530 BC530-522 BC).
		Although Parthia was forever lost to the Seleucids, Hyrcania was in the last decade of the third century reconquered by Antiochus III the Great (223 BC223-187 BC187).
	www.startlearningnow.com /Hyrcania.htm (1532 words)

	The Seven Great Monarchies, by George Rawlinson, The Sixth Monarchy
		Hyrcania was, as already observed, the western and north-western portion of that broad mountain region which has been described as intervening between the eastern shores of the Caspian and the river Arius, or Heri-rud.
		The monarchy thus established extended from the Holy Land and the Mediterranean on the west, to the Indus valley and the Bolor mountain-chain upon the east, and from the Caspian and Jaxartes towards the north, to the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean towards the south.
		Hyrcania might now expect to be joined by the Medes, and even the Mardi, who were Arians like themselves, and could not yet have forgotten the pleasures of independence.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/16166/16166-h/16166-h.htm (18828 words)

	Iranica.com - GORGAÚN
		Gorga@n (Latin Hyrcania), the district of "the wolves" (still seen thereabouts), north of the Alborz (q.v.) watershed, and adjoining the southeastern quarter of the Caspian Sea, is mentioned already as Varka@na- in the Behistun inscription (2.92; see BÈSOTUÚN iii).
		Phrataphernes may have retained control of Hyrcania during the struggles of Alexander's successors, though he was displaced from Parthia in 321 B.C.E. by a Macedonian, Philip, who then was killed in 318 B.C.E. by Pithon, the ambitious satrap of Media, and replaced by Eudamus, that satrap's brother.
		However, the personage most closely associated with Hyrcania was the satrap Andragoras (q.v.), known especially from an important inscription and from his coins in gold and silver.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f2/v11f2034a5.html (1892 words)

	Read about Gorgan at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Gorgan and learn about Gorgan here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The name "Hyrcania" is how it was recorded by the Greek historians, but the local name in Old Persian was Varkâna as it is recorded in Darius the Great's
		Hyrcania became part of the Persian empire during the reign of king
		Darius III Codomannus, was dead, many Persian noblemen fled to Hyrcania, where they surrendered to Alexander (a.o.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Gorgan (848 words)

	History
		Parthava revolted in 521 B.C., but was subdued and probably remained united with Hyrcania at the death of Darius.
		In the army of Xerxes, there was a contingent of Parthians under the command of a certain Artabazus son of Pharnaces, probably the satrap of Parthia.
		The Parthians fought on the side of the Achaemenids against Alexander at Arbela and Darius' satrap of Parthia, Phrataphernes, surrendered to Alexander in Hyrcania.
	www.parthia.com /parthia_history.htm (1218 words)

	Parthia
		The borders of Parthia were the Kopet Dag mountain range in the north (today the border between Iran and Turkmenistan) and the Dasht-e-Kavir desert in the south.
		In the west was Media, in the northwest Hyrcania, in the northeast Margiana, in the southeast Aria.
		In 331, they fought on the side of king Darius III Codomannus in his struggle against the Macedonian invader Alexander the Great; during the battle of Gaugamela (October 1), they were commanded by Phrataphernes, who surrendered his satrapy when Alexander arrived in the summer of 330.
	www.rozanehmagazine.com /JulyAugust04/aparthians.html (687 words)

	Parthian Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Phraates' fourth son Tiridates is King of Hyrcania while the fifth son of Phraates, Gotarzes is King of Aria.
		Ruled by King Tiridates Karen, a son of Phraates III King of Parthia, Hyrcania embraces the southern coast of the huge inland Hyrcanian Sea.
		Normally ruled by the Karen clan the prince suceeded to the throne of Hyrcania by marrying the daughter of the last Karen satrap, continuing Phraates plan to use his sons as satraps of independent realms such as Atropatnae and Hyrcania.
	www.donaldhs.vic.edu.au /home/spotter/Parthian_Empire.html (1951 words)

	Amazons and Alexander the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When Alexander returned to Hyrcania, to him came the queen of the Amazons named Thalestris, governing the countries between the rivers Phasis and Thermodon.
		She had left most of her forces at the border to Hyrcania and appeared, accompanied by 300 Amazons in full armour.
		He had proven himself by his achievements as an outstanding man and she superated all women in strength and prowess, therefore it was fair to assume that the offspring of so paramount a pair of parents would exceed all mortals in greatness.
	www.gilians.de /amazonen/html_en/amaz_en07.html (252 words)

	Legends of Charlemagne By Thomas Bulfinch- Chapter 26 from Nalanda Digital Library at NIT Calicut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		They asked who the bridegroom was to be, and the old lady answered, "The Prince of Hyrcania," but added, "Our princess hates him, and would rather wed a dragon than him." "How know you that?" asked Huon; and the dame informed him that she had it from the princess herself, who was her foster-child.
		The Prince of Hyrcania, the same whom Huon had rescued from the lion, and who was the destined bridegroom of the beautiful Clarimunda, sat on the Sultan's right hand, and the princess herself on his left.
		It chanced that Huon found himself near the seat of the princess, and hardly were the ceremonies of reception over before he made haste to fulfill the commands of Charlemagne by imprinting a kiss upon her rosy lips, and after that a second, not by command, but by good will.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/fairytales/cmlegends/chapter26.html (2193 words)

	PARTHIA - LoveToKnow Article on PARTHIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In 208 many Greek inhabitants are found in the towns of Parthia and Hyrcania (Polyb.
		The troubles of the Seleucid empire, and the war of Seleucus II.
		and his own brother Antiochus Hierax, enabled him not only to maintain himself in Parthia, but also to conquer Hyrcania; but he was constantly threatened by Diodotus of Bactria (Justin xli.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PA/PARTHIA.htm (1129 words)

	7000 years of Iran & Iranian History & Culture Heritage Persian History web site persia online Iran history news ...
		In the first half of the third century B.C. a confederation of nomadic tribes called the Dahae lived in the northern plains of Hyrcania (Gorgan).
		The Parthians took advantage of the weakness of the Seleucids and gradually conquered the latter's territories as far as the Euphrates River.
		The important centers of Parthian government during various periods were the cities of Dara, in the region of Abivard; Nisaye of Parthaunisa, where the first Parthian kings were buried; Hecatompylos, in Qumes between \~Damqan~\~Shahrud~.
	www.iranian.ws /7000/7000-3.htm (1362 words)

	Articles - Gotarzes II of Parthia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He was the son of Artabanus II and when his father died in about 38 and his brother Vardanes I succeeded to the throne, Gotarzes rebelled.
		He soon made himself detested by his cruelty â€” among many other murders he even slew his brother Artabanus and his whole family â€” and Vardanes regained the throne; Gotarzes fled to Hyrcania and gathered an army from the Dahan nomads.
		The war between the two kings was at last ended by a treaty, as both were afraid of the conspiracies of their nobles.
	www.landize.com /articles/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia (279 words)

	Medieval Bestiary : Tiger
		The Tigris River also has this name because it is the swiftest of rivers.
		When a man steals the cub of a tiger, the tiger swiftly chases him, and would catch him except for a trick.
		To take the tiger's cubs, the hunter prepares a fast horse and steals the tiger's entire litter, and rides away, changing to fresh horses as necessary.
	www.bestiary.ca /beasts/beast131.htm (461 words)

	Iranica.com - NISAÚYA
		Strabo 11.8.3, where, similarly, it is said to be situated between Hyrcania and Parthia.
		Presumably this district is to be identified with Nisiaea (perhaps to be emended to Nisaea) "the famous region of Parthia" (regio Nisiaea Parthyenes nobilis) mentioned by Pliny, Naturalis historia 6.113.
		The latter are mentioned by him elsewhere (6.9.5) as inhabitants of Hyrcania; cf.
	www.iranica.com /articles/sup/Nisaya.html (1476 words)

	ipedia.com: Hyrcania Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gorgan ; Hyrcania ; Hyrcana : part of the ancient Persian empire, on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.
		Parts of it have also been called Taparistan in history.
		Nonetheless, it was not an uncontested part of their empire; for example, it is known to have revolted in 58 CE.
	www.ipedia.com /hyrcania.html (880 words)

	Hyrcania Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Looking For hyrcania - Find hyrcania and more at Lycos Search.
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		Look for hyrcania - Find hyrcania at one of the best sites the Internet has to offer!
	www.stardustmemories.com /encyclopedia/Hyrcania (1562 words)

	alexander
		It is likely there are more than 3000 stadia, but taking this number, if we add thereto the 30,000 stadia, which Deimachus states there are between (the southern extremity of India) and the country of the Bactrians and Sogdians, we shall find both of these nations lie beyond the temperate zone and habitable earth.
		It is said that in Hyrcania each vine produces a metrete(1) of wine, and each fig tree 60 medimni(2) of fruit.
		In these three it is not so much to be wondered at, since they lie more to the south than Hyrcania, and surpass the rest of the country in the beauty of their climate; but in Hyrcania it is more remarkable.
	websfor.org /alexander/strabo/book1a.asp (1302 words)

	centreearth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hyrcania &endash; "The Middle West" and "The Holy Land"
		It became known as the Satraphy of Hyrcania and later the Kingdom of Hyrcania, when its rulers rebelled against the central government.
		Today the area is known simply as "Hyrcania" or "The Middle West" and is perhaps the most fought over region of Centre-Earth, since the city of Harran is home to three different
	www.donaldhs.vic.edu.au /home/spotter/ardacountries.html (5219 words)

	Henry VI, Part 3
		Thereafter, Queen Margaret focuses on gaining the throne for her disinherited son, Edward, prince of Wales.
		She elicits the aid of Lord Clifford and ultimately defeats York in battle, stabbing him to death while he curses her as "she-wolf of France" and "more inhuman, more inexorable, /O, ten times more, than tigers of Hyrcania." As Henry drifts wistfully through the action, lamenting his fate, York's sons take power.
		The Lancastrians briefly regain the ascendancy after Edward IV ignores a proposed marriage to the French princess that has been arranged by Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, and King Lewis XI of France and instead marries the widowed Elizabeth, Lady Grey.
	search.eb.com /shakespeare/micro/729/62.html (261 words)

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