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Topic: IBM Electric typewriter

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	Typewriter - MSN Encarta
		The next patent issued for a typewriter was granted to the American inventor William Austin Burt in 1829 for a machine with type arranged on a semicircular wheel that was revolved to the desired letter, then pressed against the paper.
		Typebars of early commercial typewriters struck the paper at the bottom of the platen; the line being written was thus not visible to the operator.
		In this typewriter all the typefaces were mounted on the outside of a single small cylinder that was revolved and moved up and down by the action of the keys to place the proper letter in the typing space.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571837/Typewriter.html (1317 words)

	IBM Electric typewriter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The IBM Electric typewriters were a series of electric typewriters that IBM manufactured, starting in the late 1940s.
		Modified Standard versions of the A, B, and C models were commonly used as "console typewriters" or terminals on many early computers (e.g., JOHNNIAC, IBM 1620, PDP-1).
		Following the introduction of the IBM Selectric typewriter in 1961, which was much easier to interface to a computer, these typewriters were rarely used anymore as "console typewriters" or terminals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/IBM_Electric_typewriter (163 words)

	Typewriter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The method by which the typewriter actually marks the paper now varies as greatly as types of computer printers do, but until the end of the 20th century was by the impact of a metal (or, later, metalized plastic) type element against an "inked" ribbon which caused ink to be deposited on the paper.
		IBM and Remington electric typewriters were the leading models until IBM introduced the IBM Selectric typewriter, which replaced the typebars with a spherical typeball (more correctly, "element"), slightly larger than a golf ball, with the letters molded on its surface.
		Typewriter erasers were equipped with a brush for brushing away eraser crumbs and paper dust, and using the brush properly was an important element of typewriting skill, because if erasure detritus fell into the typewriter, a very small buildup could cause the typebars to jam in their narrow supporting grooves.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Typewriter (3923 words)

	IBM Archives: The history of IBM electric typewriters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The many advantages of the modern IBM Electric Typewriter can be appreciated by reviewing the history of typewriters, the years of research, and the millions of dollars spent on their development.
		IBM's highly skilled engineering, educational and sales departments were instrumental in the continued steady growth of the Electric Typewriter Division.
		IBM continued to set the trend in 1941 by revolutionizing the typewriter industry with the invention of the IBM Executive Electric Typewriter, embodying the IBM spacing principle.
	www-03.ibm.com /ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_history.html (1464 words)

	IBM Selectric typewriter
		The IBM Selectric typewriter (occasionally known as the IBM Golfball typewriter) is the electric typewriter design that brought the typewriter into the electronic age.
		The Selectric typewriter was first released in 1961 and is generally considered to be a design classic.
		In the 1980s IBM introduced a Selectric III and several other Selectric models, some of them word processors or type-setters instead of really typewriters, but by then the rest of the industry had caught up with the trend, and IBM's new models did not dominate the market the way the first Selectric had.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ib/IBM_Golfball.html (460 words)

	IBM 1620 Model I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The IBM 1620 Model I was the original implementation of the IBM 1620 scientific computer, introduced in 1959.
		One industry magazine (Datamation) mentioned that the 1620 was the first IBM computer for which the basic system could be leased for a monthly rate less than its number.
		The console typewriter was a modified Model B1, which typed at only 10 characters per second.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/1620_I (389 words)

	IBM Archives: IBM typewriter milestones
		The IBM Electric Typewriter Division moves from Rochester, N.Y. to Poughkeepsie, N.Y. The Chinese Typewriter and Model 04 Arabic Electric Typewriter are announced.
		IBM introduces in March the IBM Model B Standard Typewriter and the IBM Model B Executive Typewriter.
		IBM introduces in April the Model D Executive Typewriter and the IBM Model D Standard Typewriter, the last IBM typebar typewriters.
	www-03.ibm.com /ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_milestone.html (703 words)

	Typewriters
		The Remington No. 2 typewriter was the first typewriter to have a shift key so that you could type both lower case and capital letters.
		IBM moved away from individual stampers to a ball with letters and symbols on it, making typing faster and quicker.
		Electric typewriter keys look just like the keys on a computer’s keyboard today except that the groups of keys were moved to the far right.
	library.thinkquest.org /J0112389/typewriters.htm (399 words)

	IBM 632 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The IBM 632 was a valve-and-relay driven basic (very basic) accounting machine, introduced in 1958, that was available in seven different models.
		It consisted of an IBM Electric typewriter and at least a punch card unit (like the IBM 24) that housed the "electronics" in two gates (a relay gate and an electronic gate).
		As the typewriter carriage moved from field to field three program entries were available in the last three columns of each field - as I recall they were Calc1, Calc2, and Pgm.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/IBM_632 (380 words)

	Power recovery apparatus for an electric typewriter - Patent 4279523
		An electric typewriter includes a RAM memory for storing selected characters to be printed and for storing data relating to the present escapement position and future escapement destination of a printing head of the typewriter.
		Such electric typewriters typically have an electrically powered memory that stores coded representations of selected characters and a control apparatus, for example a microprocessor, that causes the character to be sequentially read from the memory and printed by a suitable printing apparatus.
		For a preferred embodiment of the invention, the printing unit 1 may be an IBM 50 or 60 electric typewriter, although it should be understood that other typewriters may be employed without departing from the spirit of the invention.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4279523.html (6207 words)

	Digital system for control of an electric typewriter - Patent 4207010
		In the electric typewriter used with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the case shift mechanism is biased to the lower case position and may be driven to the upper case position either by depression of the case shift key on the key board or by the mechansim shown in FIGS.
		In an electric typewriter used with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a cable 122 is used to actuate a series of levers which operate the carriage return mechanism.
		The limiting factor in operational speed of an electric typewriter of the type used with the present invention is the time required for a key to strike the platen and return to the rest position.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4207010.html (5206 words)

	IBM Archives: 1941
		IBM gross income grows by one-third to $60 million and net earnings increase to $10 million.
		IBM sets a nominal one percent profit on war products and pays a stock dividend of five percent.
		IBM announces the Electromatic Model 04 electric typewriter, featuring the revolutionary concept of proportional spacing.
	www-1.ibm.com /ibm/history/history/year_1941.html (113 words)

	[No title]
		However, to transfer from the manual typewriter to the electric typewriter presented one unique problem and that was with the manual typewriter it was a very hard touch.
		The electric typewriter was a very soft touch and if you pressed down too long or too hard on letÕs say a ÔkÕ you would get a series of kÕs across your paper.
		Grandpa Guinee: The change to the electric typewriters was accepted as the ease with which it could be used and the tiring effect of manual operators using manual typewriters was decreased.
	www.cs.princeton.edu /~kguinee/Thesis/Typewriter.html (1802 words)

	[No title]
		IBM scientists develop an experimental device which can electronically position in millionths of a second a laser light beam carrying written and pictorial information; a solid state optical scanning device which converts images into electrical signals; and a laser transmitter that sends voice and other signals great distances over laser light beams.
		IBM World Trade begins construction of a manufacturing plant in Fujisawa, Japan; dedicates a plant in Vimercate, Italy, and a laboratory at Lidingo, Sweden; completes construction of a new manufacturing facility in Mainz, West Germany, and announces plans to build a second manufacturing plant at Havant, near Portsmouth, England.
		IBM's Bedford -Stuyvesant manufacturing plant is established in Brooklyn, and a Harlem Street Academy is sponsored by IBM to aid school dropouts; these are two of over 100 programs undertaken by IBM in the Equal Opportunity area.
	ed-thelen.org /1401Project/Highlights-of-IBM-History.html (4839 words)

	The Virtual Typewriter Museum: Blickensderfer Electric
		It had the features that IBM was proud of in the 1950s, including the typewheel.
		The machine was driven by an Emerson electric motor that was mounted on the rear and switched on by turning a Yale doorlock key on the side (pic 6).
		This theory is illustrated by a 1917 author who (paid by Underwood that had not perfected its own electric typewriter yet) said that the electric typewriter was not likely to become popular, because it 'would eliminate to a great extent the human element'.
	www.typewritermuseum.org /collection/index.php3?machine=blickel&cat=ks (326 words)

	IBM Electric typewriter -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The IBM Electric typewriters were a series of electric (Hand-operated character printer for printing written messages one character at a time) typewriters that IBM manufactured, starting in the late (The decade from 1940 to 1949) 1940s.
		Modified Standard versions of the A, B, and C models were commonly used as "console typewriters" or terminals on many early computers (e.g., (Click link for more info and facts about JOHNNIAC) JOHNNIAC, (Click link for more info and facts about IBM 1620) IBM 1620, (Click link for more info and facts about PDP-1) PDP-1).
		Following the introduction of the (Click link for more info and facts about IBM Selectric typewriter) IBM Selectric typewriter in 1961, which was much easier to interface to a computer, these typewriters were rarely used anymore as "console typewriters" or terminals.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/ib/ibm_electric_typewriter2.htm (193 words)

	List of IBM products - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		IBM 740 — IBM 701/IBM 704/IBM 709 Cathode Ray Tube Output Recorder
		IBM 7900 — IBM 7070/IBM 7074 Inquiry Station
		IBM 3370 — FBA devices, they are used to store the microcode and configuration information for the 3090.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_IBM_products (1964 words)

	Varityper
		The Varityper is based on one of the greatest early typewriters, the Hammond.
		The biggest step in the modernization of the Hammond design was electrification (introduced 1927), which operated in a very simple way: after every 13 keystrokes, an electric motor in the rear of the typewriter would rewind the spring which hit the hammer against the paper and drove the carriage forward.
		Also, even though VariTyper had finally gone to an electric typewriter-like keyboard, it was still no threat to the tried and proven IBM keyboard (which was nearly identical to their golfball typewriter).
	staff.xu.edu /~polt/typewriters/varityper.html (1410 words)

	Office Typewriters
		(1891), the Rem-Sho Typewriter (1896)/Fay-Sholes Typewriter (1901), and the Fox Typewriter (1898).
		Oliver typewriters excelled at stencil cutting, could be used to produce as many as twenty carbon copies, and were widely used in offices.
		A 1930 discussion of electric typewriters explains that "On a hand-operated machine the operator must furnish the power to operate the type bars, the line spacer, the back spacer, the carriage return, the shift keys, and the shift lock.
	www.officemuseum.com /typewriters_office_models.htm (2990 words)

	History of Computing Science: The PC Explosion
		IBM, which up to this time had been producing mainframes and minicomputers for medium to large-sized businesses, decided that it had to get into the act and started working on the Acorn, which would later be called the IBM PC.
		When it was introduced, the PC came with a 16,000 character memory, keyboard from an IBM electric typewriter, and a connection for tape cassette player for $1265.
		IBM was hot on Apple's tail and released the 286-AT, which with applications like Lotus 1-2-3, a spreadsheet, and Microsoft Word, quickly became the favourite of business concerns.
	www.eingang.org /Lecture/pcexp.html (422 words)

	History of Hacking...Encryptoo.com
		Originally, the term applied almost exclusively to programming or electrical engineering, but it has come to be used in some circles for almost any type of clever circumvention, in phrases such as "hack the media", "hack your brain" and "hack your reputation".
		Because it was equipped with online and offline printers that were based on IBM electric typewriter mechanisms, it was capable of what, in eighties terminology, would be called "letter-quality printing" and therefore inspired TJ-2, arguably the first word processor.
		It was an IBM Model B Electric typewriter mechanism modified by the addition of switches to detect keypresses and solenoids to activate the typebars.
	www.encryptoo.com /histhack.html (1097 words)

	IBM@70 - Celebrating 70 years in Australia - 1950s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		IBM's first computer, the 650, with a magnetic drum memory, is released.
		IBM establishes an Electric Typewriter division in Sydney.
		IBM Australia's second plant is moved from Palmer Street in the Sydney CBD to Lidcombe in the city's west.
	www-8.ibm.com /au/70years/timeline/1950s.html (332 words)

	Special Purpose Office Typewriters
		The typewriter was therefore a blind-writer; the operator had to lift the hinged carriage in order to see her work.
		Fisher Typewriter Co. developed a new book typewriter with a number of advantages, including typing that was visible to the operator.
		The operation of the typewriter during the typing of the letter follows exactly the [same] mechanical movements as when the machine is operated by a typist.
	www.officemuseum.com /typewriters_office_special.htm (3736 words)

	Typewriter \| World of Invention
		The first United States patent for a typewriter was issued in 1829 to William A. Burt of Detroit, Michigan, for a "typographer." The letters on this table-size printer were set around a circular carriage, which was rotated by hand--a very slow process.
		Typewriters with correction tape appeared on the market in 1973, and rotating print wheels were added in 1978.
		IBM introduced the first electric typewriter with a memory in 1965; Olivetti offered the portable electronic typewriter in 1980.
	www.bookrags.com /research/typewriter-woi (796 words)

	IBM Archives: IBM Radiotype
		The IBM Radiotype consisted of an IBM electric typewriter equipped with an attached compact transmitter that was synchronized with a similar installation hundreds or thousands of miles away.
		By using the Radiotype, everything that one pair of hands could do on a standard typewriter keyboard in one location could be reproduced simultaneously in any number of other locations by means of microwaves or wire transmission lines.
		The IBM Radiotype installation shown above is receiving from miles away ultra short-wave news bulletins transmitted at 100 words per minute from IBM World Headquarters.
	www-1.ibm.com /ibm/history/exhibits/specialprod1/specialprod1_3.html (159 words)

	IDSA -- About ID
		In 1961 IBM introduced a revolutionary electric typewriter, the Selectric I, which replaced the standard typebars with a moving interchangeable spherical "golf ball" printing element, while the carriage remained fixed.
		By 1975 Selectrics accounted for about 75 percent of the US electric typewriter market, which soon after went south when typewriters were increasingly replaced by personal computers.
		The electric typewriter was invented in 1920 by James Smathers, but IBM marketed the first commercially successful one in 1935.
	www.idsa.org /webmodules/articles/anmviewer.asp?a=264 (616 words)

	Media Matters - Forgery feeding frenzy: Media falling afoul of the facts
		Moreover, IBM released a typewriter in the 1960s, the Selectric II, which was capable of producing superscript type.
		While IBM had introduced an electric typewriter that used proportional spacing by the early 1970s, it was not widely used in government.
		However, print advertisements for the IBM Executive Electric typewriter from as early as 1953 reveal that this typewriter featured a curlicue-type apostrophe similar to the type used in the CBS memos.
	mediamatters.org /items/200409100010 (4102 words)

	[No title]
		The IBM Electric typewriters were a series of electric typewriters that IBM manufactured, starting in the late 1940s.
		This virtual museum, that is based on private collections of antique typewriters from around the world, is a tribute to their ingenuity.
		Unlike the telephone or the automobile, the invention of the typewriter has never received worldwide acclaim and the market growth for this new invention was disappointingly slow at the beginning.
	www.lycos.com /info/typewriter.html (426 words)

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