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Topic: IBM Executive series typewriter

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	Typewriter
		The method by which the typewriter actually marks the paper now varies as greatly as types of computer printers do, but until the end of the 20th century was by the impact of a metal (or, later, metallized plastic) type element against an "inked" ribbon which caused ink to be deposited on the paper.
		IBM and Remington electric typewriters were the leading models until IBM introduced the IBM Selectric typewriter, which replaced the typebars with a spherical typeball (more correctly, "element"), slightly larger than a golf ball, with the letters molded on its surface.
		Typewriter erasers were equipped with a brush for brushing away eraser crumbs and paper dust, and using the brush properly was an important element of typewriting skill, because if erasure detritus fell into the typewriter, a very small buildup could cause the typebars to jam in their narrow supporting grooves.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DTypewriter%26type%3Den (3423 words)

	Typewriter
		The method by which the typewriter actually marks the paper now varies as greatly as types of printerss do, but until the end of the 20th century was by the impact of a metal (or, later, metallized plastic) type element against an "inked" ribbon which caused ink to be deposited on the paper.
		IBM and Remington electric typewriters were the leading models until IBM introduced the IBM Selectric typewriter, which replaced the typebars with a spherical typeball (more correctly, "element"), slightly smaller than a golf ball, with the letters molded on its surface.
		Typewriter erasers were equipped with a brush for brushing away eraser crumbs and paper dust, and using the brush properly was an important element of typewriting skill, because if erasure detritus fell into the typewriter, a very small buildup could cause the typebars to jam in their narrow supporting grooves.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/t/ty/typewriter.html (2415 words)

	Typewriter
		A typewriter is a mechanical, electromechanical, or electronic device with a set of "keys" that, when pressed, cause characters to be printed on a document, usually paper.
		A true typewriter was invented in 1864 by Peter Mitterhofer but was never produced commercially.
		Some electronic typewriters were in essence dedicated word processors with internal memory and cartridge or diskette external memory-storage devices.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/typewriter (2283 words)

	IBM Archives: 1941
		IBM gross income grows by one-third to $60 million and net earnings increase to $10 million.
		IBM sets a nominal one percent profit on war products and pays a stock dividend of five percent.
		IBM announces the Electromatic Model 04 electric typewriter, featuring the revolutionary concept of proportional spacing.
	www-03.ibm.com /ibm/history/history/year_1941.html (113 words)

	Typewriter - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The method by which the typewriter actually marks the paper now varies as greatly as types of printers do, but until the end of the 20th century was by the impact of a metal (or, later, metallized plastic) type element against an "inked" ribbon which caused ink to be deposited on the paper.
		IBM and Remington electric typewriters were the leading models until IBM introduced the IBM Selectric typewriter, which replaced the typebars with a spherical typeball (more correctly, "element"), slightly smaller than a golf ball, with the letters molded on its surface.
		The QWERTY layout of typewriter keys became a de facto standard and continues to be used long after the reasons for its adoption have ceased to apply.
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Typewriter (2977 words)

	IBM 632. Who is IBM 632? What is IBM 632? Where is IBM 632? Definition of IBM 632. Meaning of IBM 632.
		The IBM 632 was a valve-and-relay driven basic (very basic) accounting machine, introduced in 1958, that was available in seven different models.
		It consisted of an IBM Executive series typewriter and at least a punch card unit (like the IBM 24) that housed the "electronics" in two gates (a relay gate and an electronic gate).
		As the typewriter carriage moved from field to field three program entries were available in the last three columns of each field - as I recall they were Calc1, Calc2, and Pgm.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/IBM_632 (374 words)

	Typewriter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the late 19th and the start of the 20th century a person who operated such a device was sometimes also called a "typewriter," but it then became more common to call the person a "typist." A typewriter has a keyboard, with keys for the characters in its font.
		The method by which the typewriter actually marks the paper now varies as greatly as types of printers do, but until the end of the 20th century was by the impact of a metal (or, later, metallized plastic) type element against an "inked" ribbon which caused ink to be deposited on the paper.
		layout of typewriter keys became a de facto standard and continues to be used long after the reasons for its adoption have ceased to apply.]] In some countries where personal computers are not ubiquitous, one may go to the public square and find individuals who gather there with their old but sturdy typewriters.
	www.33beat.com /Typewriter.html (2406 words)

	IBM Archives: The typewriter: an informal history
		The first IBM "Executive" Typewriter with proportional spacing, the Model A, was placed on the market shortly after World War II, and the "Executive" Typewriter has remained a staple of the company's typewriter line.
		This was the IBM "Selectric" Typewriter, which replaced type bars and moving carriages with a printing element, a sphere no larger than a golf ball, which bears all alphabet characters, numbers and punctuation symbols.
		Typewriters are now so efficient and versatile that they can be used virtually anywhere: to print out information stored on computers, to prepare continuous business forms, and to make it easier and less expensive for individuals and companies to communicate with one another.
	www-03.ibm.com /ibm/history/exhibits/modelb/modelb_informal.html (2397 words)

	IBM Executive series typewriter
		The IBM Executive series typewriter was a series of electric typewriters that IBM manufactured, starting in the 1950s.
		One model of the series was introduced in the early 1960s:
		Modified versions of the A, B, and C models were commonly used as "console typewriters" or terminals on many early computers (e.g., JOHNNIAC, IBM 1620, PDP-1).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ib/IBM_Executive_series_typewriter.html (85 words)

	Computer History Museum - thm-42b982c022233 - EAI 640 Digital Computing System
		IBM in particular was very successful during this decade.
		IBM's advertising strategies soothed consumers who were concerned about and unfamiliar with computer technology.
		IBM, targeted their ads to secretaries as way of influencing their bosses by promising the electric typewriter would drastically improve efficiency.
	www.computerhistory.org /brochures/decades.php?decade=thm-42b982c022233&s=30&decade=thm-42b982c022233&sortBy= (301 words)

	IBM Electric typewriter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The IBM Electric typewriters were a series of electric typewriters that IBM manufactured, starting in the late 1940s.
		Modified Standard versions of the A, B, and C models were commonly used as "console typewriters" or terminals on many early computers (e.g., JOHNNIAC, IBM 1620, PDP-1).
		Following the introduction of the IBM Selectric typewriter in 1961, which was much easier to interface to a computer, these typewriters were rarely used anymore as "console typewriters" or terminals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/IBM_Electric_typewriter (184 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This Smith Premier typewriter, purchased around the end of the 19th century, was found abandoned in the Bodie ghost town.
		The method by which the typewriter actually marks the paper now varies as greatly as types of computer printers do, but until the end of the 20th century was by the impact of a metal (or, later, metallized plastic) type element against an "inked" ribbon which caused ink to be deposited on the paper.
		In the developed world, with the proliferation of the personal computer with word processing software, typewriters have faded into near-obscurity and are now used mainly by people without access to, or the training to use, a computer, and for specialized applications such as filling out paper forms.
	www.everybase.com /Typewriter (3209 words)

	IBM Archives: 1941
		IBM gross income grows by one-third to $60 million and net earnings increase to $10 million.
		IBM sets a nominal one percent profit on war products and pays a stock dividend of five percent.
		By assigning varied rather than uniform spacing to different sized characters, the Type 4 recreated the appearance of a printed page, an effect that was further enhanced by a typewriter ribbon innovation that produced clearer, sharper words on the page.
	www-1.ibm.com /ibm/history/history/year_1941.html (113 words)

	Your entire computers reference - ibm typewriter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In case you're not familiar with that, the IBM Selectric typewriter is the one that has a small ball with all the letters imprinted on it.
		IBM Typewriter Innovation H. Beattie, Robert A. Rahenkamp Journal Title: IBM Journal of Research and Development.
		The IBM Selectric typewriter (occasionally known as the IBM Golfball typewriter) is the electric typewriter design that...
	total-computers.info /ibm-typewriter (759 words)

	Brad DeLong's Semi-Daily Journal: A Weblog: IBM Executive Model D Typewriter
		Also, typewriter keys were changed in the field all the time, its not that hard to do.
		Look at the sample of IBM Executive text on http://www.selectric.org/selectric/index.html, especially the "fo" in "fox", which is clearly not overlapping.
		As it is, I (1) know that these memos could easily have been produced on an IBM Executive typewriter, (2) on the basis of the handwriting expert, believe they have valid signatures, and (3) know they match the rest of W. Bush's service records and character at that time.
	www.j-bradford-delong.net /movable_type/2004-2_archives/000165.html (11858 words)

	Plastic: The Memos
		I was working on my masters degree at the time and distinctly remember the typewriters you could rent by the hour at the local university being in all ways superior to the ones used in my office.
		If in fact such a typewriter was purchased by Bush's CO, it begs the question as to why an ANG colonel got one and all the brass at AFLC made due with less.
		What typewriters the military was testing in 1969 is not relevant to what typewriters were being used by a backwater ANG unit.
	www.plastic.com /comments.html;sid=04/09/10/17193056;cid=11 (1516 words)

	Bush Guard Documents: Forged (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I owned an IBM Executive typewriter at the time (I think it was the Model "C" but its been a while) which did have a proportional font, it was purchased specifically create a typeset look.
		The IBM Executive was used by executive secretaries, but in most offices was displaced by the Selectric, which as easier and more efficient to use, and also looked good.
		The Executive was the only typewriter that I was aware of, and I was interested in the subject at the time, that was proportional.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1211150/posts?page=181 (3009 words)

	A Brief History of Word Processing (Through 1986) / by Brian Kunde
		It was a sort of "player typewriter," punch-coding text onto paper rolls similar to those used in player pianos, which could later be used to activate the keys of the typewriter in the same order as the initial typing.
		In 1961 IBM introduced the Selectric typewriter, which replaced the standard movable carriage and individual typestrikers with a revolving typeball (often refered to as a "golfball" or "walnut").
		Developed by IBM in the early 1970s for use in data processing (that is, traditional number computation), it was soon adopted by the word processing industry.
	www.stanford.edu /~bkunde/fb-press/articles/wdprhist.html (2445 words)

	The Washington Monthly
		This is, in fact, not true of the Executive, which is probably the more likely machine this would have been produced on, but the Executive was apparently available with any of IBM's fonts and with special keys, so it could easily have produced the documents in question anyway.
		Some typewriters back then may have had proportional fonts and some may have had superscript keys, but none of them had an auto-center function because auto-centering is a word processing algorithm that was not invented until the 1980's for computers.
		The IBM Executive could be ordered with any font from IBM's wide array of fonts, and the Selectric Composer had a large array of typeballs.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /archives/individual/2004_09/004669.php (14446 words)

	IBM Wheelwriter Series Typewriter Ribbon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		IBM Actionwriter Printwheel - Prestige Elite 12
		IBM Executive A,B,C & D Black Ribbon
		IBM Typewriter Ribbon Selectric 72 General Ribbon Fabric Ribbon
	www.heasterlawson.com /13ibmwheelse.html (198 words)

	MyDD :: A Planted Forgery?
		Er, just because a bunch of guys who've never used a real typewriter in their lives think we were using hammer and chisel back in the day doesn't make it so.
		IBM introduced propotional spacing in the Executive typewriter in 1941!!!!
		I also used an IBM Executive in college - in the late '60s.
	www.mydd.com /story/2004/9/10/9259/13246 (2402 words)

	Newsroom-l Public Journal: Bush Guard memo "forgery" a hard sell
		Proportional characters were used on IBM typewriters as early as 1941, and became widespread after 1950, when the Executive model was introduced.
		CBS News executives said they were confident their report on what they presented as four newfound memos from the personal files of Mr.
		The IBM Executive could and many times was customized by replacing keys that were not applicable for a particular office with other keys that were appropriate for the the job.
	www.newsroom-l.net /blog/archives/000098.html (16008 words)

	INDC Journal: A Quick Note *(Updated)* (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		IBM Model C One model of the series was introduced in the early 1970s:
		IBM Model D Modified Standard versions of the A, B, and C models were commonly used as "console typewriters" or terminals on many early computers (e.g., JOHNNIAC, IBM 1620, PDP-1).
		I have an IBM Exec and I typed two of the lines of type and the length of the lines didn't come out the same length as on the memo.
	www.indcjournal.com /archives/000841.php (4655 words)

	The Washington Monthly
		This isn't just an issue of being able to turn the typewriter's platen (or the type ball in the case of a Selectric) so a character is raised above the line; the superscripted "th" in one of the memos is a genuine superscript, i.e., the type size is smaller than the main text.
		My wife, a long-time secretary who worked on several typewriters in the late 60's and 70's said that they almost never used the proportional spacing option on IBM Executive machines because you would have to retype the document if you made a mistake or go the whiteout and reposition paper to overtype process.
		IBM made an electric typewriter that proportional spacing and operated just like a regular typewriter-- you hit the key and an individual arm pushed the chosen letter against a ribbon that deposited ink on paper.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /archives/individual/2004_09/004668.php (14496 words)

	List of IBM products (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The following is a list of products from the International Business Machines (IBM) office and data processing equipment company, spanning from early-to-mid-20th-century punched card machinery and typewriters, via mainframe computers and minicomputers, to microprocessors, PCs, laptop PCs, and more.
		IBM 370 - Printer (not to be confused with the much later System/370)
		IBM 1133 _ Multiplexer and cycle stealer, to connect a 1403 fast printer to a 1130
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/L/List-of-IBM-products.htm (928 words)

	IBM Executive series typewriter
		The IBM Executive series typewriter was a series of electric typewriters that IBM manufactured, starting in the 1950s.
		One model of the series was introduced in the early 1960s:
		Modified versions of the A, B, and C models were commonly used as "console typewriters" or terminals on many early computers (e.g., JOHNNIAC, IBM 1620, PDP-1).
	pheeds.com /info/guide/i/ib/ibm_executive_series_typewriter.html (106 words)

	Learn more about List of IBM products in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Learn more about List of IBM products in the online encyclopedia.
		IBM 652 - Disk and Magnetic Tape Control Unit
		IBM 740 - Cathode Ray Tube Output Recorder
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /l/li/list_of_ibm_products.html (171 words)

	ibm electric typewriter
		IBM Electric typewriter - Infomations about IBM Electric typewriter
		The Bally Pinball, Comptometer, IBM 71/72 Electric Typewriter and...
		An electric IBM typewriter (she chooses not to use a computer) sits on her desk in the company of carved marble lamps and colorful, tribal masks from Bali.
	ibm.h50.info /ibm-electric-typewriter (259 words)

	Tim Blair: EXPERT BILL
		I don’t claim to be a typewriter expert but after working on IBM typewriters for IBM for over 13 years in a high call area like NYC I can tell you without a doubt that the Model D can produce those documents.
		Bill Glennon, a technology consultant and I.B.M. typewriter specialist who had posted his thoughts on the memos on a blog and was quoted over the weekend in publications including The New York Times, said CBS called him Monday morning.
		True, not all typewriters had it -- it wasn't particularly necessary, as the lower-case l thing shows -- also, you would make an exclamation point by typing a period and backspacing and typing an apostrophe -- but they were not uncommon.
	timblair.spleenville.com /archives/007467.php (9502 words)

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