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	About DTRA: Historical Documents - On-Site Inspections Under the Intermediate -Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Known officially as the "Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles," the 17-article INF Treaty was supplemented by two protocols and a memorandum of understanding.
		Because the INF Treaty prohibited the parties from producing or flight-testing any INF-designated missiles, and the treaty was for an unlimited duration, no ground-based missiles in these ranges could be produced, possessed, or tested by either nation in the future.
		During final treaty negotiations, the Soviet delegate declared that its nation intended to continue the final assembly of a ground launched ballistic missile that was "outwardly similar" to a stage of an INF Treaty missile.
	www.dtra.mil /about/media/historical_documents/books/infbook/ch1c.cfm (1043 words)

	Nuclear Arms, INF Treaty - CDI Russia Weekly #261
		The INF treaty liquidated a nuclear arsenal with a larger aggregate yield than the yield of all nuclear weapons humankind had used since their creation.
		The INF treaty removed that very real threat from Soviet borders and paved the way to the reduction of not only nuclear but also conventional arms.
		The INF treaty allowed us to exchange data about missiles, for the first time in the history of bilateral relations, and to publish it in the press.
	www.cdi.org /russia/261-13.cfm (844 words)

	Arms Control Association: Fact Sheets: The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty at a Glance
		As a result of the INF Treaty, the United States and the Soviet Union destroyed a total of 2,692 short-, medium-, and intermediate-range missiles by the treaty's implementation deadline of June 1, 1991.
		Treaty provisions also allowed signatories to conduct up to 20 short-notice inspections per year at designated sites during the first three years of treaty implementation and to monitor specified missile-production facilities to guarantee that no new missiles were being produced.
		The INF Treaty's verification protocol certified reductions through a combination of national technical means (i.e., satellite observation) and on-site inspections-a process by which each party could send observers to monitor the other's elimination efforts as they occurred.
	www.armscontrol.org /factsheets/INFtreaty.asp (881 words)

	Bulletin 19 - Models for Missile Disarmament
		The treaty certainly had an unambiguous goal: the total physical elimination of ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles (and associated support equipment) possessed by the United States and the Former Soviet Union with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers.
		The treaty was important not only in eliminating missiles, but also in the progress it achieved in building mutual confidence and in promoting transparency through a very intrusive system of inspections.
		The treaty was absolutely clear that its goal was neither the mere reduction of INF missiles nor the establishment of norms to govern their development or use.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin19/bul19art23.htm (5642 words)

	INF TREATY
		In April the Soviet Union presented its own draft Treaty, and by July, it had agreed in principle to some of the provisions in the U.S. comprehensive verification regime, including data exchange, on-site observation of elimination, and on-site inspection of INF missile inventories and facilities.
		The Treaty the United States and the Soviet Union signed at Washington on December 8 includes the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Data,1 the Protocol on Inspections, and the Protocol on Elimination.
		The multilateralizing of what was previously a bilateral U.S.-Soviet INF Treaty required establishing agreements between the United States and the governments of the relevant Soviet successor states on numerous issues.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /acda/treaties/inf1.htm (1898 words)

	Roy's Russian Aircraft Resource Photos
		The treaty called for the elimination of an entire class of weapons, specifically ground-launched ballistic missiles and ground-launched cruise missiles with a range of between 500 and 5,500 kilometers.
		Prior to the treaty entering into force, OSIA conducted mock inspections in the United States and Europe to develop the inspection procedures that teams would use once the actual INF Treaty inspections began.
		The Threshold Test Ban Treaty and Protocols were ratified by both the United States Senate and the Supreme Soviet by November, and they entered into force on December 11, 1990 In June 1990, OSIA inspectors also took part in the first inspections under its new mission of monitoring chemical weapons agreements.
	www.royfc.com /osia.html (3559 words)

	Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces [INF]
		The INF Treaty eliminated all nuclear-armed ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers (about 300 to 3400 miles) and their infrastructure.
		The INF Treaty was signed by President Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at a Washington Summit on December 8, 1987.
		The Treaty between the United States and Soviet Union on the Elimination of their Intermediate-range and Shorter-range Missiles (INF Treaty) was signed by President Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Gorbachev at a Washington Summit on December 8, 1987.
	fas.org /nuke/control/inf (604 words)

	INF Treaty: Executive Summary
		Treaty Structure: The Treaty consists of 17 articles; an MOU that established a data base of definitions, missiles slated for elimination, and technical data; an elimination protocol; an inspection protocol, an MOA on verification procedures, and a section on corrigenda.
		Treaty Objectives: The Treaty requires the elimination of all shorter-range and intermediate-range missiles from the arsenals of the United States and the Soviet Union (now Russia and the other successor states).
		The Treaty's main objective was to stabilize the heretofore rapidly expanding nuclear forces of the U.S and the USSR and to prevent nuclear war between them.
	www.defenselink.mil /acq/acic/treaties/inf/execsum.htm (1398 words)

	INF Treaty Signed
		The treaty was the first to eliminate a complete class of weapons.
		The I.N.F. treaty convinced many that it was possible to achieve a new set of agreements with the Soviets.
		The I.N.F. treaty resulted in the quickening pace of what was known as Glasnost, and would ultimately lead to the end of the Soviet Union.
	www.multied.com /Today/INFTreaty.html (179 words)

	Radio Address to the Nation on the Soviet-United States Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
		The duty of the Senate in giving its advice and consent to treaties is vital to maintaining our separation of powers, and the role of the Senate is considering the -- in considering, I should say, the INF treaty -- it's essential.
		It is, after all, a solid treaty, carefully negotiated; a treaty that stands on its own substantive merits; a treaty that will enhance the security of our country and that of our European and Asian allies now threatened by the various Soviet missiles that will be removed once the treaty is implemented.
		Now that the treaty is moving to floor debate in the Senate, let the debate be vigorous and full, and let it proceed without delay.
	www.reagan.utexas.edu /archives/speeches/1988/050788a.htm (766 words)

	INF TREATY
		Until their removal to elimination facilities as required by paragraph 2 of Article V of this Treaty, all shorter-range missiles and launchers of such missiles shall be located at missile operating bases, at missile support facilities or shall be in transit.
		For the purpose of ensuring verification of compliance with the provisions of this Treaty, each Party shall use national technical means of verification at its disposal in a manner consistent with generally recognized principles of international law.
		This Treaty, including the Memorandum of Understanding and Protocols, which form an integral part thereof, shall be subject to ratification in accordance with the constitutional procedures of each Party.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/inf/text/inf.htm (4516 words)

	INF TREATY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Inspections shall be conducted in accordance with the objectives set forth in Article XI of the Treaty as applicable for the type of inspection specified by the inspecting Party under paragraph 1(b) of Section IV or paragraph 7 of Section V of this Protocol.
		During inspections conducted pursuant to paragraph 5(b) of Article XI of the Treaty, all measurements shall be made by the inspected Party at the request of the inspecting Party.
		For inspections conducted pursuant to paragraphs 3, 4, 5, 7 or 8 of Article XI of the Treaty, inspectors shall permit the in-country escort to observe the equipment used during the inspection by the inspection team.
	www.au.af.mil /au/awc/awcgate/acda/inf5.htm (5475 words)

	INF: Article-by-Article Review
		The Treaty is of unlimited duration because it eliminates two entire classes of weapon-delivery systems, rather than merely place limitations on them for a specified period of time.
		Paragraph 1 of Article XVII provides that the Treaty, including the MOU and the two Protocols (which are integral parts of the Treaty), is subject to ratification in accordance with the constitutional procedures of each Party and will enter into force on the date of the exchange of instruments of ratification.
		The final paragraph of the Treaty records that the Treaty was done at Washington on December 8, 1987, in two copies, each in the English and Russian languages, both texts being equally authentic.
	www.defenselink.mil /acq/acic/treaties/inf/inf_art.htm (10783 words)

	INF Treaty
		The Treaty permanently bans all U.S. and Soviet ground-launched missiles with a range of between 500 and 5500 kilometers (that is 300-3400 miles).
		The Treaty was signed in December of 1987, and ratified on June 1, 1988.
		All information obtained from "Understanding the INF Treaty," a publication of The Office of Public Affairs, United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Washington, DC, pp.
	www.wfu.edu /academics/history/StudentWork/fysprojects/qbaker/inf.htm (629 words)

	National Review: A layman's guide to fixing the INF treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Item: The treaty requires that all INF missile launchers be eliminated, but the fine print allows the Soviets to keep hundreds of their most important ones provided they are merely modified.
		The INF treaty does not define what would constitute a different "type" of cruise missile than those presently in the Soviet inventory, nor does it establish what criteria will permit us to determine if a given cruise missile is unarmed, or that its range cannot be adjusted to fly within the prohibited ban.
		The treaty, meanwhile, has already begun to inhibit U.S. ground-launched cruise-missile options; manufacturers of drones and remotely piloted vehicles with a host of possible applications on the modern battlefied are beginning to find arms-control constraints impinging upon their designs and permitted performance.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n5_v40/ai_6454879 (1458 words)

	Fact Sheet: State Department on 1987 INF Missile Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Under the terms of the treaty, all declared systems were eliminated within three years of entry into force of the treaty (May 31, 1991).
		With the breakup of the former Soviet Union, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Ukraine assumed the roles of active implementors of the treaty for the former Soviet Union (FSU).
		Because the treaty and its prohibitions are of indefinite duration, the SVC can be convened under the provisions of the treaty at the request of any party to the treaty.
	japan.usembassy.gov /e/p/tp-se0173.html (752 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Treaty between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles (the INF Treaty) was specifically designed to eliminate an entire class of U.S. and Soviet ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500-5500 km.
		As required by the Treaty, by June 1991, the United States and Soviet Union eliminated all INF missiles (846 and 1846, respectively).
		Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the Russian Federation replaced the Soviet Union as Party to the INF Treaty and continued to abide by the INF Treaty provisions.
	www.nawcwpns.navy.mil /~treaty/INF.html (451 words)

	Arms Control: Operations - Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Treaty required that the two countries eliminate all ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers along with their support structure and equipment.
		In addition to being the first nuclear agreement to reduce arms delivery vehicles, the INF Treaty was also the first major arms control agreement to establish a verification regime including on-site inspections.
		Treaty provisions for on-site inspections included baseline data inspections, inspections of closed-out facilities, short-notice inspections of declared sites, and inspections to observe the elimination of missile systems.
	www.dtra.mil /Toolbox/Directorates/OSI/Programs/ops/inf/index.cfm (665 words)

	Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty - INF (1987) \| Nuclear Arms Control Treaties \| atomicarchive.com
		Bilateral ratified treaty between the U.S. and U.S.S.R., which required the elimination of all missiles with ranges between 625 and 3,500 miles by June 1, 1991, and all missiles with ranges between 300 and 625 miles within 18 months.
		The INF treaty is the first nuclear arms control agreement to actually reduce nuclear arms, rather than establish ceilings.
		In late April and early May 1991, the United States eliminated its last ground-launched cruise missile and ground-launched ballistic missile covered under the INF Treaty.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Treaties/Treaty15.shtml (405 words)

	INF Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In accordance with the provisions of this Treaty which includes the Memorandum of Understanding and Protocols which form an integral part thereof, each Party shall eliminate its intermediate-range and shorter-range missiles, not have such systems thereafter, and carry out the other obligations set forth in this Treaty.
		Support structures, associated with the missiles and launchers subject to this Treaty, that are subject to elimination shall be eliminated in situ.
		This Treaty shall be registered pursuant to Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
	www.astronautix.com /articles/infreaty.htm (4558 words)

	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 8 \| 1987: Superpowers to reverse arms race
		The treaty aims to destroy all medium- and shorter-range nuclear weapons in Europe capable of hitting European targets including western Russia.
		One of the reasons the US and the USSR became confident enough to agree a reduction in nuclear weapons was because both countries were working on their own defence systems that aimed to destroy incoming nuclear missiles in space.
		The Treaty of Moscow in 2002, signed by Presidents George Bush and Vladimir Putin, reduced the number of weapons by a further 1,700 to 2,200.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/8/newsid_3283000/3283817.stm (620 words)

	National Review: INF: invitation to cheat? - INF treaty
		AMONG THE key questions to be debated by the Senate during its hearings on the INF treaty are the related issues of verification and compliance.
		Administration spokesmen, however, have never publicly come to terms with the troubling possibility that this was the Soviets' intent in signing the INF treaty.
		Unlike the SALT agreements, which dealt with strategic forces on both sides, the INF treaty deals with systems that are small, mobile, and easy to conceal, even in the face of on-site inspections.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1282/is_n4_v40/ai_6406291 (758 words)

	osia3
		The treaty called for the elimination of all United States and Soviet ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers.
		July 1 The United States and the Soviet Union began continuous portal monitoring under the INF Treaty, with U.S. inspectors monitoring a Soviet missile plant at Votkinsk, Russia, and Soviet inspectors monitoring a missile factory at Magna, Utah.
		May 6 The United States conducted its final elimination under the INF Treaty at the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant, destroying the last Pershing II missile in the U.S. inventory, and the last of the 846 U.S. missiles banned by the Treaty.
	www.royfc.com /osia3.html (2852 words)

	The Use of "Hera" Missile Violates the INF Treaty"
		However, according to the 1987 INF Treaty, the US and Russian Federation are not allowed to have such missiles.
		To answer the Russian concerns, the US try to justify their position attributing Hera missile to "booster systems" existing at the time when the Treaty was signed, which the parties have the right to produce and use (paragraph 12 of Article VII).
		Of course, there is another way for this kind of testing work: to use ballistic missiles allowed by the Treaty (with the range under 500 km), aviation boosters, modeling, etc., however all these options evidently appeared more complicated and more expensive to the authors of the project.
	www.armscontrol.ru /start/exclusive/gkk1120.htm (562 words)

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