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Topic: IP spoofing

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	IP Spoofing - Cisco Systems
		Spoofing IP datagrams is a well-known problem that has been addressed in various research papers.
		IP spoofing detection, or in other words validating the source address of an IPv6 packet, is a little more complicated than the process for IPv4.
		IP spoofing is a difficult problem to tackle, because it is related to the IP packet structure.
	www.cisco.com /web/about/ac123/ac147/archived_issues/ipj_10-4/104_ip-spoofing.html (3107 words)

	IP Exploits/Internet Security Lectures by Prabhaker Mateti
		IP spoofing is normally used to deposit another exploit on the target machine.
		If the IP spoofing attack has succeeded, there should be a log entry on the victim machine showing a remote access, and on the apparent source machine, there will be no corresponding entry for initiating that remote access.
		Most routers now have options to turn off the ability to spoof IP source addresses by checking the source address of a packet against the routing table to ensure the return path of the packet is through the interface it was received on.
	www.cs.wright.edu /~pmateti/InternetSecurity/Lectures/IPexploits (1988 words)

	New Page 1
		Spoofing attack is a situation in which one person or program successfully masquerades as another by falsifying data and thereby gains an illegitimate advantage.
		IP spoofing is one of the most common forms of on-line camouflage.
		IP spoofing is almost always used in what is currently one of the most difficult attacks to defend against – denial of service attacks, or DoS.
	www.stormloader.com /members/engineeringx/spoofing.htm (1109 words)

	VASCO.com - Phishing Microsite
		To engage in IP spoofing, a hacker must first use a variety of techniques to find an IP address of a trusted host and then modify the packet headers so that it appears that the packets are coming from that host.
		IP spoofing is one of the most common forms of on-line camouflage.
		IP spoofing is almost always used in what is currently one of the most difficult attacks to defend against - denial of service attacks, or DoS.
	www.vasco.com /phishing/spoofing.html?VSID=0b21a7d9522a3c4d6634081f6f78549f (1605 words)

	IP Spoofing
		When using IP spoofing, an attacker gains unauthorized access to a computer or a network by making it appear that a malicious message has come from a trusted machine by “spoofing” the IP address of that machine.
		IP spoofing was initially discussed in academic circles in the 80's.
		Examining the IP header, we should be able to see that the first 12 bytes (or the top 3 rows of the header) contain various information about the packet.
	worldslargestnetwork.com /IP-Spoofing-11-12.html (666 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		IP is also the busiest of all the TCP/IP protocols as almost all TCP/IP traffic is encapsulated in IP datagrams.
		The IP datagrams sent with the forged IP-address reach the target fine (recall that IP is a connectionless-oriented protocol-- each datagram is sent without regard for the other end) but the datagrams the target sends back (destined for the trusted host) end up in the bit-bucket.
		A 4 Z(b) ---PSH---> A [...] The attacking host spoofs her IP address to be that of the trusted host (which should still be in the death-throes of the D.O.S. attack) and sends it's connection request to port 513 on the target (1).
	www.networkcommand.com /docs/ipspoof.txt (2952 words)

	Hello World - Spoofing Techniques
		Forging her IP address to be the one of the trusted host the cracker sends a request to port 513 of the target machine(three way handshake is initiated with the first TCP segment having SYN flag turned ON).
		One way to prevent IP spoofing is to disable all r* commands, delete all ".rhosts" files and empty "/etc/hosts.equiv" file.
		Spoofing attack can also be suppressed by configuring routers in such a way that they filter the incoming packets and reject the ones that claim to be from a machine internal to the network.
	www.cosc.brocku.ca /~cspress/HelloWorld/1999/03-mar/spoofing.html (1961 words)

	IP Address Spoofing
		IP address spoofing is possible because the network devices that provide connectivity between individual networks, called routers, only require inspection of the destination IP address in the packet to make routing decisions.
		IP is a network layer protocol that is used to deliver packets across connected networks to their intended destination.
		Tracing spoofed IP packets back to the true source presents a number of challenges that are both technical and non-technical in nature.
	www.scs.carleton.ca /~dlwhyte/whytepapers/ipspoof.htm (3560 words)

	IP-spoofing Demystified - UIC
		IP is also the busiest of all the TCP/IP protocols as almost all TCP/IP traffic is encapsulated in IP datagrams.
		The IP datagrams sent with the forged IP-address reach the target fine (recall that IP is a connectionless-oriented protocol-- each datagram is sent without regard for the other end) but the datagrams the target sends back (destined for the trusted host) end up in the bit-bucket.
		The attacking host spoofs her IP address to be that of the trusted host (which should still be in the death-throes of the D.O.S. attack) and sends it's connection request to port 513 on the target (1).
	quequero.org /IP-spoofing_Demystified (3499 words)

	J!NX Forums - IP spoofing
		So, the only way to just spoof the ip address and get it to a computer directly on the other side of the network, is to somehow directly get the packets to the router, say by plugging it into the router directly.
		No say you spoofed the ip address, connected a browser to port 80 or whatever the web page is on, and it let you in.
		IP spoffing can be a step in session hijacking, where someone starts a connection to a server, say an IRC server, and you come along and trick the server into thinking YOUR the right person.
	www.jinx.com /forum/topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=32191 (730 words)

	Spoofing, Beware........
		IP spoofing is the most talked about and least understood method of gaining unauthorized entry to a computer system.
		In the IP spoofing attack, the cracker attempts to capitalize on the automated nature of the dialog between machines.
		Thus, the IP spoofing attack is an extraordinary method of gaining access because in it, the cracker never uses a username or password.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/internet_security/35297 (406 words)

	TCP/IP Security
		IP Spoofing is an attack where an attacker pretends to be sending data from an IP address other than its own [Morris85, Bellovin89].
		So, an attacker using IP spoofing is unlikely to see output from the remote system (unless they have some other method of eavesdropping on the network between the other two hosts).
		The important part about firewalls from an IP spoofing perspective is that they clearly delineate outside the firewall from inside the firewall; everything inside must go through the 'inside' port on the firewall, and everything outside must come in through the 'outside' port [Ranum92].
	www.linuxsecurity.com /resource_files/documentation/tcpip-security.html (10596 words)

	Ip Spoofing
		IP Spoofing is a trick played on servers to fool the target computer into thinking that it is receiving data from a source other than you.
		IP Spoofing thus, can be said to be the process by which you change or rather spoof your IP Address, so as to fool the target system into believing that your identity is not the one, which is actually yours, but make it believe that you actually are the computer having the spoofed address.
		IP Spoofing is a blind attack and we do not get any feedback regarding our progress and thus we have no idea as to whether we have been successful or not.
	www.governmentsecurity.org /archive/t107.html (5927 words)

	IP Spoofing: An Introduction
		IP can be thought of as a routing wrapper for layer 4 (transport), which contains the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
		Both types of spoofing are forms of a common security violation known as a man in the middle (MITM) attack.
		IP spoofing is almost always used in what is currently one of the most difficult attacks to defend against – denial of service attacks, or DoS.
	www.securityfocus.com /infocus/1674 (1564 words)

	Spoofing
		A common misconception is that "IP spoofing" can be used to hide your IP address while surfing the Internet, chatting on-line, sending e-mail, and so forth.
		Forging the source IP address causes the responses to be misdirected, meaning you cannot create a normal network connection.
		However, IP spoofing is an integral part of many network attacks that do not need to see responses (blind spoofing).
	library.thinkquest.org /06aug/02257/spoofing.html (371 words)

	Collusion E-zine - Proxy IP Spoofing
		IP spoofing involves changing outbound packets to make them look like they are coming from an IP other than your own.
		IP spoofing works by rerouting IPs through a series of routers so that your requests to a server look like they are coming from an IP other than your own.
		It then uses IP spoofing to scan for and identify new routers, preform a brief brute force attack (many router admins use less than four character passwords), and replaces the oldest router in the spoof path with the newly compromised router, thus creating a constantly altering IP spoof path.
	www.collusion.org /Article.cfm?ID=163 (811 words)

	CERT Advisory CA-1995-01 IP Spoofing Attacks and Hijacked Terminal Connections
		If the IP spoofing attack has succeeded on one of your systems, you may get a log entry on the victim machine showing a remote access; on the apparent source machine, there will be no corresponding entry for initiating that remote access.
		The best method of preventing the IP spoofing problem is to install a filtering router that restricts the input to your external interface (known as an input filter) by not allowing a packet through if it has a source address from your internal network.
		For IP spoofing to be successful, intruders rely on two machines to trust each other through the use of the.rhosts file or the /etc/hosts.equiv file.
	www.cert.org /advisories/CA-1995-01.html (3095 words)

	Prachait Saxena :: System Analyst , Script Writer :: News :: IP Spoofing: An Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In this article, we will examine the concepts of IP spoofing: why it is possible, how it works, what it is used for and how to defend against it.
		Internet protocol (IP) is a network protocol operating at layer 3 (network) of the OSI model.
		Examining the IP header, we can see that the first 12 bytes (or the top 3 rows of the header) contain various information about the packet.
	www.prachait.com /News/article/sid=14.html (1641 words)

	Linux4biz::TCP/IP spoofing Article
		Source IP address is a unique identifier but not a reliable one.
		The second task is the most complicated task because when target sets the initial sequence number, the attacker must response with the correct response Once the attacker correctly guesses the sequence number, then he can synchronize with the target and establish a valid session.
		Spoofing attacks are very dangerous and difficult to detect.
	www.linux4biz.net /articles/spoofing.html (479 words)

	Introduction: IP Spoofing - The Community's Center for Security
		IP spoofing is a technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, whereby the attacker sends messages to a computer with a forging IP address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted host.
		IP spoofing is almost always used in denial of service attacks (DoS), in which attackers are concerned with consuming bandwidth and resources by flooding the target with as many packets as possible in a short amount of time.
		A packet on an external interface that has both its source and destination IP addresses in the local domain is an indication of IP spoofing.
	www.linuxsecurity.com /content/view/120225 (1533 words)

	IP address spoofing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		IP spoofing involves modifying the packet header, which lists, among other things, the source IP, destination IP, a checksum value, and most importantly, data pertaining to the order in which it was sent.
		Some upper layer protocols provide their own defence against IP spoofing.
		Protocol spoofing is also used as a data compression technique, and was used as early as 1985 when the telebit modem incorporated spoofing of portions of the UUCP protocol to improve throughput.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Internet_protocol_spoofing (715 words)

	IP Spoofing \| NetworkDictionary
		IP spoofing is a technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, whereby the attacker sends messages to a computer with a forging IP address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted host.There are a few variations on the types of attacks that using IP spoofing.
		Denial of Service Attack - IP spoofing is almost always used in denial of service attacks (DoS), in which attackers are concerned with consuming bandwidth and resources by flooding the target with as many packets as possible in a short amount of time.
		To be noted, the IP spoofing techniques do not allow for anonymous Internet access, which is a common misconception among people.
	www.networkdictionary.com /security/ipspoofing.php (598 words)

	[No title]
		But, this is a case of "authentication based on IP addresses"; that is, in my example, beta is assuming something based on its belief that the connection came from alpha.
		What the recent advisories are warning about is that it is possible for some other machine to "spoof" alpha's IP address, causing beta to believe that a connection came from alpha when in fact it came from some wiley cracker's machine.
		We are working to block IP spoofing from off-campus at the router level, and will look into it at the subnet router level, but there's no way to block it within a subnet.
	www.security.gatech.edu /protection/system_administration/ip_spoofing_and_rhosts.html (488 words)

	What is IP spoofing? - a definition from Whatis.com - see also: host file hijack, IP address forgery
		IP spoofing, also known as IP address forgery or a host file hijack, is a hijacking technique in which a cracker masquerades as a trusted host to conceal his identity, spoof a Web site, hijack browsers, or gain access to a network.
		Here's how it works: The hijacker obtains the IP address of a legitimate host and alters packet headers so that the legitimate host appears to be the source.
		When IP spoofing is used to hijack a browser, a visitor who types in the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) of a legitimate site is taken to a fraudulent Web page created by the hijacker.
	searchsecurity.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci1162868,00.html (463 words)

	PCQuest : Spying & Spy Catching : IP SPOOFING (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One of the merits of the IP protocol is that it is connection-less, and so, routers make routing actions based on the destination address without any influence by the source address.
		Forging or spoofing an address is a one-way communication is as simple as putting any desired address in the source address in the source address field as shown in page 27.
		The best method of preventing the IP spoofing problem is to install a filtering router that restricts the input to your external interface (known as an input filter) by not allowing a packet through if it has a source address from your internal network.
	www.pcquest.com /content/topstories/spy/103050505.asp (610 words)

	Internet Address Spoofing and Hijacked Session Attacks
		The IP spoofing attacks are very similar to those described in section 2 of "Security Problems in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite" by Steve Bellovin.
		IP spoofing attacks are currently very difficult to detect.
		Currently, the best defense against IP spoofing attacks is to filter packets as they enter your router from the Internet, blocking any packet that claims to have originated inside your local domain.
	ciac.llnl.gov /ciac/bulletins/f-08.shtml (1255 words)

	The Whole-Web Spoofing Attack (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Spoofing attacks are possible in the physical world as well as the electronic one.
		Examples of such attacks include TCP spoofing [4], in which Internet packets are sent with forged return addresses, and DNS spoofing [5], in which the attacker forges information about which machine names correspond to which network addresses.
		Spoofing of forms works naturally because forms are integrated closely into the basic Web protocols: form submissions are encoded in URLs and the replies are ordinary HTML Since any URL can be spoofed, forms can also be spoofed.
	bau2.uibk.ac.at /matic/spoofing.htm (3266 words)

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