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Topic: IRFNA

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	Section 3
		Most reported cases of severe illness from contact with nitrogen dioxide (one of the oxides in IRFNA fumes) derive from accidental exposures to explosion or combustion of nitroexplosives, nitric acid, the intermittent process of arc or gas welding (especially in a confined space), or entry into an unvented agricultural silo.
		IRFNA in a military or wartime environment is not specifically addressed.
		The Army’s only IRFNA monitoring and detection device was the multi-gas detector set, part of the Lance missile system, which was not used in the Gulf War.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /irfna/irfna_sec03.htm (2455 words)

	Solid fuel ducted rocket with gel-oxidizer augmentation propulsion - United States Patent 5,152,136
		An augmentation of the basic embodiment is achieved by combusting the fuel-rich GAP SFGG effluent with inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA) gel oxidizer to produce higher thrust during the boost and dash stages of a flight.
		A capability to combust the fuel-rich GAP SFGG effluent with inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA) gel oxidizer, which produces higher thrust during the boost and dash stages of a rocket motor in flight, is employed to yield a correspondingly greater thrust than the lower pressure airbreathing sustain stage.
		The IRFNA must be separated from the fuel-rich hot gases generated by the GAP SFGG after the GAP SFGG is ignited by any well known ignition means until the hypergolic reaction is desired.
	xrint.com /patents/us/by10/5152136 (2447 words)

	Section 2
		Most of the IRFNA and fuel is used within the first 80 seconds of flight when the missile is gaining enough speed to reach its target.
		There were various ways in which servicemembers could have encountered either the odor and fumes of unexpended fuel and IRFNA or the missile fragments coated with these toxic substances: Patriot missiles intercepted some Scuds, some Scuds failed to explode when hitting their targets, and some simply broke apart in mid-air and came down in pieces.
		The SA-2 Guideline is a Russian-made, medium-to-high altitude, surface-to-air missile (Figure 4), using IRFNA as a fuel oxidizer.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /irfna/irfna_sec02.htm (1115 words)

	IV. ASSESSMENT
		Furthermore, since the chemical properties of nitric acid would not allow a chemical warfare agent to coexist in the tank, chemical warfare agent was not present.
		In our 1998 report we initially believed that IRFNA was definitely present in the tank.
		However, because the laboratory did not conduct additional tests to determine other possible substances or contaminants in the tank, we cannot be certain of the nature of the nitric acid.
	www.gulflink.osd.mil /kuwaiti_final/kuwaiti_final_s05.htm (1084 words)

	U.S. Patent: 5621156 - Hypergolic fuel formulation: diethylethanolamine, triethylamine, and carbon - April 15, 1997
		Thus, a successful competitive fuel that is less toxic should be hypergolic with the oxidizer inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA), type III B) and should be as energetic as the hydrazine based fuels.
		Although triethylamine has been identified in the propulsion literature as being hypergolic with IRFNA the delay time for ignition is unacceptable.
		Diethylethanolamine, although very reactive with IRFNA, is not hypergolic with IRFNA; however, it is unexpected that the mixture of triethylamine and diethylethanolamine proved to be hypergolic consistently.
	www.everypatent.com /comp/pat5621156.html (975 words)

	LAND-BASED BALLISTIC MISSILES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The first stage probably has 12,200 kg of kerosene and IRFNA liquid propellants, with a single motor that burns for 95 seconds and a total first stage weight of 14,800 kg.
		The second stage is based upon the 'Scud C' variant (Hwasong 6) missile, with a length of 9.35 m and a body diameter of 0.88 m.
		This stage is believed to have 4,500 kg of UDMH and IRFNA liquid propellants, with a single motor that burns for between 90 and 170 seconds.
	www.aeronautics.ru /archive/wmd/ballistic/ballistic/taepo-dong-1-01.htm (1389 words)

	High nitrogen content gas generant and method of producing near-neutral combustion products - Patent 4023352
		The IRFNA is expelled from a storage tank in a controlled ratio with the fuel UDMH at a controlled ratio to produce a hypergolic reaction which provides propulsion gases for propelling a rocket that is fitted with an exhaust nozzle and the other necessary fixtures and controls.
		The tetracene pellets when placed in a porous metal cage remain in a stable form unitl it is desired to generate a near-neutral gas at which time a slug of IRFNA is brought into contact with the pellets which undergo decomposition.
		Because of the high yield of the inert gas volume, 1190 cc/gm, the weight burden for a rocket or space vehicle would be greatly reduced as compared to a compressed gas source or a liquefied gas system and the necessary auxillary equipment required to render the gas source usable.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4023352.html (1383 words)

	Inhibited nitric acid (Bruce Dunn) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The I in IRFNA (Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid) stands for Inhibited.
		Red fuming nitric acid is a good oxidizer (it contains a lot of nitrogen tetroxide by weight - one chemist commented that red fuming nitric acid wasn't so much a chemical, as a chemical system).
		IRFNA can be stored for years in metal tanks, leading to storable bipropellant liquid fueled missles when teamed with a fuel such as one of the hydrazine series.
	yarchive.net /space/rocket/fuels/inhibited_nitric.html (295 words)

	Rheometer for Time Dependent Non-Newtonian Gel Propellants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It appears to be affected by the formulation, shear rate, temperature, and possibly pressure.
		IRFNA is extremely corrosive, toxic, and has a volatile component that will escape if not contained.
		The MMH (fuel) is extremely flammable with a high volatility and a low flash point.
	www.dtic.mil /dticasd/sbir/sbir022/sbir153.html (489 words)

	Red fuming nitric acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The color of the resulting red fuming nitric acid is due to the dinitrogen tetroxide, which breaks down partially to form nitrogen dioxide.
		It is usually used with an inhibitor (with various, sometimes secret, substances, including hydrogen fluoride; any such combination is called IRFNA) because nitric acid attacks most container materials.
		It can also be a monopropellant; with substances like ammonium nitrates dissolved in it, it can be used as the sole fuel in a rocket.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/IRFNA (195 words)

	Basic of Space Flight: Rocket Propellants
		Consequently, nitrogen tetroxide is usually the oxidizer of choice when freezing point is not an issue.
		USA military specifications for IRFNA were first published in 1954, followed in 1955 with UDMH specifications.
		The Titan family of launch vehicles and the second stage of the Delta II rocket use NTO/Aerozine 50 propellant.
	www.braeunig.us /space/propel.htm (2429 words)

	Section 8
		The oxidizer and accompanying oxides of nitrogen were dangerous in their own right and caused a range of symptoms in people exposed on the ground.
		When inhaled, the oxidizer and its nitrogen oxide decomposition products can produce immediate or delayed symptoms including throat dryness, cough, headache, dizziness, anxiety, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting, chest pain, labored breathing, inflammation of the lungs, choking, fluid build-up in the lungs, and suffocation, depending on the extent of exposure.
		Kerosene is not particularly toxic, even after acute exposure, and is used, for example, as barbecue lighter fluid and in jet fuels.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/iraq/2000/scud_info/scud_info_s08.htm (727 words)

	Dry water - United States Patent 4,008,170
		Dry water was developed for use as a flowable powder source of water which is released by heating.
		The released water in a specific use had a cooling effect to a reaction between IRFNA (inhibited red fuming nitric acid) and the fuel rich gases used to expel the IRFNA that is employed in a liquid rocket motor, such as the Army Lance Missile, which uses a hypergollic reaction for ignition of liquid fuels.
		In this specific use, leakage of IRFNA by the piston employed to expel the IRFNA resulted in reaction between the IRFNA and the hot fuel rich gases which normally caused failure by explosion and/or excessive heating.
	xrint.com /patents/us/4008170 (1375 words)

	Nitric acid/Hydrazine
		The price of RFNA was $ 0.20 per kg in drum lots; IRFNA was slightly higher.
		WFNA - White fuming nitric acid is based on anhydrous nitric acid (HNO3), a colourless corrosive liquid which fumes in moist air.
		The IRFNA specification was published in 1954 and thereafter Russian rocket engines using the same fuel appeared.
	www.friends-partners.org /partners/mwade/props/nitazine.htm (743 words)

	Enviro Safetech Clients Speak!
		My next trip through I paid-up and got it back.
		I thought you would be interested to know that we safely handled several thousand gallons of IRFNA (Red Fuming Nitric Acid) and fuels without incident, thanks in part to the Enviro Safetech training that we received.
		I would like to congratulate you and your staff for being part of this highly successful program and look forward to working with you in the future.
	www.envirosafetech.com /testmonial.html (468 words)

	Propulsion Prototypes and Testing -
		CFDRC is perhaps the only commercial company capable of selling research systems for the manufacture of batch gelled propellants.
		Current systems can be used to prepare inert water simulants or for the gelling of IRFNA or MMH gels.
		CFDRC teamed with ORBITEC to instrument and analyze the combustion process occurring in a vortex-driven tactical rocket motor using gelled IRFNA and MMH.
	www.cfdrc.com /bizareas/aerospace/propulsion/prototest.html (471 words)

	Yorkshire CND - Army scrubs secret testing - 24/1/02
		He said the fuel would be kerosene-based, and that the oxidizer would be inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA).
		The Pentagon and the CIA ascribe some of the illnesses suffered by Gulf War vets, not to chemical warfare agents, but to IRFNA.
		Even barring accidents at launch or along the flight path, these 20 missiles were intended to crash into the Chandalar River Valley with an aggregate 820 gallons of unburned IRFNA on board.
	cndyorks.gn.apc.org /yspace/articles/bmd/armyscrubstests.htm (1976 words)

	Army Develops New Fuel
		The Army announced today the development of a low-toxicity fuel that ignites on contact (hypergolic) with nitrogen tetroxide or inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA).
		A recent test successfully demonstrated that the experimental fuel could be used in satellite launchers that use Aerozine-50, a carcinogenic hypergolic fuel.
		Recent shock-tube experiments at the University of Illinois have shown that propellants containing fluorine can significantly enhance the combustion of energetic boron particles.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/fuel-00c.html (291 words)

	UAH Propulsion Research Center
		When a large shear rate is applied to the gel, the viscosity is decreased, and it can be moved to the combustion chamber and burned.
		The Propulsion Research Center is involved with three aspects of gelled bipropellant propulsion: Long term storage aspects of gelled IRFNA; hypergolicity studies of potential gelled bipropellants; and visualization of the injection, atomization and mixing of the gelled propellants.
		Phosphates are well known efficacious metal corrosion inhibitors; however, their behavior in IRFNA systems is not completely understood.
	prc.uah.edu /archives/reports/fy95rpt/prc95.html (14264 words)

	SBIR/STTR Interactive Topic Information System (SITIS)
		Ideally, we wish to understand how the proposed mechanism may be used to predict ignition delay in new gelled hypergolic propellant systems now under development.
		PHASE I: Proposed mechanisms will be developed for the gas/gas, liquid/liquid/ and gel/gel hypergolic reactions of MMH and IRFNA based on literature search, previous research, thermochemistry predictions, and engine test results.
		Using the experienced gained from the investigation of IRFNA and MMH, preliminary mechanisms will be proposed for the hypergolic reaction of IRFNA with an advanced fuel, currently being developed, in the gas/gas, liquid/liquid, and gel/gel states and a single experimental test series will be performed to provide data towards validation of the proposed mechanisms.
	www.dodsbir.net /Sitis/archives_display_topic.asp?Bookmark=28974 (1304 words)

	Explosive Ordnance Disposal Incidents in Strategic Air Command, 1965-1969
		The Bullpup used a 250 pound general purpose explosive bomb as the warhead, and had a liquid rocket motor to propel it to the target.
		The hypergolic liquid oxidizer, Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid (IRFNA), and the fuel, Mixed Amine Fuel (MAF), were contained in separate tanks surrounding the rocket motor.
		In explosive terms, "deflegration" means to have the explosive properties (the IRFNA oxidizer and MAF fuel) decompose (burn) at less than 7000 feet per second.
	www.zianet.com /tmorris/eod.html (3338 words)

	oxidizer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This latest OSAGWI release provides a basic understanding of inhibited red fuming nitric acid - "IRFNA" - and identifies where and how Gulf War veterans may have been exposed to the fuel.
		During the Gulf War, Iraq used the oxidizer in combination with kerosene to create the thrust needed to launch a rocket or missile.
		When a SCUD broke-up, impacted or was intercepted by coalition weapons, the missile fuel and IRFNA combination could have exposed some troops to the hazards of nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide which some may have mistaken for a chemical or biological warfare agent exposure.
	www.ojc.org /NL/aug99/oxidizer.html (259 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: North Korea:
		The basic construction material is stainless steel plus some air frame structural elements made of aluminum alloy.
		The propulsion system is a liquid rocket engine using the storable propellant combination of inhibited red fuming nitric acrid (IRFNA) and kerosene.
		Ignition is accomplished by a hypergolic (self-igniting) start fuel designated Tonka--the WW II German designator for this propellant--filled into the fuel line at the main fuel valve.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/NK/Missile/1357.html (514 words)

	Syria test fires Scud B missiles - Sean Hannity Discussion
		Two other sources contend that Iraq continued to produce until 2001 liquid fuel and oxidizer specific to Scud-type systems.
		Iraq never declared its pre-Gulf War capability to manufacture Scud IRFNA out of fear, multiple sources have stated, that the al Tariq Factory would be destroyed, leaving Baghdad without the ability to produce highly concentrated nitric acid, explosives and munitions.
		To date we have not discovered documentary or material evidence to corroborate these claims, but continued efforts are underway to clarify and confirm this information with additional Iraqi sources and to locate corroborating physical evidence.
	www.hannity.com /forum/showthread.php?t=9735 (991 words)

	FR Doc 04-10129
		The Commerce Control List (CCL) is amended to reflect changes to the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) Annex agreed to at the September 2003 Plenary in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
		The following ECCNs are affected: 1B118: Changing the 1B118.b parameter from reading ``Capability to open the mixing chamber'' to read ``A single rotating shaft which oscillates and has kneading teeth/pins on the shaft as well as inside the casing of the mixing chamber'' 1C111: Adding Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid (IRFNA) to 1C111.a.3.e.
		Inhibited red fuming nitric acid (IRFNA); Technical Note: Mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) are solutions of nitric oxide (NO) in dinitrogen tetroxide/nitrogen dioxide (N
	edocket.access.gpo.gov /2004/04-10129.htm (1566 words)

	Exclusive: U.S. Finds Radioactive Missiles in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Kh-28 is powered by a liquid-propellant propulsion system that consists of a fuel tank and an oxidizer tank.
		The oxidizer is a dangerous chemical known as "red fuming nitric acid" or IRFNA.
		Each missile carries approximately 20 gallons of IRFNA.
	www.newsmax.com /archives/articles/2004/3/9/154650.shtml (707 words)

	Teledyne Ryan AQM-81 Firebolt
		The engine, built by the Chemical Systems Division (CSD) of United Technology, was throttleable between 0.53 kN (120 lb) and 5.3 kN (1200 lb).
		A ram air turbine, with an inlet below the center fuselage, pressurized the IRFNA (Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid) oxidizer before it was delivered to the thrust chamber, and also provided electrical power for the missile.
		After air launch at about Mach 1.5 from an F-4 aircraft, the hybrid rocket could propel the XAQM-81A to speeds of more than Mach 4 at altitudes of 30000 m (100000 ft).
	www.designation-systems.net /dusrm/m-81.html (444 words)

	asp launch crew (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		They would mate the missiles and boosters on a launch rail, install three warheads in each missile, then transport them by trailer to the Fueling Section.
		There each missile’s fuel tank was loaded with JP-4 fuel and the oxidizer tank filled with Inhibited Red Fuming Nitric Acid (IRFNA).
		During the fueling process the men wore rubber safety suits called Moon Suits.
	home.sport.rr.com /nikeajax/72.htm (281 words)

	Prithvi SRBM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Some of the ground work for Prithvi was done as part of the earlier projects known as Project Devil
		The two Prithvi liquid engines are derived from scaling down the 30-ton Valiant engine and scaling up the Russian V-755 engine used by SA-2 surface-to-air missile, using 'IRFNA' [inhibited red-fuming nitric acid] as an oxidizer and G-fuel (Xylidiene and Tri-ethylamine).
		Prithvi can also be launched from warships equipped with the Dhanush (Sanskrit/Hindi word for Bow, as in bow and arrow), a hydraulically stabilized launch pad.
	www.bharat-rakshak.com /MISSILES/Prithvi.html (3210 words)

	Re: Practical Propellants?
		I don't think I'd class the handling of IRFNA in the same category as
		A minor splash of gasoline on the skin: go wash it off,
		We are proud to have Web Hosting and Rack Housing from 9 Net Avenue Deutschland.
	sci.tech-archive.net /Archive/sci.chem/2005-09/msg00394.html (144 words)

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