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Topic: ITCZ

	Intertropical Convergence Zone
		Ferreira and Schubert (1997) suggested that the fluctuations in the ITCZ and the associated generation of tropical cyclones is due to barotropic instability in the ITCZ.
		Interestingly, surface entropy fluxes are not particularly enhanced in the vicinity of the simulated ITCZ, which means that the enhancement of rainfall in the ITCZ is a consequence of the tropospheric moistening alone.
		During such active phases, the ITCZ is observed to move to the north, perhaps as a consequence of the near-coastal forcing of convection resulting from orographically generated low level jets and the associated enhancement of surface fluxes.
	www.physics.nmt.edu /~raymond/epic2001/overview/node5.html (1544 words)

	ITCZ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is an area of low pressure that forms where the Northeast Trade Winds meet the Southeast Trade Winds near the earth's equator.
		However, the ITCZ is less mobile over the oceanic longitudes, where it holds a stationary position just north of the equator.
		ENSO event, during which the ITCZ is deflected toward unusually warm sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific.
	iri.ldeo.columbia.edu /~bgordon/ITCZ.html (193 words)

	Top Story - SATELLITE SEES DOUBLE ZONES OF CONVERGING TROPICAL WINDS AROUND THE WORLD - July 09, 2002
		The Southern ITCZ is depicted by the zonally oriented yellow patches south of the equator.
		The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the region that circles the Earth near the equator, where the trade winds of both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres come together.
		North of the equator, strong sun and warm water of the equator heats the air in the ITCZ, drawing air in from north and south and causing the air to rise.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/20020711itczworks.html (1013 words)

	Weather Prospects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The ITCZ is a cloudy, unstable and wet region where winds from the southern and northern hemispheres converge, forming the Earth’s “weather equator”.
		Along the ITCZ, skies have a high frequency of heavy cloudiness as the wind flow from the two hemispheres converges and forces the tropical air to rise, a sure-fire recipe for cloud and rain.
		The climatological position of the ITCZ lies along the northern borders of Ghana, Benin and Togo, and across the northern third of Nigeria (Figure 1), but it is a mobile feature and oscillates back and forth from week to week.
	home.cc.umanitoba.ca /~jander/tot2006/weather.htm (5130 words)

	What Keeps the ITCZ North of the Equator? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is a long-standing mystery that the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) stays north of the equator over the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans despite that the annual-mean solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere is symmetric with respect to the equator.
		The ITCZ stays north of the equator because SST is higher; and the SST is higher north because the ITCZ stays there.
		A condition for this spontaneous development of latitudinal asymmetry is the equatorial upwelling that prevents the ITCZ from forming at the equator.
	iprc.soest.hawaii.edu /~xie/ITCZ.html (1164 words)

	Cloud Patterns on SSEC Maps
		In the summer image the clouds of the ITCZ are generally north of the equator, covering south and southeast Asia, Africa north of the equator, and Central America.
		In the January image the position of the clouds of the ITCZ are displaced to the south, relative to the summer image.
		Along the ITCZ the clouds are patchy compared to the linear clouds of the middle latitudes.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /jrcarter/Geo211/WebPage-211/AdvSSEC1.html (723 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Intertropical Convergence Zone, known also as the doldrums or ITCZ, is the main focal point for showers and thunderstorms in the tropics.
		The reason for this is that northeasterly trade winds to the north of the ITCZ meet southeasterly trade winds from the south.
		During the northern hemisphere's winter, the ITCZ migrates southward to just south of the equator in some areas.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/witcz.htm (165 words)

	Intertropical Convergence Zone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Students will correlate convective activity at the ITCZ with other satellite data on the Internet and research the implications of this area on the global earth processes.
		The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is an area of the globe, just north of the equator, that is characterized by an abnormal amount of convective precipitation.
		Use the ITCZ chart to record the northern and southern most latitudes that appear to make up the band of clouds causing the most precipitation in the ITCZ.
	coolspace.gsfc.nasa.gov /outreach/activity/itcz.html (442 words)

	esbensen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The rainfall climatology of the PACS region is dominated by ITCZ's and the continental monsoons.
		The ITCZ to the north of the equator appears as an intense and narrow band extending from near the coast of Central America to the central Pacific.
		The scientific foci of the work are the accurate measurement of the heat, momentum, and freshwater fluxes in the eastern tropical Pacific, the relation of the vertical structure of the upper ocean and sea surface temperature to the local air-sea fluxes, and particularly, the role of the precipitation in governing sea surface temperature.
	tao.atmos.washington.edu /esbensen.012098.html (17784 words)

	Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The ITCZ, or ITC, is an area where the winds of the Northern and Southern hemispheres converge.
		The Regional Tropical Analysis Center denotes this zone as "A nearly continuous fluent line (usually confluent) representing the principal asymptote of the Equatorial Trough." In general, it is an area where horizontal convergence of airflow is occurring.
		This results in a reduction or clearing of clouds along one portion of the ITCZ cloud band and an intensification of the cloud band in advance of the burst of cross-equatorial flow.
	www.tpub.com /weather2/9-24.htm (368 words)

	ITCZ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The ITCZ is a band of low pressure which forms over the regions of the warmest waters and land masses in the tropics.
		The ITCZ is not a stationary band but tends to migrate to the warmest surface areas throughout the year.
		While El Nino conditions prevail, the normal migration of the ITCZ is disrupted due to the unusually warm sea surface temperatures which occur in the tropical Pacific.
	eso.org /gen-fac/pubs/astclim/espas/world/Climate/ITCZ/ITCZ-esrg.html (142 words)

	CPC: Africa ITCZ Monitoring (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Though Figure 2 shows a near constant latitude, compared to the previous dekad, of the region averaged from 10 degrees west to 10 degrees east, this is highly misleading due to the fact that the position is averaged for the ten day period.
		For the record, the ITCZ was located near 18.8N during the dekad, compared to a normal position of around 18.7N, and a position last dekad of 19.0N.
		Judging on the latest analysis, it appears that the ITCZ has reached its maximum northerly peak, at least in the eastern areas of Africa, though it is yet to be determined if such is the case in the west.
	www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov /products/fews/ITCZ/itcz.html (225 words)

	[No title]
		Similarly, the cooling associated with the latent heat flux in the vicinity of the ITCZ is relatively small because of the weaker surface winds.
		Even though the ITCZ forms at the equator, the effects of the reversed surface temperature gradient are felt throughout the troposphere (Fig.
		Co-located with the ITCZ of EXP1 is a relative minimum in the implied surface temperature.
	grads.iges.org /reps/fulldocs/ICTZ/ICTZ.htm (8877 words)

	U.S. CLIVAR Atlantic Process Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The ITCZ and its associated convection and rainfall are a major feature of the tropical Atlantic climate.
		The location of the Atlantic ITCZ varies with the seasons reaching furthest to the south in the boreal spring (March-April) and furthest to the north in the boreal summer (July-August).
		The pattern and limits of the annual migration of the Atlantic ITCZ vary from year to year, resulting in significant interannual variations in rainfall over the coastal regions of eastern tropical South America and West Africa.
	www.cgd.ucar.edu /~jhurrell/CLIVAR_Atl/kushnir.html (1094 words)

	JetStream - An Online Weather School: Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
		When the ITCZ is to the south of the equator, the north-east winds prevail over Nigeria, producing the dry-season conditions.
		When the ITCZ moves into the Northern Hemisphere, the south westerly wind prevails as far inland to bring rain fall during the wet season.
		This is due to the ITCZ moving to the north of the region.
	www.srh.noaa.gov /srh/jetstream/tropics/itcz.htm (683 words)

	ITCZ
		Meteorologists concentrate on the cloudiness and rainfall associated with this area and, as a result, some identify the ITCZ as the narrow east-west band of vigorous cumulonimbus clouds and heavy precipitation which forms along the equatorward boundary of the trade wind regimes.
		The primary wet season occurs between May and July when the ITCZ is moving northward, while the secondary wet season from November to January is associated with the southward movement of the ITCZ.
		The intensity of the ITCZ varies significantly from one day to the other and it is not uncommon for the ITCZ to be very active and intense one day and to disappear entirely 24 hours later.
	www.geocities.com /calecewec/weather_2.htm (367 words)

	1.2 Pacific Ocean Surface Streamline Pattern (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In the western Pacific, the Southern Hemisphere ITCZ and near equatorial trough or buffer zone and SPCZ have moved equatorward.
		The ITCZ in the eastern North Pacific has now moved north of 10°N. The active portion of the ITCZ now extends west to 125°W. The confluent portion of the ITCZ extends farther west to the point where it is nearly connected with the monsoon trough in the western North Pacific.
		The eastern North Pacific ITCZ is once again located at or south of 10°N and the active portion is confined east of the col near 95°W and 9°N. As in May, the ITCZ and near equatorial trough exist on both sides of the equator in the western Pacific.
	www.nrlmry.navy.mil /~chu/chap2/se102.htm (619 words)

	MetLinkInternational - Weather Review
		The tallest rain clouds of the ITCZ reach altitudes of 12-15 km, where the temperature is typically in the range –65 to –80°C. Water-vapour images show distributions of water vapour in the upper troposphere.
		The cumulonimbus clouds of the ITCZ are grouped in so-called ‘cloud clusters’, each of which typically has a diameter of several hundred kilometres.
		The occurrence of rain on the ITCZ is more determined by local factors such as orographic lifting than by weather systems like those that bring clouds, precipitation and strong winds to middle latitudes.
	www.metlink.org /data/review.php?ID=40 (958 words)

	Will the real ITCZ present itself? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a circum-global area where the trade wind outflows from the equally circum-global sub-tropical high pressure belt converge.
		The ITCZ is the region of towering cumulonimbus clouds.
		Like all equatorial air masses, the ITCZ is usually lethargic in its rate of advance and retreat.
	www.economist.com.na /2004/23jan/01-23-05.htm (415 words)

	Where the trade winds meet: air-sea coupling in the inter-tropical convergence zone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Because the strength and position of the ITCZ influence tropical and global weather patterns, it is anticipated that better knowledge of links between the ITCZ and the ocean can be used to improve the skill of seasonal-to-interannual prediction in the Americas.
		Despite the fact that solar radiation is blocked by the clouds in the ITCZ, the measurements reveal that the net heating of the sea surface is actually larger under the ITCZ because weak winds and high relative humidity cause reduced evaporative cooling of the sea surface.
		The ITCZ is recognizable as a band of clouds near 10°N, and easterly waves are visible as patches of clouds.
	www.oar.noaa.gov /spotlite/archive/spot_pacs.html (1126 words)

	untitled
		The ITCZ is not a smooth and complete cloud band, but varies spatially due to topographical disturbances, the East-African Highlands and mountain areas (where the climate shows altitude-related alterations), and pressure and wind patterns over the Indian Ocean.
		Further, the ITCZ shifts with the seasons, according to the 'migration' of the sun and the related intensive insolation.
		Mean monthly position of the ITCZ over tropical Africa as indicated by the monthly average outgoing long-wave radiation for the June 1974 to December 1991 period.
	www.abdn.ac.uk /~geo027/gg3520/ipClimates.htm (753 words)

	ITCZ Inflow
		To characterize the inflows and outflows associated with the east Pacific ITCZ, we should therefore look primarily to the south of the ITCZ in the near-equatorial region.
		From a theoretical perspective, Mahrt (1972a,b) demonstrates that near-equatorial boundary layers characteristic of the eastern Pacific ITCZ inflow can have complex vertical structures that are sensitive to pressure adjustments caused by the convergence of turbulent fluxes in the boundary layer and the effects of latent heat release in convection.
		At this point, it is not clear whether the thickness of the ITCZ inflow layer is due to the depth of the heating in ITCZ disturbances, the deepening due to deceleration of cross equatorial ABL flow as it approaches the ITCZ, or deepening due to the entrainment of air from above.
	physics.nmt.edu /~raymond/epic2001/epicsupplement/overview/node6.html (833 words)

	Weather Along the ITCZ
		The degree and severity of the weather along the ITCZ varies, based on the degree of convergence.
		With the exception of coastal areas under the influence of onshore winds, the reverse is true over land—the daily maximum occurs in the late morning.
		Over the Indian Ocean, during the Southern Hemisphere summer, the ITCZ cloud band is much broader than it is over either the Atlantic or eastern Pacific oceans.
	www.tpub.com /weather2/9-25.htm (484 words)

	02May23a
		Both ITCZ's are marked by an east-west line (along 10N and 10S respectively) of cyclonic vorticity at low levels, as seen on the TLAPS operation 900 hPa vorticity analysis (Blue is cyclonic in the southern hemisphere; green is cyclonic in the northern hemisphere).
		Looking at the vector wind analysis for 850 hPa, both ITCZ's are associated with -partial-U/partial-y cyclonic vorticity, associated with a sharp edge to the easterly trades between 10 and 20 degrees North and South.
		The second interesting aspect of today's double ITCZ is that the southern component being dominant is unusual for late May. On my web-page, I have put a link to some time-latitude sections for various longitude strips (from another work in progress..
	www.bom.gov.au /bmrc/clfor/cfstaff/jmb/02May23a.html (570 words)

	Regional-Scale Climatology of the NAMS
		The ITCZ extends to the north of 10° N between 110° W and 120° W. Heavy rainfall is also found along the coastal areas of southwestern Mexico.
		The ITCZ lies over the warmer ocean water, however it is not coincident with the highest SST shown in Figure 1.3 (pdf)(ps).
		In contrast to that in the NCEP reanalysis, the maximum precipitation in the MM5 is centered near 13° N, between 110° W and 100° W. The latitudinal position of the ITCZ in the region is further north than that observed (Figure 1.1a (pdf)(ps)).
	www.met.utah.edu /jhorel/cirp/pacs_new/dissertation.html (14703 words)

	Spatial Variability in Atmospheric Boundary Layer Structures over the Eastern Equatorial Pacific (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A comparison of soundings over the cold tongue with those over the ITCZ indicates that differences in static stability between these regions are limited to the layer from the surface to about 850 mb, which is the mean height of the inversions capping the cloud layer over the cold tongue.
		The boundary layers with inversions in the ITCZ may be maintained by subsidence in the vicinity of deep convection.
		A comparison of the average thermodynamic structure over the ITCZ with that over the cold tongue indicates that the virtual potential temperature difference between these two areas is confined to the layer between 850 mb and the surface.
	storm.rsmas.miami.edu /~byin/paper1/paper1.htm (10092 words)

	pp21a in fm03
		The data are consistent with a southward displacement of the Pacific ITCZ during the last glacial maximum relative to the Holocene, and a more northern ITCZ position in the early/middle Holocene relative to the late Holocene.
		The impact of ITCZ motion on local sea surface temperatures (SSTs), rainfall, primary production and Cariaco sediment properties is marked, with varved sediments preserved during anoxic intervals the result of the seasonal contrast between biogenic input during the upwelling season and detrital input from rivers during the wet season.
		Whether the rapid shifts in ITCZ position reflect a response to forcing originating in the high latitude Atlantic or to forcing potentially sourced in the tropics is a key question yet to be answered.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm03&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/fm03/fm03&maxhits=200&="PP21A" (2462 words)

	Dynamical Processes - Group Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The ITCZ appears as a narrow cloudy band on or near the equator in satellite images and reflects the regions of strong low-level convergence and intense precipitation within the tropics.
		The strength and position of the ITCZ is influenced by the underlying SST but the exact nature of the relationship is not clear even to the extent that there may be a single ITCZ or two ITCZs either side of the equator.
		Although two distinct precipitation peaks appear at 17 degrees N and S it is not strictly speaking an ITCZ feature but instead results from convection being triggered in preferential regions on the equatorward side of mid-latitude systems that extend over warm waters in the sub-tropics.
	www.met.rdg.ac.uk /~dynamic/rich/richards_research.html (1066 words)

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