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Topic: Iberian Union

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	Personal union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Personal unions can arise for very different reasons, ranging from near coincidence (a princess who is already married to a king becomes a queen regnant, and their child inherits the crown of both countries) to virtual annexation (where a personal union sometimes was seen as a means of preventing uprisings).
		Personal union with the Duchy of Brittany from 1491, when Duchess Anne of Brittany married King Charles VIII of France under duress, to 1532 when the Duchy of Brittany was formally annexed to the Kingdom of France.
		Iberian Union with Portugal from 1580 to 1640 (under Philip II of Spain, his son and grandson)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Personal_union (2141 words)

	Iberian Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Iberian Union - modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580-1640.
		This union was composed of Portugal and Spain, after the Portuguese dynastic crisis and in a personal union of the crowns, along with their respective colonial possessions.
		The union was already being pursued as early as the late 1400s, and could have been achieved had Miguel da Paz, Prince of Asturias, become king.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iberian_Union (156 words)

	European Voyages of Exploration: Iberian Pioneers
		These port cities would be the leaders of Iberian overseas expansion with their outward focus on trade as exporters of wool, textiles, and iron, and importers of spices, silk and luxury goods.
		Iberian society was made up of three different social classes: the nobility, the commoners, and the clergy.
		The Iberian Peninsula is dominated by mountains and lacks arable land except in a few plateau areas and in some coastal regions.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/Iberian.html (1826 words)

	CSG Species Accounts: Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)
		An analysis of the Iberian lynx predation upon fallow deer in the Coto Doñana, SW Spain.
		[The lynx in the Iberian peninsula: fragmentation and decline.] Bull.
		The status and distribution of the Iberian lynx, Felis pardina (Temminck), in the Coto Doñana area, SW Spain.
	lynx.uio.no /jon/lynx/lynxibrf.htm (467 words)

	Portugal Iberian Union - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International ...
		During the reign of Philip II, the terms of the proclamation of the union of the two crowns were generally upheld.
		With Philip's death in 1598 and the ascension to the Spanish throne of his son, Philip III, much less respect began to be paid to the provision that preserved Portugal's autonomy.
		Although Portugal's seaborne empire had begun to decline before the sixty years of incorporation in the Iberian Union, the "Spanish captivity," as this period is called by the Portuguese, hastened this process.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/portugal/portugal_history_iberian_union.html (733 words)

	Iberian Peninsula Fact Sheet
		The Iberian Peninsula has limited energy resources, so both Spain and Portugal must depend upon imports for the bulk of their energy needs.
		Union Fenosa, Iberdrola, and Endesa are currently building the Sagunto LNG terminal in Valencia.
		Union Fenosa and Endesa are also leading construction of the El Ferrol LNG terminal in northwest Spain.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/iberian.html (3278 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Economic History of Portugal
		To the north and the east, it shares land frontiers with Spain, and both countries constitute the Iberian Peninsula, a landmass separated directly from France and, then, from the rest of the continent by the Pyrenees.
		It was one of those episodes that led to a major moment both for the centralization of power in the Portuguese crown within the Portuguese territory and for the successful separation of Portugal from Castile.
		The Dutch attack on Portuguese colonial possessions ranged from America (Brazil) to Africa (Sao Tome and Angola) to Asia (India, several points in Southeast Asia, and Indonesia), and in the course of it several Portuguese territories were conquered, mostly in Asia.
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/article/amaral.portugal (9498 words)

	Portuguese Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From 1580 to 1640, the throne of Portugal was held by the Habsburg kings of Spain resulting in the biggest colonial empire until then (see Iberian Union).
		In 1583 Philip II of Spain as king of Portugal sent his combined Iberian fleet to clear the French traders from the Azores, decisively hanging his prisoners-of-war from the yardarms and contributing to the "Black Legend".
		In fact, it was the Cold War that destroyed the Portuguese empire, as the USA and USSR tried to increase their spheres of influence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Portuguese_Empire (2804 words)

	History of Portugal (1112-1279) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The origin of Portugal, as a separate state, lay in the Christian reconquest of the Iberian peninsula.
		Twelve years of campaigning on the Galician frontier were concluded in 1143 by the peace of Zamora, in which Alphonso was recognized as independent of any other Iberian sovereign, although he promised to be a faithful vassal of the pope and to pay him a yearly tribute of four ounces of gold.
		The legitimacy of the union has been questioned, on grounds which appear insufficient; but of its unpopularity there can be no doubt.
	www.toshare.info /en/The_establishment_of_the_monarchy_in_Portugal.htm (2231 words)

	NEWSmore2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Police union officials have said they are ready for a long legal battle if consolidation moves forward, but Pellerin said their resistance is only making things worse.
		The union was proposing a property tax to fund salary increases, but after several months of negotiations last fall, the city re-assessed its property values, said NIPD Capt. Mac Wood.
		He also noted that the state police union is ready to take action when and if the City Council goes forward with the attempt to cut the police force and contract out for police services.
	www.local152.homestead.com /NEWSmore2.html (11258 words)

	Lynx Iberico, Iberian lynx
		Feeding ecology of the Spanish lynx in the Coto Doñana.
		--Palma, L.A. [On the distribution, ecology and conservation of the Iberian lynx in Portugal.] Actas I Reunion Iberoamer.
		Current range and status of the Iberian lynx Felis pardina Temminck, 1824 in Spain.
	lynx.uio.no /jon/lynx/pardref1.htm (440 words)

	Blue Ridge Country: The Melungeons Revisited
		In no small way, the story of First Union echoes that of the Melungeon people: It is the story of people finally finding a voice in a culture hell-bent on not hearing it.
		What First Union offers Young is a chance to make sense of myriad small things in her childhood, habits such as burying food, which she remembers clearly.
		It was like the chorus of a song: over and over, First Union attendees talked about the long code of silence in their families, the warnings from elders not to ask too many questions, the shame of their dark-skinned mystery.
	www.blueridgecountry.com /melung/melung.html (3821 words)

	.: J. O. de Meira Penna :: Publicações :: Artigos :.
		It was the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 that set the division of lands to be discovered in the New World between the Iberian monarchs, thus precluding a serious clash that both the Catholic kings and Dom João II of Portugal contemplated with misgivings.
		The country was born out of an unfulfilled dream of Dom Afonso V of Portugal, of imperial Iberian union, and of an imminent conflict between the neighboring sovereigns, a clash happily avoided thanks to the spirit of diplomatic conciliation to which the Pope added the prestige of his good offices.
		With all the tremendous potentialities that such circumstances grant the country, union in the immensity of its territory is the sole miraculous datum in the history of Brazil.
	www.meirapenna.org /en/publications/brazilian_geopolitics_and_foreign_policy.htm (4121 words)

	Historical Background
		The Azores archipelago is located about 1,500 km to the west of the Iberian peninsula, roughly between latitudes 37º and 39º north, to the west of Lisbon.
		All the Iberian ships coming from overseas passed then through the Azores, making the islands a very attractive target for the northern European privateers, that went rampant on the two last decades of the XVIth century.
		The end of the Iberian union in 1641 significantly reduced the Azores islands´s role as a trading post.
	nautarch.tamu.edu /SHIPLAB/acores-geral00.htm (625 words)

	TV LINK Europe
		This is true of the Iberian lynx, a species of feline once widespread over the whole of the Iberian peninsula.
		The European Union is battling to stem this phenomenon, which is not an inevitable one.
		This is being achieved by uprooting eucalyptus trees in order to increase the water level, by maintaining areas of maquis, by breeding and reintroducing rabbits, and through a programme to control rabbit diseases and the development of enclosed islets, cleared and grassed, which serve as a “secured” area for the rabbits to feed and reproduce.
	www.tvlink.org /vnr.cfm?vidID=87 (2611 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Transporting this work, measuring 3.09 x 3.81 m and weighing approximately one ton with packing, required care and expertise, and was successfully achieved by VARIG CARGO, which used a DC-10 cargo aircraft specifically for this purpose.
		The exhibition portrays the União Ibérica (Iberian Union) period, which corresponds to an exceptionally creative artistic and literary age, forming part of the Golden Century of Spanish art.
		Paintings, books, jewels, maps and coins form part of the exhibition, which is divided into four modules — Iberian Union (with portraits and landscapes), Defense of the Empire, Spanish Culture and Spanish Art (religious themes with exclusive rooms for El Greco, Velázquez and Bodegón) — which demonstrate the link between the Spanish and Brazilian cultures.
	www.variglog.com /ingles/imprensa/press30.htm (347 words)

	Portugal
		Salazar outlawed labor unions, replacing them with organizations that were supposed to bring labor and capital together in such a way that class conflict was avoided.
		The Iberian Peninsula is a geographic unit that contains a number of distinct regions based on climate and geomorphology, such as Andalusia, Castile, Galicia, and Lusitania.
		In 406 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by Germanic peoples consisting of Vandals, Swabians, and Alans, a non-Germanic people of Iranian stock who had attached themselves to the Vandals.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/portugal/all.html (19003 words)

	Spain and Portugal 2
		The court circle detested the Liberal Union, and the radical Progressives were unrelenting in their assaults, using press freedom to hasten destruction of the only effective government that had upheld press freedom.
		The Hispanic version of the national unification drives of the period 1848-1870 was the idea of Iberian union between Spain and Portugal, backed up by the peninsular railway construction of the 1850s.
		The Federalists hoped ultimately to include Portugal in a broad peninsular federation, but the ideal of Iberian union faded after 1874, partly because it had been supported most strongly by the more radical and was viewed with suspicion by conservatives as a revolutionist's scheme.
	libro.uca.edu /payne2/payne20.htm (13666 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Economic History of Portugal
		Romans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around the third century B.C., and kept their rule until the fifth century of the Christian era.
		But sometimes they envisaged something different, such as an Iberian union with Portugal as its true political head.
		As such, they constituted one further step in the affirmation of Portugal as a separate political entity in the Iberian Peninsula.
	eh.net /encyclopedia/article/amaral.portugal (9498 words)

	edie news centre - EU must protect endangered lynx habitat to prevent its extinction
		The Iberian lynx could be the first big cat to become extinct in 10,000 years if the European Union and Spain do not do more to protect the last 100 remaining animals, WWF has warned this week.
		Roads have been identified as one of the biggest killers of the Iberian lynx and have been largely blamed for the species population dropping by almost half in two years.
		According to the international conservation organisation, the EU is actively contributing to the decline of the Iberian lynx through funding road and dam developments in the only remaining critical lynx habitat, which urgently needs to be included under the EU's Natura 2000 network (see related story) of protected areas.
	www.edie.net /news/news_story.asp?id=9641&channel=0 (542 words)

	Inside Europe: Iberian Notes
		Giscard "d'Estaing" is accusing the Gang of Eight of violating the Treaty of Maastricht by a) not abstaining from actions which contravene EU foreign policy and b) not coordinating their actions within other international organizations.
		The European Union, though, headquartered in--you guessed it--Brussels, is with the Axis of Weasels.
		The rules and the size of the European Union are totally European problems, and this is why we have to open a debate about how to transmit to the Europeans the idea that we are the actors of our destiny, the protagonists of our future.
	www.iberiannotes.blogspot.com /2003_02_02_iberiannotes_archive.html (8439 words)

	PORTUGAL - LoveToKnow Article on PORTUGAL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The advocates of union with Spain, however, were numerous, influential, and ably led by their spokesmen in the cortes, Christovo de Moura and Antonio Pinheiro, bishop of Leiria.
		On these terms the political union of the Iberian Peninsula was accomplished.
		Queen Marie detested Alphonso and fell in love with his brother D. Pedro and after four months of a hated union she left the palace and applied to the chapter of Lisbon cathedral to annul her marriag~ on the ground of non-consummation.
	88.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PO/PORTUGAL.htm (21258 words)

	Environment News Service (ENS)
		Campaigners against the dam say that a 135 square kilometer (52 square mile) area inhabited by the highly endangered Iberian Lynx is being illegally cleared to make way for the dam.
		SOS LYNX, the conservation group which first alerted the international community to previously unseen official documents showing confirmed lynx sightings where the dam is being built, has filed official complaints with the European Commission demanding that work be suspended.
		The World Wide Fund for Nature estimates there are fewer than 800 Iberian lynx remaining in isolated pockets in Spain and Portugal, though they were once common throughout the Iberian Peninsula and into the south of France.
	www.ens-newswire.com /ens/may2001/2001-05-01-01.asp (1061 words)

	FOXNews.com - CountryWatch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		During this period, Lusitania, the portion of the western Iberian Peninsula known today as Portugal, experienced many waves of conquest and settlement by Iberos, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Swabians, Visigoths and Muslims.
		The fifth period, one of imperial decline, began with the dynastic crisis of 1580, which saw the demise of the House of Avis.
		During this period, Portugal was part of the Iberian Union until 1640, when the monarchy was restored and a new dynasty, the House of Bragança, was established.
	www.countrywatch.com /fox/country.asp?vCOUNTRY=139&topic=PCFHY (394 words)

	RSE: Portugal
		Portugal is a heterogeneous territorial, demographic and cultural formation, blending influences from a diversity of settling populations, ranging from Celts, Iberians, Phoenicians or Romans to Arabs, and with a strong Jewish presence.
		Both the Spanish and Portuguese monarchies followed a strategy of unifying the two crowns through alliances based on marriage, but only in 1580 was this achieved, with Philip II of Spain becoming king of Portugal.
		Another recent trend is that of Brazilians who often use Portugal as a platform to migrate to the European Union.
	www.ces.fe.uc.pt /emancipa/gen/portugal.html (2479 words)

	Birth of the FAI - Edgar Rodrigues On The Origins Of The Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI)
		The launching of the FAI was first mooted at the Congress of workers' organisations from Portugal and Spain held in the Portuguese town of Evora in 1923.
		It was in fact at this get-together of representatives from the Iberian libertarian trade union organisations that the Portuguese Manuel Joaquim de Sousa suggested that the confederal libertarian movement in the Iberian peninsula amalgamate, uniting Portuguese and Spanish anarchists into a single body.
		Germinal de Sousa, son of the author of the draft project to launch an Iberian Anarchist Federation, and a refugee in Spain at the time was also on hand.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/spain/birth_fai.html (774 words)

	h_a_04_eng
		From this union of Iberian and Celtic tribes rose a new ethnicity: the
		When Phocea was occupied by the Persians in the VI century B.C., the Phocians settled in Corsica (and not in the Iberian Peninsula), which reflects up to a certain degree the kind of hardships the Greek settlers were probably enduring.
		The oriental legacy in the Iberian Peninsula was mostly Phoenician, considering that their presence was a lot mroe intense than the Greek.
	www.geocities.com /alex221166/h_a_04_eng.html (1147 words)

	Presentation at the Panel “Latin America: Business and financial links” at the Royal Institute of Economic Affairs ...
		There is plenty of trade diversion in favor of the “small” country to the detriment of the “large” country in customs unions between countries of different size, and in the presence of less than free trade with the rest of the world.
		Yet what is commonly forgotten is that the monetary union for Iberian countries was in many ways similar to what the emerging markets macroeconomic vocabulary designates as “dollarization”.
		As Iberian countries adopted the Euro as their national currency, they were doing nothing much different from Argentina in adopting a foreign currency, a “hard currency” (the dollar) as her national currency.
	venus.rdc.puc-rio.br /gfranco/RIIA1.htm (2385 words)

	Cambio de residencia con franquicia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Personal goods must have been in the possession of the person concerned, at the place of his former residence, for at least six months before the date when he ceased to have his residence in the third country.
		Normal residence outside the European Union during at least twelve consecutive months on the date of the change.
		Application submitted at the customs office of entry in the Iberian Peninsula or Balearic Islands, or the closest customs office to your new domicile, asking for duty-free import release of your personal goods and effects because you are moving.
	www.aeat.es /webingles/aduanas/preguntas/camresfr.htm (2546 words)

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