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Topic: Iberian alphabet

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	Iberians - LoveToKnow 1911
		Iberians thus meant sometimes the population of the peninsula in general and sometimes, it would appear, the peoples of some definite race (yEvos) which formed one element in that population.
		Knowledge of ancient Iberian language and history is mainly derived from a variety of coins, found widely distributed in the peninsula,' and also in the neighbourhood of Narbonne.
		They are inscribed in an alphabet which has many points of similarity with the western Greek alphabets, and some with the Punic alphabet; but which seems to retain a few characters from an older script akin to those of Minoan Crete and Roman Libya.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Iberians (1302 words)

	Alphabet - LoveToKnow 1911
		The earliest alphabetic document which can be dated with comparative certainty is the famous Moabite stone, which was discovered in 1868, and after a controversy between rival claimants which led to its being broken in pieces by the Arabs, ultimately reached the Louvre, where in a restored form it remains.
		The earliest alphabet consisted of twenty-two letters, and bears a very close resemblance to the earliest Greek alphabet from A to T. The symbols in the Greek alphabet from Y to S2, or in the numerical alphabet to 7), are not found in the Phoenician alphabet.
		Another form of the Aramaic alphabet, namely, the so-called Estrangela writing which was in use amongst the Christians of northern Syria, was carried by Nestorian missionaries into Central Asia and became the ancestor of a multitude of alphabets spreading through the Turkomans as far east as Manchuria.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Alphabet (11287 words)

	Alphabet
		An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters--basic written symbols--each of which roughly represents or represented historically a phoneme of a spoken language.
		The word alphabet itself is derived from alpha and beta, the first two symbols of the Greek alphabet.
		Alphabetic material was uncovered at Serabit el-Khadem in Sinai in 1905 and at Ugarit in Syria in 1929.
	www.guajara.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/a/al/alphabet.html (1024 words)

	Iberian Script - Crystalinks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Iberian scripts have been found on the Iberian peninsula, in southern France and on the Balearic Islands.
		In the 3rd century BC the Iberian peninsula was invaded first by Carthage, then by the Romans.
		The Iberian family of scripts is consisted of two "styles", called Northeast and South.
	www.crystalinks.com /iberian.html (200 words)

	Celt-Iberians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Iberian auxiliaries often accounted for half of a Carthaginian army, while the Romans usually employed much smaller contingents.
		Though the Iberians were considered second-rate troops by both the Carthaginians and Romans, they may well have taken a lack of enthusiasm to die for their colonial masters as an indication of their true capabilities.
		The Celt-Iberians were tribes of mixed Iberian and Celtic stock who inhabited an area in present north-central Spain from the 3rd century BC onward.
	www.barca.fsnet.co.uk /celtiberians.htm (496 words)

	international phonetic alphabet - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		These teachers based the IPA upon the Romic alphabet of Henry Sweet (1880-1881, 1971), which was formed from the Phonotypic Alphabet of Isaac Pitman and Alexander John Ellis (Kelly 1981).
		The alphabet has undergone a number of revisions during its history, including some major ones codified by the IPA Kiel Convention (1989); the most recent revision was in 1993, updated again in 1996.
		The difference between these alphabets and IPA is relatively small, although often the special characters of the IPA are abandoned in favour of diacritics or digraphs in these alphabets, since many typewriters and older computers have no support for the many special characters of the IPA.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/International-Phonetic-Alphabet (1049 words)

	Alphabet
		An alphabet is a small set of letters--basic written symbols--each of which roughly represents or represented historically a phoneme of a spoken language.
		The first alphabet was probably developed by the Canaanites around 1700-1500 BC (see early Semitic alphabet), and nearly all subsequent alphabets are derived from it or inspired by it, directly or indirectly.
		Of special note among its descendants is the Greek alphabet, which was the first to have separate symbols for vowels (Semitic didn't need them).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/al/Alphabet.html (820 words)

	AncientWeb.org: Ancient Spain, the Art, Culture and History of Ancient Iberia
		The Celt-Iberians were tribes of mixed Iberian and Celtic stock who inhabited an area in present north-central Spain from the 3rd century BC onward.
		Nabia was the Iberian Goddess of Rivers and Water.
		In the fifth century BC, Herodotus indicated that the source of the river Istro (now known as the Danube) was in the land of the Celts, which stretched beyond the Pillars of Hercules, and bordered the land of the Kynesios (or Kynetes), who were thought to be the most western tribe in Europe.
	www.ancientweb.org /Spain/index.htm (4465 words)

	Press room
		The Iberian peninsula was so named after the first culture with a certain amount of homogeneity insofar as its common social and economic structure is concerned that developed on the Mediterranean coast in the south of France and Spain.
		Iberians laid out population centres equipped with significant fortifications, created an art of their own which they developed over the course of five centuries, and shared a common language with its corresponding written form and a money-based economy that enabled them to maximize the country’s agricultural, livestock and mining riches.
		This presentation provides background on the Iberians, their external influences and the invasions that befell them; a map is used to show the main Iberian settlements discovered up to the present day, which are to be found all along the Mediterranean coast and the southern part of the Iberian peninsula, from Andalusia to south-eastern France.
	www.premsacaixa.com /View_Note/1,1274,3-7-502,00.html (1320 words)

	[No title]
		This culture was born in the Southeast region of the Iberian Peninsula in Almeria.
		Iberians were a trading civilization, who kept a trade relation with Phoenicians, Greeks and other Mediterranean civilizations, this was the reason why they made their own alphabet.
		Iberian’s history can be divided in three phases: Their arriving to the peninsula, in the V century BC., their group organization between V and III century BC., and the Roman period, the most difficult, because they always wanted to be independent.
	www.geocities.com /caniles_granada/webenglish/history.html (4620 words)

	Iberians: Ancestors of Celts & Egyptians?
		The Iberians may have settled the Peninsula about 8,000 years ago, though they could have ventured there earlier; it is believed that this race was descended from the Azilian-Tardenoisians who thrived in the Pyrenees about 10,000 years ago.
		Iberians were small in stature, with ovoid or ellipsoid crania, meaning they resembled the peoples of ancient Greece, Italy, Asia Minor, Egypt, Ethiopia, and North Africa.
		Iberian coins show that they used an alphabet similar to western Greek; they also show place names still in use by the Basques, pretty much proving the ancestry of the latter.
	ozzyfrank.150m.com /pages/Antiquity/iberians.htm (1325 words)

	PRE-ROMAN LANGUAGES AND WRITING SYSTEMS OF SPAIN
		The languages of the pre-roman Iberian peninsula can be classified in two groups according to their external cultural relations: 1) the languages of the historically documented colonisations: Phoenician, Punic and Greek; and 2) the "native" languages.
		The native ones are the Iberian systems of which there were three basic kinds clearly derived from the same ancestor system (probably Sudlusitanian or a very similar writing) which was created from the Phoenician writing ca.
		Attested from the IV century B.C. to the I A.C. Before the Second Punic War it is limited to the coastal zone from South France (from the river Orb: Béziers/ Narbonne) to the north of the province of Valencia, on the same latitude as Sagunto.
	www.webpersonal.net /jrr/ib1_en.htm (699 words)

	Iberian Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The most important of the Iberian tribes were the Bastetani, who occupied the Almeria and mountainous Granada regions.
		Much of the Iberian culture was grouped around independent city-states, in the south around monarchies.
		Iberian language consisted of a Phonecian-influenced alphabet in the southwest by 650 BC, and a Greek-based alphabet in the southeast by 425 BC.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/europe/iberianculture.html (350 words)

	The Ascoli Bronze Plate
		Iberian *san- appears to be cognate with Basque zano "conical hat" and txano "hood, cowl".
		Iberian appears to have lacked a sound equivalent to Basque ts and tz, but this was probably present north of the Pyrenees, where the sound is represented by the Romans with a letter "x".
		In the Iberian alphabet inscriptions, which are found mainly in the coastal regions of Catalonia and the Levant, orden appears as ordin.
	www.eskunabarra.org /Angus_J_Huck/Ascoli_Bronze_Plate.htm (4427 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Iberian
		Iberian Peninsula Part of sw Europe occupied by Spain and Portugal, separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar and from the rest of Europe by the Pyrenees Mountains.
		The early Iberian inhabitants were colonized by Phoenicians and then Carthaginians until the 2nd century bc, when Rome...
		Iberian Literature before Spanish Literature flourished on the Iberian Peninsula long before the evolution of the modern Spanish language.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Iberian (664 words)

	Encyclopedia: Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
		Among Dakelh and Sekani users, a well developed Roman alphabet has effectively replaced syllabics, which are now understood almost exclusively by elderly memebers of the community.
		Later, as governments became more accomdating of native languages and in some cases even encouraged their use, it was widely believed that moving to a Roman alphabet writing scheme was better both for linguistic reasons and to reduce the cost of supporting alternative writing schemes.
		Although there are limitations to syllabic writing, and in many cases a Roman alphabet scheme would be less costly to use and quite possibly easier to learn, many native communities are strongly attached to syllabics.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Canadian-Aboriginal-Syllabics (3814 words)

	Mozarabic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mozarabic was a continuum of closely related Iberian Romance dialects spoken in Muslim dominated areas of the Iberian Peninsula during the early stages of the Romance languages' development in Iberia.
		Unlike most Romance languages, Mozarabic was written in the Arabic alphabet rather than the Latin alphabet.
		As they were written in Arabic alphabet, the vowels had to be reconstructed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mozarabic (214 words)

	Iberian scripts
		Many inscriptions in the Iberian scripts have been found on the Iberian peninsula, in southern France and on the Balearic Islands.
		There were two version of the Iberian script - one used in southern France, Catalonia and Castile, the other used in Andalusia and Mursia.
		A modified version of the Northern Iberian script was used to write Celtiberian, a Celtic language.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/iberian.htm (233 words)

	PRE-ROMAN LANGUAGES AND WRITING SYSTEMS OF SPAIN
		The languages of the pre-roman Iberian peninsula can be classified in two groups according to their external cultural relations: 1) the languages of the historically documented colonisations: Phoenician, Punic and Greek; and 2) the "native" languages.
		The native ones are the Iberian systems of which there were three basic kinds clearly derived from the same ancestor system (probably Sudlusitanian or a very similar writing) which was created from the Phoenician writing ca.
		Attested from the IV century B.C. to the I A.C. Before the Second Punic War it is limited to the coastal zone from South France (from the river Orb: Béziers/ Narbonne) to the north of the province of Valencia, on the same latitude as Sagunto.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~klio/rr/06-lang_spain.htm (748 words)

	Chapter 1: A History of Spain and Portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The largest ethnic group in the peninsula, the Iberians, were strongly tribal and warlike, qualities characteristic of the population of ancient Hispania as a whole.
		The most advanced of the Iberians and the people to whom the name Iberian was originally given (the word was extended in Greek usage to refer to the peninsula) lived in communities on the eastern coast.
		The Iberian alphabet in the east was one of two alphabets found in pre-Roman Hispania; the other was the Tartessian alphabet in the south.
	libro.uca.edu /payne1/payne1.htm (6063 words)

	Palaeoethnology of Iberian Peninsula (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Iberian Culture reached its height after the 5th century B.C. It corresponds with the spread of the so-called Iberian oppida in the east, where characteristic necropoleis displaying new funerary forms, normally associated with the cremation rite, also emerge.
		But the distinctive personality of the Iberian Culture is due, in particular, to the growing Phocaean Greek influences extending from Massilia and Emporion along the whole of the Levant and Southeast coast of the Iberian Peninsula from the beginning of the 6th century B.C. onwards.
		The NE of the Iberian Peninsula, particularly Catalonia, the eastern part of the Ebro Valley, Lower Aragon and the North of the Valencia Region, were clearly interrelated in these times, largely due to the apparent uniformity imposed on all these areas by elements originating from beyond the Pyrenees: the Urnfields Culture.
	www.ucm.es /info/preh/complutum/co/rev_02-03b.htm (9033 words)

	Arabic alphabet information - Search.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Arabic alphabet is an "impure" abjad—short vowels are not written, though long ones are—so the reader must know the language in order to restore the vowels.
		The Arabic alphabet can be traced back to the Nabatean alphabet used to write the Nabataean dialect of Aramaic, itself descended from Phoenician.
		The first known text in the Arabic alphabet is a late fourth-century inscription from Jabal Ram (50 km east of Aqaba), but the first dated one is a trilingual inscription at Zebed in Syria from 512.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com /reference/Arabic_alphabet (3624 words)

	Aramaic alphabet Information
		The use of Aramaic as a lingua franca throughout the Middle East from the 8th century BCE led to the gradual adoption of the Aramaic alphabet for writing Hebrew.
		The Hebrew and Nabataean alphabets are little changed in style from the Aramaic alphabet.
		Controversially, it is claimed that the Aramaic alphabet may be the forebear of the Indic alphabets.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Aramaic_alphabet (233 words)

	AllRefer.com - Iberian Peninsula, Spain & Portugal (Spanish And Portuguese Physical Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Iberian Peninsula, c.230,400 sq mi (596,740 sq km), SW Europe, separated from the rest of Europe by the Pyrenees.
		The Iberian Peninsula is dominated by the Meseta (central plateau), a great uplifted fault block (average elevation 2,000 ft/610 m) ringed and crossed by mountain ranges.
		Climatically, the Iberian Peninsula has hot summers, cold winters, and limited precipitation.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/I/IberianP.html (242 words)

	Historical Alphabets
		The Runic alphabet is also known as Futhark, a name composed from the first six letters of the alphabet, namely f, u, th, a, r, and k.
		As many old letters were removed from the alphabet, several of the remaining letters were overloaded to represent multiple sounds: th was used for /þ/ and /ð/; u for /u/ and /o/; k for /k/, /g/, and /ng/; i for /i/ and /e/; t for /t/ and /d/; and b for /b/ and /p/.
		Some claim that it stems from a cryptic way of writing runes, some others say that it is inspired from the Roman alphabet, and yet others hold that it is independently invented.
	www.seansgallery.com /pages/h_alphabets.htm (2019 words)

	Celtiberian alphabet and language
		With the Roman take over of the Iberian peninsula, the Celtiberian script was gradually replaced by the Roman/Latin alphabet and eventually disappeared.
		This script is partly syllabic and partly alphabetic and was not well suited to the languages it was used to write.
		Celtiberian was related to the Celtic languages of Gaul (France) and Lepontic, a Celtic language once spoken in the area around Lake Lugano in Italy.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/celtiberian.htm (201 words)

	Sangria and Iberian dishes at Alphabet Kitchen
		The answer: make a reservation at Avenue A’s Alphabet Kitchen, where tables in the garden are coveted but not unreachable, provided you plan ahead.
		Of course, there’s nothing wrong with the restaurant’s indoor seating, which boasts a whimsical alphabet mural near the entrance; a dramatic open kitchen with sexy red lighting and dark, intimate banquettes.
		All in all, the experience at Alphabet Kitchen is an A to Z amalgamation that probably comes off more successfully than your friend’s rooftop party ever could.
	www.thevillager.com /villager_17/sangriaand.html (561 words)

	The Irish invented bar codes. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Above is the Ogham (pronounced "Ohm") alphabet used by the Irish during the first centuries AD.
		The alphabet was named after the Celtic god of literature, Ogma.
		Similiar markings have been found on standing stones in Spain and Portugal, in the area once known as Celtiberia—that part of the Iberian Peninsula colonized by the Celts as early as 1000 BC.
	www.castletown.com /ogham.htm (207 words)

	SBF Glossary: Þe to Þorn
		These were similar to the Latin alphabet, but tended to have more straight lines and fewer curves, and horizontal lines were avoided in favor of slanted or vertical ones (both tendencies presumably reflected the frequent use of knife-on-wood writing technology).
		Under Christian proselytizing influence, the Latin alphabet was generally adopted, and only two runes survived: the wynn, which looked a lot like a P, and the thorn, which looked like a p with a neck splint.
		Later, the sound as well as the letter disappeared from their Iberian language -- Castillian (what is called ``Spanish'' in the Americas and what was the enforced Spanish language under Franco; strictly speaking American Spanish is closer to Andalusian but that is essentially a dialect -- Castillian minus the lisp).
	www.plexoft.com /SBF/thorn.html (955 words)

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