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	Ahmad ibn Fadlan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ibn Fadlan was sent from Baghdad in 921 to serve as the secretary to an ambassador from the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir to the iltäbär (vassal-king under the Khazars) of the Volga Bulgaria, Almış.
		The journey took Ibn Fadlan from Baghdad to Bukhara, to Khwarizm (south of the Aral Sea), to Jurjaniya (where his party spent the winter), north across the Ural River until they reached the camp of the Bulghars at the three lakes of the Volga north of the Samara bend.
		Elements of Ibn Fadlan's account are used in the novel Eaters of the Dead by Michael Crichton (filmed as The 13th Warrior with Antonio Banderas as Ibn Fadlan), in which the Arab ambassador is taken even further north and is involved in adventures inspired by the Old English epic Beowulf.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ibn_Fadlan (701 words)

	Ahmad ibn Fadlan biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ahmad ibn Fadlan (Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān أحمد ابن فضلان) was a tenth-century Arab scholar who wrote an account of his travels as a member of an embassy of the Caliph of Baghdad to the king of the Volga Bulgars (Kitāb ilá malik aṣ-Ṣaqālibah كتاب إلى ملك الصقالبة).
		Ibn Fadlan was sent from Baghdad in 921 to serve as the secretary to an ambassador from the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir to the king of the Volga Bulgars, Almış.
		Ibn Fadlan's account forms the basis of the novel Eaters of the Dead, by Michael Crichton (filmed as The 13th Warrior, with Antonio Banderas as Ibn Fadlan) in which the Arab ambassador is taken even further north and is involved in adventures inspired by the Old English epic Beowulf.
	ibn-fadlan.biography.ms (663 words)

	Volga Ethnic Relations from Ibn Fadlan's Perspective
		Ibn Fadlan’s work is precious, as he “has left us virtually the only eyewitness account of the composition of peoples and forces in the Eurasian Steppe region between the time of Herodotus and the Dominican and Franciscan missions to the Mongols in the thirteenth century”.
		Ibn Fadlan writes about a gathering of elders here to discuss the travelers’ passage, and their incredulous remark: “‘This is something we have never seen, nor heard of.
		Ibn Fadlan next writes of the Khazars, a Turkic khanate located between the Volga and Don rivers, which, “with the assistance of Byzantium, dominated the area until the eleventh century” defeat by the Kipchak Turks.
	www.tamu.edu /chr/agora/summer03/Clouser.htm (5550 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Ibn Fadlan and the Midnight Sun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ibn Fadlan was also distressed to learn that the Oghuz knew little of Islam and attempted to Bead them the Koran and explain the rudiments of the faith to them.
		Ibn Fadlan goes on to give a great deal more interesting information on the country its flora and fauna, its social customs, the food and drink and dress of the various tribes and so on.
		Ibn Fadlans description of the Rus, however, is one of the few that treats them as traders rather than bloodthirsty raiders and was written just before the time of their greatest expansion.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/197902/ibn.fadlan.and.the.midnight.sun.htm (1678 words)

	Amazon.ca: Eaters of the Dead: Books: Michael Crichton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For Fadlan, his new traveling companions are a far stretch from society in the sophisticated "City of Peace." The conservative and slightly critical man describes the Vikings as "tall as palm trees with florid and ruddy complexions." Fadlan is astonished by their lustful aggression and their apathy towards death.
		Ibn Fadlan thinks the Scandinavians are beyond gross; their habits are disgusting, they're little more civilized than animals -- but he finds an affinity with Buliwyf who can communicate in the common currency of the Latin language, still alive in the 10th century when this story takes place.
		During Ibn Fadlan's stay in the Scandinavian village, while preparing for the final confrontation, he learns a lot about his new friends and discovers that, while they may not be as cultured as his Arabian kinfolks, they are far from being the barbarians the first appeared to be.
	www.amazon.ca /Eaters-Dead-Michael-Crichton/dp/0345354613 (1827 words)

	Risala: Ibn Fadlan's Account of the Rus
		Ibn Fadlan wrote an account of his journeys with the embassy, called a Risala.
		Note: Ibn Fadlan's main source of disgust with the Rus bathing customs have to do with his Islamic faith, which requires a pious Mohammedan to wash only in running water or water poured from a container so that the rinsings do not again touch the bather.
		Note: Here Ibn Fadlan is reporting hearsay about the distant capital of the Rus and the state in which their king resides.
	www.geocities.com /sessrumnirkindred/risala.html (3303 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Among the Norse Tribes: The Remarkable Account of Ibn Fadlan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ibn Fadlan was a faqih, an expert in Islamic jurisprudence, who served as secretary of a delegation sent by Caliph al-Muqtadir in 921 to the king of the Bulgars, who had requested help building a fort and a mosque, as well as personal instruction in the teachings of Islam.
		Ibn Rustah makes mention of a professional priesthood of Rus shamans (whom he calls attibah) who enjoyed very high status, and who had the power to select as a sacrifice to their gods whichever men, women or cattle they fancied.
		Beyond this, Ibn Fadlan was privy to scenes of drunkenness and lewd behavior that were clearly shocking to a pious, erudite scholar from Baghdad.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199906/among.the.norse.tribes-the.remarkable.account.of.ibn.fadlan.htm (3727 words)

	Ibn Fadlan. On the way to the country of Turkis --- Tourist Gems of Uzbekistan
		Ibn Fadlan was not a pioneer of these lands, but he was the first traveler, whose authentic messages on northern Caspian areas and Volga came up to now.
		To Ibn Fadlan who got used to the sun of Baghdad, the colds were extremely terrible: "The river Jaikhun from the very beginning up to the end had been frozen; and there was a thickness of ice seventeen quarters.
		Ibn Fadlan explicitly described such a way of crossing: in the stretched out bags, firstly, goods are put inside and atop some persons sit, who with the help of punt-pones direct the bags to the opposite bank.
	www.sairamtour.com /news/gems/18.html (2406 words)

	Ahmad ibn Fadlan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ibn Fadlan was sent from Baghdad in 921 to serve as the secretary to an ambassador from the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir to the king of the Volga Bulgaria, Alm&305;&351;.
		The journey took Ibn Fadlan from Baghdad to Bukhara, to Khwarizm (south of the Aral Sea), to Jurjaniya (where his party spent the winter), north across the Ural River until they reached the camp of the Bulghars at the three lakes of the Volga (near modern Samara).
		After arriving in Bol&287;ar, Ahmad ibn Fadlan made a trip to Wisu and recorded his observations of trade between the Volga Bolgars and local Finnic tribes.
	ahmad-ibn-fadlan.iqnaut.net (684 words)

	Ibn Fadlan: an Arab Among the Vikings of Russia \| Science and Its Times: 700-1449
		Though by Ibn Fadlan's time the influence of the caliphs—imperial leaders who possessed religious as well as political authority—had declined somewhat, the Abbasid dynasty still remained the single most powerful force east of the Byzantine Empire and west of China.
		The ways of the Varangians—for instance, their practices with regard to sex, hygiene, and religion—seem to have filled Ibn Fadlan, a highly educated member of what was perhaps the world's most advanced civilization at the time, with a weird fascination.
		Particularly noteworthy was Ibn Fadlan's description of the ritual surrounding the burial of a Viking chieftain.
	www.bookrags.com /research/ibn-fadlan-an-arab-among-the-viking-scit-021 (1752 words)

	[No title]
		In 921 C.E., the Caliph of Baghdad sent Ibn Fadlan with an embassy to the King of the Bulgars of the Middle Volga.
		This Risala is of great value as a history, although it is clear in some places that inaccuracies and Ibn Fadlan's own prejudices have slanted the account to some extent.
		When the ships come to this mooring place, everybody goes ashore with bread, meat, onions, milk and intoxicating drink and betakes himself to a long upright piece of wood that has a face like a man's and is surrounded by little figures, behind which are long stakes in the ground.
	www.stavacademy.co.uk /mimir/ibn.htm (3313 words)

	Viking Answer Lady Webpage - Risala: Ibn Fadlan's Account of the Rus
		The "prayer" is a part of the ritual described by the real Ibn Fadlan where a slave girl/concubine of a deceased Rus chieftain is about to be sacrificed to accompany her master to the grave.
		Strangely enough, it is the foreigner Ibn Fadlan who comes closest to being armored as an authentic Viking, wearing a mail hauberk.
		The one really bad bit of "sword-fu" in the movie was when Ibn Fadlan supposedly takes a tempered steel sword and grinds it down into a saber -- which would of course totally destroy the temper and make it about as useful as a crowbar thereafter.
	www.vikinganswerlady.com /ibn_fdln.shtml (5639 words)

	Book-Derived Hero System Character Adaptions - Ahmad ibn Fadlan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A poet and courtier in the city of Baghdad, Ahmad ibn Fadlan makes the mistake of allowing himself to be seduced by the beautiful wife of a jealous and influential man of the court.
		Ahmad ibn Fadlan is not a fighter, but a poet, although he does show familiarity with the scimitar and is skilled with its use.
		Ahmad ibn al-'Abbäs ibn Rashïd ibn Hammad ibn Fadlan is a real person, a Muslim who was sent by Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir as an ambassador to the king of the Volga Bulgars.
	surbrook.devermore.net:16080 /adaptionsbook/ahmad.html (832 words)

	Appendices
		Ibn Hawkal's account, for instance, written circa 977, is based almost entirely on Istakhri's, written around 932; which in turn is supposed to be based on a lost work by the geographer el-Balkhi, who wrote around 921.
		Ibn Fadlan, the diplomat and astute observer, is the one who stands out most vividly.
		It not only confirmed the authenticity of the sections of Ibn Fadlan's report on the Khazars quoted by Yakut, but also contained passages omitted by Yakut which were thus previously unknown.
	www.biblebelievers.org.au /13trib09.htm (6066 words)

	WowEssays.com - Eaters Of The Dead
		Ibn learned their culture, way of life, and their language.
		Though there were many difficult tasks to accomplish but Ibn managed well and didn’t realize what he was really in for.
		Upon arrival at the cliff, Ibn knew he was in for something extreme, just climbing down the cliff was something he thought would bring him to his death.
	www.wowessays.com /dbase/ac2/wuj88.shtml (1190 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ibn Fadlan, who, in the tenth century, accompanied a mission from the Caliph al-Muktadir to the Volga Bulgars, in his Rihla (travel narrative) describes his experiences and the people and places he visited, the Khazzars, and on the manners and customs of the Rus.
		The journey and the description of the various tribes encountered by the embassy are vividly described by Ibn Fadlan in his Risala.
		Ibn Fadlan describes very extensively the populations that live in the region, their trades, manners, clothing, diets, living, and also their customs, such as leaving a sick man alone under the tent with bread and water only, approached by none, waiting for him to die or recover by his own.
	muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=242 (577 words)

	The Anglo-Saxon Hero
		Ibn displays many of the distinguishing traits of Anglo-Saxon heroes; however, there are also a few characteristics that define today's heroes present in the film.
		This is one of the true marks of the Anglo-Saxon hero, and one of the places that Ibn Fadlan (Of The 13th Warrior) could be said to fall short of the Anglo-Saxon hero definition.
		Ibn tends to voice his worries and let his fear of death be shown, especially when the warriors are waiting for the Wendel.
	webpage.pace.edu /nb43635n/hero.html (1345 words)

	Plot Summary for (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Ibn Fadlan is appalled by the Vikings customs-- their wanton sexuality, their disregard for cleanliness, their cold-blooded human sacrifices.
		Arab courtier Ahmad Ibn Fadlan is sent to the barbaric north as an emissary, because he fell in love with the wrong woman.
		Ahmad Ibn Fadlan, who quickly is nicknamed Eban, first does not feel comfortable with the strange men of the north, but when he finds out that the Wendol really exist, he bravely fights alongside the Vikings in a battle that can't be won.
	www.imdb.com /title/tt0120657/plotsummary (317 words)

	Risala: Ibn Fadlan's embassy to the King of the Volga Bulgars, Volga Bulgaria, history, geography, culture, economy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Risala: Ibn Fadlan's embassy to the King of the Volga Bulgars, Volga Bulgaria, history, geography, culture, economy
		The Rus king's delegation of war- making and civil administration to a lieutenant is not a Norse practice, but rather seems to be borrowed from the practice of the Khagan (King) of the Khazars or other Turkish tribes, who would appoint an official termed abey for these activities.
		For the full text and commentary of Ibn Fadlan's account of the Rus, please see: Smyser, H.M. "Ibn Fadlan's Account of the Rus with Some Commentary and Some Allusions to Beowulf." Franciplegius: Medieval and Linguistic Studies in Honor of Francis Peabody Magoun, Jr.
	www.megaone.com /nbulgaria/bulgaria/risala.htm (3293 words)

	Ibn Fadlan
		Ibn Fadlan, Arab diplomat, writer of one of the earliest reports of what can only be Nordic vikings, whom he met near the Volga river.
		He describes their hygiene as disgusting (while also noting with some astonishment that they comb their hair every day) and considers them vulgar and unsophisticated.
		An excellent summary of Ibn Fadlan and how Eaters of the Dead[?] and The 13th Warrior relate to Fadlan's story and to Beowulf, includes English translation of most of Fadlan's texts, created by the Viking Answer Lady: http://www.vikinganswerlady.org/ibn_fdln.htm
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ib/Ibn_Fadlan.html (105 words)

	Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah
		[ABSTRACT:] Ibn Fadl¢an's account of the caliphal embassy from Baghdad to the King of the Volga Bulgh¢ars in the early fourth/tenth century is one of our principal, textual sources for the history, ethnogenesis and polity formation of a number of tribes and peoples who populated Inner Asia.
		Ibn Fadl¢an’s cultural chauvinism does not, however, in my opinion, necessitate a total rejection of his veridicality.
		The R¢usiyyah in the passage which follows are a fine example of ethnic/social fluidity, [5] combining, as Ibn Fadl¢an portrays them (assuming, of course, that he has not himself confused two distinct peoples, either with or without the ethnonym R¢us), both essentially Varangian (costumary, among others) and Khazarian (regal) ethnic traits.
	www.clanrossi.com /Ibn%20Fadlan%20and%20the%20Rusiyyah.htm (3543 words)

	Film Review: The 13th Warrior: The Risala meets Beowulf meets The Flintstones
		Antonio Banderas is pretty as the fictionalized version of Ibn Fadlan, and stagefights well, but he's not terribly convincing as an Arab courtier.
		There is no evidence that the film's backstory---that Ahmad fell in love with the wrong woman and had to leave Baghdad in a hurry-applied to the historical Ibn Fadlan, either.
		The funeral scene at the end is inspired Ibn Fadlan's description of the funeral of a chief, though the film eschews the human sacrifice of a slave girl that Ibn Fadlan describes in detail.
	medievalhistory.suite101.com /article.cfm/film_review__the_13th_warrior (369 words)

	Antonio Banderas Plays Ahmad Ibn Fadlan
		The movie is set in 922 A.D. and stars Antonio Banderas, as Ahmad Ibn Fadlan, an Arab Muslim who is sent off to a far away land as an emissary along with his servant Melchisidek, played by (Egyptian actor) Omar Sharif.
		The Warriors enlist the uneager Ibn Fadlan to join them in fighting ``The Wendol,’’ who are mysterious creatures that surface in the dark mist of night to eat the flesh of any living thing that comes there way.
		Crichton’s depiction of the story of Ahmad Ibn Fadlan was taken from surviving parts of an old Arabic manuscript of Ibn Fadlan’s observations of his contact with Viking society.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/islam_in_the_us/25127/1 (368 words)

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