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Topic: Ibn Khordadbeh

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	Khazars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ibn al-Faqih reported in the 10th century that "all the Khazars are Jews." Notwithstanding this statement, most scholars believed that only the upper classes converted to Judaism; there is some support for this in contemporary Muslim texts.
		Ibn Fadlan relates that around 920 the Khazar ruler received information that Muslims had destroyed a synagogue in the land of Babung, in Iran; he gave orders that the minaret of the mosque in his capital should be broken off, and the muezzin executed.
		Abraham ibn Daud, a twelfth-century Spanish rabbi, reported meeting Khazar rabbinical students in Toledo, and that they informed him that the "remnant of them is of the rabbinic faith." This reference indicates that some Khazars maintained ethnic, if not political, autonomy at least two centuries after the sack of Atil.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Khazars (7335 words)

	Radhanite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The activities of the Radhanites are documented by Abū l-Qasim Ubaid Allah ibn Khordadbeh, the Director of Posts and Police (spymaster and postman) for the province of Jibal under the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutammid (ruled 869–885 CE), when he wrote Kitab al-Masalik wal-Mamalik ("The Book of Roads and Kingdoms"), probably around 870.
		Ibn al-Faqih's early tenth century Kitab al-Buldan ("Book of the Countries") mentions them, but much of ibn al-Faqih's information was derived from ibn Khordadbeh's work.
		It is possible that Ibn Khordadbeh uses "Frank" as a counterpoint to "Roman" (Byzantine Greek), indicating that the Radhanites spoke the languages of both Eastern and Western Christians.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Radhanite (1804 words)

	Where Have the Muslims Gone?
		In 810 Mohammed Ibn Musa al Chwarazmi wrote a book on equations and coined the term 'Algebra'; the concept of 'zero' was introduced and all populations in the Muslim domains started counting in multiples of ten" 3.
		Ibn Fadlan an Arab chronicler of 921 was sent by the Caliph of Baghdad, Al Muktadir, with an embassy to the King of the Bulgars of the Middle Volga.
		During the course of his journey, Ibn Fadlan met a people whom the Muslims called al Rus (the Vikings), a group of Swedish origin, who were visiting the Bulgar capital as traders.
	www.twf.org /News/Y2004/1115-Muslims.html (5191 words)

	Radhanite - Trade Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Abu'l Qasim Ubaid'Allah ibn Khordadbeh, the Director of Posts and Police (spymaster/postman) for the province of Jibal under the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutammid (r.869-885 CE), wrote al-Qitab al Masalik w’al Mamalik ("The Book of Roads and Kingdoms"), probably around 870.
		More remarkable still, they engaged in this trade regularly and over an extended period of time, centuries before Marco Polo and ibn Batuta brought their tales of travel in the Orient to the Europeans and the Muslims, respectively.
		Many historians believe that it was these Jewish merchants, not Chinese prisoners-of-war, who introduced the art of paper-making to the Caliphate.
	www.bestbuy.tiptophot.com /trade/index.php?title=Radhanite (1134 words)

	Articles - Spice trade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Whether by land routes or coastal sea routes, travel occurred one day at a time, with a stop for the night, resulting in a chain of settled way stations, many of which became towns or cities.
		In the Middle Ages (roughly 700-1000 AD), the spice trade was largely controlled by Muslim or Gujarati merchants, according to Abu´l Qasim Ubaid´Allah ibn Khordadbeh, with European merchants confined to trading mostly within Europe.
		Ibn Khordadbeh also reported that spices were brought from the east to Europe by Jewish merchants known as the Radhanites; in other sources, such as the writings of Gregory of Tours, Jews are reported to have enjoyed a virtual monopoly on the trade in Western Europe during the late Merovingian and early Carolingian periods.
	www.zdiamond.net /articles/Spice_trade (1485 words)

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