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	timelinescience - circulation of the blood (al-Nafis) - resources
		The blood from the right chamber must flow through the vena arteriosa (pulmonary artery) to the lungs, spread through its substance, be mingled with air, pass through the arteria venosa (Pulmonary vein) to reach the left chamber of the heart...
		Ibn al-Nafis also worked out the correct anatomy of the lungs and was the first person known to record the coronary circulation - the vessels supplying blood to the heart itself :
		Ibn al-Nafis's work was based on extensive reading and the study of anatomy.
	www.timelinescience.org /resource/students/blood/ianafis.htm (410 words)

	Ibn Al-Nafis Damishqui, 1213-1288 C.E.
		Ibn Al-Nafis was a reputed physician and a renowned expert on Shafi'i School of Jurisprudence.
		Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi Ibn Al-Nafis Al-Damashqi was born in 607 A.H. (1213 C.E.) in Damascus.
		Ibn Al-Nafis was the first to correctly describe the constitution of lungs and gave a description of the Bronchi and the interaction between the human body's vessels for air and blood.
	www.unhas.ac.id /~rhiza/saintis/nafis.html (395 words)

	Ibn Nafis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nafis By obliging the farmer to carry on two trades instead of one, it forced him to divide his capital into two parts, of which one Nafis only could be employed in cultivation.
		But by being obliged to sell Nafis his corn by retail, he was obliged to keep a great Al ibn nafis part of his capital in his granaries and stack yard through the year, and could Ibn nafis not, therefore, cultivate Ibn so well as with the same capital he might otherwise have done.
		This Al ibn nafis law, therefore, necessarily obstructed the improvement of the land, and, instead of tending to render corn cheaper, must have tended to render it scarcer, and therefore dearer, than it would otherwise have been.
	zavijava.supox.com /article/ibn%20nafis.html (302 words)

	IBN AL-NAFIS,IBN AL NAFIS, AL NAFIS,great muslims,great moslems,famous muslims,famous moslems
		Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi (known as Ibn Al-Nafis) was born in 1213 A.D. in Damascus.
		Another important contribution of Ibn Nafis that is rarely mentioned is his postulation that the nutrition of the heart is extracted from the small vessels passing through its wall, when he said
		Ibn Al-Nafis was thus the first to put forward the concept of the coronary circulation.
	www.famousmuslims.com /IBN%20AL-NAFIS.htm (1224 words)

	Islamset-Ibn Al Nafis - Comprehensive Book on the Art of Medicine
		Ibn al-Nafis was a private physician to the Mamluk ruler al-Zahir Baybars al-Bunduqdari (fegnabat A.H. 1260-1277), 14 who appointed Ibn al-Nafis as 'Chief of physicians', and eventually gave him 'authority on all physicians in Egypt'.
		Ibn al-Nafis' discovery of the pulmonary circulation was by way of criticism of Galen's doctrines.41 In a section devoted to surgery, in the Comprehensive Book on the Art of Medicine, Ibn al-Nafis selects some subject-matter from the Hippocratic book, In the Surgery, 42 then he clarifies the selected excerpts through his detailed commentary.
		Ibn al-Nafis believes that for the success of any surgical operation, full attention should be paid during three stages: In the first stage, which he calls the 'time of presentation', the surgeon diagnoses the affected place.
	www.islamset.com /isc/nafis/iskandar.html (1765 words)

	IBN AL-NAFIS
		Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al- Damashqi al-Misri was born in 607 A.H. of Damascus.
		After acquiring his expertise in medicine and jurisprudence, he moved to Cairo where he was appointed as the Principal at the famous Nasri Hospital.
		Ibn Al-Nafis' works integrated the then existing medical know- ledge and enriched it, thus exerting great influence on the develop- ment of medical science, both in the East and the West.
	members.tripod.com /~wzzz/NAFIS.html (380 words)

	Ibn An-Nafis and Pulmonary Circulation \| Science and Its Times: 700-1449 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ibn an-Nafis is now regarded as the first physician to recognize the minor, or pulmonary, circulation of the blood, that is, the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs.
		To account for the presence of blood in both sides of the heart, Ibn an-Nafis argued that after the blood had been refined in the right ventricle, it must be transmitted to the lungs where it was rarefied and mixed with air.
		There is no direct evidence that Ibn an-Nafis could have influenced later writers, but the fact that he was able to describe his theory so clearly in the thirteenth century provides an interesting challenge to previous assumptions about progress and originality in the history of science.
	www.bookrags.com /research/ibn-an-nafis-and-pulmonary-circulat-scit-0212 (1602 words)

	THE DISCOVERY OF THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION REVISITED:15(2)
		In describing the anatomy of the lungs, Ibn Nafis stated, "The lungs are composed of parts, one of which is the bronchi, the second, the branches of the arteria venosa and the third, the branches of the vena arteriosa, all of them connected by loose porous flesh".
		Another important contribution made by Ibn Nafis that is rarely mentioned is his postulation that the nutrition of the heart is extracted from the small vessels passing through its wall, when he said "...
		In conclusion, Ibn Nafis should be recognized as the main forerunner of Servetus, Vesalius, Colombo and Harvey in the description of pulmonary circulation as we know it today.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/152/mh9422ar.html (792 words)

	Philosophers : Ibn Al-Nafis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al- Damashqi al-Misri was born in 607 A.H. in Damascus.
		He wrote several volumes on Ibn Sina's Qanun, that are still extant.
		Ibn Al-Nafis' works integrated the then existing medical know- ledge and enriched it, thus exerting great influence on the develop- ment of medical science, both in the East and the West.
	www.trincoll.edu /depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/nafis.html (392 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - Ibn al-Nafis (1210)
		Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Damashqi al-Misri was born in 607 A.H. of Damascus.
		Apart from medicine, Ibn al-Nafis learnt jurisprudence, literature and theology.
		Ibn Al-Nafis' works integrated the then existing medical knowledge and enriched it, thus exerting great influence on the development of medical science, both in the East and the West.
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=334 (723 words)

	Ibn Nafis - KnowledgeIsFun.com
		علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزم القرشي الدمشقي) known as ibn Al-Nafis (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab physician who is mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood.
		He became an expert on the Shafi'i school of jurisprudence and an expert physician.
		His commentaries include one on Hippocrates' book, and several volumes on Ibn Sina's Qanun Fil Tibb.
	www.knowledgeisfun.com /I/Ib/Ibn-Nafis.php (817 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics
		He also stated that Ibn Al-Nafis had "recognised the fallacy of Galen's theory of invisible channels between the ventricles.
		He similarly explained that blood was purified in the lungs where it was refined on contact with the air inhaled from the outer atmosphere.
		Ibn Al-Nafis was the chief physician at the Al-Mansuri Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, where he practised and taught medicine and Muslim theology until his death at the age of 77.
	www.muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=209 (278 words)

	Ibn al-Nafis - Salma \| salmah.bloggspace.se
		Ibn al-Nafis (Historia) Publicerat fredag 08 juni 2007 18:15
		Ibn al-Nafis är mest känd för att vara den första som beskrev lungkretsloppet.
		Han har skrivit flera olika böcker, men även kommentarer till andras verk om medicin och lag, till exempel Hippokrates, Ibn Sinas och Hunayn Ibn Ishaqs verk.
	salmah.bloggspace.se /Ibn_al_Nafis-08062007-181502-lp-133297.php (276 words)

	January 2006 Feature - Islamic physicians in history - Al-Nafis challenged conventional thinking
		He was the first to correctly describe the constitution of the lungs and gave a description of the bronchi and the interaction between the human body's vessels for air and blood.
		Galen had described how he believed blood passed from the right side of the heart to the left side through minute openings in the septum of the heart, then it mixed with air from the lungs, and was subsequently distributed to the whole body.
		Ibn Al-Nafis's works integrated the then existing medical knowledge and enriched it, but the significance of his ideas was not really understood during his time, and was probably unknown by physicians in Europe as only one of his books was translated into Latin at that stage.
	www.middleeasthealthmag.com /nov2005/feature5.htm (598 words)

	Ibn Al Nafis
		Ibn Al Nafis was born in 1213 A.D_607 A.H. in Damascus.
		Ibn Al-Nafis was the first to correctly describe the constitution of the lungs and gave a description of the bronchi and the interaction between the human body's vessels for air and blood.
		It was commonly believed that the Discovery of Pulmonary Circulation, which is the movement of blood from the right to the left ventricles of the heart via the lungs, had its inception in Europe in the sixteenth century by Servetus, Vesalius, Colombo, and finally Harvey.
	www.islamonline.com /cgi-bin/news_service/profile_story.asp?service_id=956 (1208 words)

	Ibn Nafis - Karr.net (Site not responding. Last check: )
		But the honours are still shared by another two centuries by the names of Ibn Rushd, Nasiruddin Toosi and Ibn Nafis.
		Ala-al-din abu Al-Hassan Ali ibn Abi-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi (Arabic: علاء الدين أبو الحسن عليّ بن أبي حزم القرشي الدمشقي) known as ibn Al-Nafis (Arabic: ابن النفيس), was an Arab physician who is mostly famous for being the first to describe the pulmonary circulation of the blood.
		Apart from medicine, Ibn al-Nafis learned jurisprudence, literature and theology.
	209.197.127.220 /encyclopedia/Ibn_Nafis (780 words)

	Islam Online- News Section (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ibn Al-Nafis and the Discovery of the Pulmonary Circulation
		"...The theory of pulmonary circulation propounded by Ibn Nafis in the 13
		7- Al-Dabbagh, S.A. Ibn Al-Nafis and the Pulmonary Circulation.
	www.islamonline.net /English/Science/2002/08/article06.shtml (1542 words)

	info: Ibn_Nafis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ibn Al NafisIn describing the anatomy of the lungs, Ibn Nafis stated: "The lungs are composed of parts, one of which is the bronchi, the second the branches of the arteria venosa and the third the branches of the...
		Islam Online- News Section In 1236 Ibn Nafis moved to Egypt and worked in Al-Nassri Hospital then in Al-Mansouri Hospital where he became chief of physicians and the Sultanâs personal physician.
		Islamset-Ibn Al Nafis-The Art of Medicine-ReferencesO'Malley, 'A Latin translation of Ibn Nafis (1547) related to the problem of the circulation of the blood', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 19857, 12 (2), pp...
	www.napoli-pizza.net /Ibn_Nafis.html (322 words)

	Medieval Islamic Medicine - History for Kids!
		Ibn Riza also explained that a fever was not part of the illness, but the body's way of fighting the illness (even though Europeans at this time thought that fevers were caused by having too much blood, and they used to bleed people to cure the fever).
		By the time Ibn Sina was ten, he had memorized the whole Koran, as well as a lot of Islamic poetry.
		Among other things, Ibn Nafis was the first scientist to describe how blood goes from your heart to your lungs to get air and then distributes the air all over your body.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/islam/science/medicine/index.htm (639 words)

	IBN AL-NAFIS
		Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al- Damashqi al-Misri was born in 607 A.H. of Damascus.
		He wrote several volumes on Ibn Sina's Qanun, that are still extant.
		Ibn Al-Nafis' works integrated the then existing medical know- ledge and enriched it, thus exerting great influence on the development of medical science, both in the East and the West.
	www.ummah.net /history/scholars/NAFIS.html (391 words)

	USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
		Ibn al-Haytham's main work on optics, the Kitah al-manazir, was also well known in the West as Thesaurus opticus.
		Ibn al-Haytham solved many optical problems, one of which is named after him, studied the property of lenses, discovered the camera obscura, explained correctly the process of vision, studied the structure of the eye, and explained for the first time why the sun and the moon appear larger on the horizon.
		Ibn Sina discovered many drugs and identified and treated several ailments such as meningitis but his greatest contribution was in the philosophy of medicine.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/introduction/woi_knowledge.html (4100 words)

	Arabische Medizin
		Ibn an Nafis entdeckte den Blutkreislauf 400 Jahre vor dem „offiziellen Entdecker“ Harvey.
		Ibn an Nafis erkannte, dass das Blut über die Lunge von der rechten Herzkammer in die linke fließt.
		Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980-1037), Autor des berühmten 5-bändigen „Kanons der Medizin“, das bis weit ins 17.Jahrhundert hinein an allen großen abendländischen Universitäten und Lehrstätten für Medizin als Grundlagenwerk der Ärzteausbildung angesehen wurde.
	www.esuq.de /arabische_medizin.htm (1477 words)

	Ibn on-Nafis / Physician of the Middle Ages - Economy-point.org
		Ibn on-Nafis / Physician of the Middle Ages - Economy-point.org
		Ibn on-Nafis, (*1210 or 1213 in Damascus; " 1288 in Cairo) were an Arab physician.
		It studied medicine in Cairo, where it transferred it the line later in the Nasiri hospital.
	www.economy-point.org /i/ibn-on-nafis.html (118 words)

	William Harvey - Definition, explanation
		Many believe he discovered and extended early Muslim medicine especially the work of Ibn Nafis, who had laid out the principles and major arteries and veins in the 13th century.
		Born in Folkestone, England, Harvey was educated at the King's School, Canterbury, at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, from which he received a BA in 1597, and at the University of Padua, where he studied under Fabricius, graduating in 1602.
		Venous blood was thought to originate in the liver and arterial blood in the heart; the blood flowed from those organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/w/wi/william_harvey.php (802 words)

	Timeline: Ibn al-Nafis, c. 1210–1288 - MedHunters
		Ibn al-Nafis was the first to correctly describe the anatomy of the heart and lungs, and the way the blood flows through the heart.
		Ibn al-Nafis (fully, Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Nafis al-Qarshi al-Misri al-Shafi-i al-Damashqi) was born in a town near Damascus and studied medicine in Damascus, but spent most of his medical career in Cairo.
		Some of Ibn al-Nafis's original writings include a book on the effects of diet and health, entitled Kitab al-Mukhtar fi al-Aghdhiya, and a work (Al-Shamil fi al-Tibb) which was designed to be a comprehensive, 300-volume medical encyclopedia, of which only 80 volumes were finished.
	www.medhunters.com /articles/timelineIbnAlNafis.html (372 words)

	Ibn al-Nafis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		When he died in 1288, he donated his house, library and clinic to the Mansuriya Hospital.
		The opening page of one of Ibn al-Nafis's medical works.
		This is probably a copy made in India during the 17th or 18th century.
	nba.servegame.org /en/Ibn_Nafis.htm (736 words)

	From 570 A.D. to 2050 \| May 2002 \| New Internationalist
		An ‘Electoral Council’ elects Uthman ibn Affan, the Prophet’s son-in-law and close companion, as the third caliph.
		Spanish thinker Ibn Saad publishes his ideas on multiculturalism in the Introduction to the Classes of Nations and Moorish Spain is fully established as a multicultural society.
		Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab establishes the Wahhaby movement in Arabia, Syria and Iraq, insisting on a literalist interpretation of the Qur’an.
	www.newint.org /features/2002/05/01/key-moments-of-islam-civilization (2124 words)

	Junior Stallions
		Stallions I Arabian Mares I Arabians For Sale l Bronzes and Oil Paintings I Christmas pictures I Ibn Shai foals I Bayfire foals I
		Ibn Shai II (Ibn Shai x Ali Majiida) 2004 bay
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	www.classicbloodstock.com /stallions.htm (76 words)

	IbnNafis Herbs :: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ibn AL- NAFiS and IBN ASIBAA became modernist doctors in AL-
		IBN AL- NAFiS left a huge scientific heritage in the different branches in medicine
		IBN AL- NAFiS discussed the autopsy of bones, muscles, the heart, the blood
	www.ibnalnafis.com /en/about_2.htm (1317 words)

	La chronologie des dates et évenements dans le Monde Arabe et Musulman. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ibn Sina a usé aussi de procédés psycho-thérapiques pour guérir des maladies.
		, 1229-1309 : Ibn Nafis a découvert la circulation du sang et le rôle exact des poumons et du coeur.
		Ibn Nafis a démontrer que le sang circule du venticule droit du coeur au poumon où il est épuré, puis retourne au venticule gauche où il est pompé et distribué à tout le coprs.
	www.la-route-de-lislam.com /sciences.htm (284 words)

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