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	www.shahian.de
		Ibn Sina erkannte unter anderem, dass Tuberkulose ansteckend ist.
		Razi verfasste nicht "nur" 33 Krankengeschichten - unter anderem über Blinddarmentzündung, Durchfall, Krampfanfälle in der Schwangerschaft - exakt, klar, detailliert und in hohem literarischen Stil, sondern beschrieb erstmals in der Medizin zwei Krankheiten minutiös: Die Pocken und Masern.
		Schwangeren Frauen regte der Musiker Razi an,sich "mit Gesängen, Scherzen und allem was Freude bringt, zu beschäftigen".In seinen Schriften zur Alchemie (die meisten sind verloren gegangen) beschrieb Razi ihre Substanzen, Apparaturen und Arbeitsverfahren erstmals in wissenschaftlicher Systematik, und ordnete sie damit in die naturphilosophisch geprägte Vorstufe der neuzeitlichen pharmazeutischen Chemie ein.
	www.shahian.de /4903.html?sessionidkey=sessionidval (2461 words)

	Iranian Personalities: Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi
		bu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya Razi (864-930 A.D.) was born at Ray, Iran.
		Initially, he was interested in music but later on he learnt medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, who was well versed in the ancient Greek, Persian and Indian systems of medicine and other subjects.
		Razi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher.
	www.iranchamber.com /personalities/mrazi/mrazi.php (737 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Al-Razi
		Razi was a versatile Persian physician, philosopher, and scholar who made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, and philosophy, recorded in over 184 books and articles in various fields of science.
		Razi was a pure rationalist, extremely confident of the power of reason; he was widely regarded by his contemporaries and biographers as liberal and free from any kind of prejudice, very bold and daring in expressing his ideas without a qualm.
		Razi's own alchemical experiments suggested other qualities of matter, such as "oiliness" and "sulphurousness", or inflammability and salinity, which were not readily explained by the traditional fire, water, earth, and air division of elements.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ibn_Razi (6499 words)

	Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Razi was placed in-charge of the first Royal Hospital at Ray, from where he soon moved to a similar position in Baghdad where he remained the head of its famous Muqtadari Hospital and observed clinical cases.
		Razi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher.
		Razi was recognized as the best physician of his time who had fully absorbed Greek medical learning.
	www.crystalinks.com /al-Razi.html (341 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Arab Roots of European Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		At 20, Ibn Sina was appointed court physician, and twice served as vizier, to Shams al-Dawlah, the Buyid prince of Hamadan, in western Persia.
		Ibn Sina differentiated meningitis from the meningismus of other acute diseases; and described chronic nephritis, facial paralysis, ulcer of the stomach and the various types of hepatitis and their causes.
		Ibn Sina's theory of infection by "traces" led to the introduction of quarantine as a means of limiting the spread of infectious diseases.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199703/the.arab.roots.of.european.medicine.htm (4357 words)

	Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi
		Razi is known to have discovered allergic asthma, and was the first person to have ever written an article on allergy and immunology.
		Razi was also the first to realize that fever was a natural defense mechanism, the body's way of fighting disease.
		Razi's interest in alchemy and his strong belief in the possibility of transmutation of lesser metals to silver and gold was confirmed half a century after his death by Ibn an-Nadim[?] (The Philosophers Stone).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ra/Razi.html (5995 words)

	Sayyid Razi: Life and Work \|\| Imam Reza (A.S.) Network
		The life of Sayyid Razi who was born in 359 AH/970 CE in Baghdad and died in the year 406/1015 in his hometown, coincided with the era of the Buyid dynasty (334-447/946-1056) which had reduced the Abbasid caliphs to mere nominal rulers.
		Sayyid Razi's mother Fatimah also traced her lineage to the Prophet and was the daughter of Husayn bin Abu Muhammad al- Hasan al-Utrush bin 'Ali bin Hasan bin 'Umar al-Ashraf the son of the 4th Infallible Imam, 'Ali ibn al-Husayn Zayn al-'Abidin (A.S.).
		Ibn Shahr Ashub in his Ma'alim al- 'Ulama, has termed it a unique work as mentioned by al-'Umari, while Ibn Khallikan in his Wafayat al-A'yan, is of the opinion that Sayyid Razi in view of his versatility in Arabic literature cannot be equalled in interpretation of the holy Qur'an.
	www.imamreza.net /eng/imamreza.php?id=1591 (4284 words)

	[No title]
		At 20, Ibn Sina was appointed court physician, and twice served as vizier, to Shams al-Dawlah, the Buyid prince of Hamadan, in western Persia.
		Ibn Sina differentiated meningitis from the meningismus of other acute diseases; and described chronic nephritis, facial paralysis, ulcer of the stomach and the various types of hepatitis and their causes.
		Ibn Siina's theory of infection by "traces" led to the introduction of quarantine as a means of limiting the spread of infectious diseases.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /~fisher/hst372/readings/tschanz.html (3599 words)

	Samuel Ibn Tibbon (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Ibn Tibbon translated the commentary proper together with Maimonides' introduction, entitled “Eight Chapters.” The preface in particular, consisting of an introduction to and adaptation of Aristotelian ethics, would become the standard introduction to philosophical ethics in Hebrew throughout the later Middle Ages.
		Ibn Tibbon discusses the problems and difficulties of translation in several texts: The preface to the translation of the Guide, the prologue to his “Letter on Providence,” the preface to the glossary and the glossary itself, the preface to Meteorology, and the commentary on Ecclesiastes.
		Ibn Tibbon's understanding of Ecclesiastes as a whole is as follows: Solomon wrote the book in his youth in order to refute ancient skeptics who denied the possibility of immortality (“conjunction with the active intellect”).
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/tibbon (7600 words)

	Al-Razi
		Razi is known to have discovered allergic asthma, and was the first person to have ever written an article on allergy and immunology.
		Razi's interest in alchemy and his strong belief in the possibility of transmutation of lesser metals to silver and gold was attested half a century after his death by Ibn an-Nadim's book (The Philosophers Stone).
		Razi is known to be a free-thinking Islamic philosopher, since he was well-trained in the Greek sciences.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Ibn_Razi (4682 words)

	Islamset - Abstracts of Contribution of Islamic Medicine to Urology
		In trying to explain that Ibn Ourrah attributed it to the narrow opening of the kidney or of the bladder, and that the nidus on top of which further deposition might occur was viscid material found in urine as a result of ingestion of heavy food.
		Al Razi on the other hand believed that calcification of pus resulting from ulceration of the kidney might initiate the process; and that stones might be formed either in the kidney substance, in the pelvis of the kidney, or in both.
		Ibn Sina on the other hand did not advise surgery because "it is very dangerous" This is in agreement with Ibn al Quff's opinion who added that wounds after kidney operations would not heal because of the continued passage of urine.
	www.islamset.com /hip/i_medcin/dajani.html (3058 words)

	RAZI
		Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya' Razi, known to Europeans as Rhazes, was one of the most important and influential of all medieval Islamic physicians.
		One of the greatest names in medieval medicine is that of Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya' al-Razi, who was born in the Iranian City of Rayy in 865 (251 H) and died in the same town about 925 (312 H).
		Following al-Razi's death, Ibn al-`Amid, a statesman and scholar appointed vizier to the Persian ruler Rukn al-Dawlah in 939 (327 H), happened to be in the town of Rayy and purchased from al-Razi's sister the notes comprising the Hawi, or Comprehensive Book.
	www.razi.org (1069 words)

	Ali ibn Sahl - a Jewish convert to Islam (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to one of his biographers, Razi was born in A.D. 866 at Ray, an ancient town on the southern slopes of the Elburz Range that skirts the south of the Caspian Sea.
		After his first visit to Baghdad, when he was at least 30 years of age, that he seriously took up the study of medicine under the well-known doctor Ali ibn Sahl (a Jewish convert to Islam, belonging to the famous medical school of Tabaristan or Hyrcania).
		Razi showed such skill in the subject that he quickly surpassed his master, and wrote no fewer than a hundred medical books.
	www.jews-for-allah.org /Jewish-Converts-to-Islam/Ali-ibn-Sahl.htm (253 words)

	Al-Razi - Definition, explanation
		Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi محمد زکریای رازی (according to al-Biruni, born in Rayy, Iran in the year 251/865.; died in Rayy, Iran, 313/925), was a versatile Persian Philosopher (hakim), who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy.
		Razi's alchemical experiments suggested other qualities of matter, such as "oiliness" and "sulphurousness", or inflammability and salinity, which were not readily explained by the traditional fire, water, earth, and air schematism.
		Razi believed that contemporary scientists and scholars, because of accumulated knowledge at their disposal are, by far, better equipped, more knowledgeable, and more competent than the ancients.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/a/al/al_razi.php (5898 words)

	La Erudición de Ahmad ibn Hanbal
		Conoció algunos Tabi’in como ‘Amr ibn Dinar, az-Zuhri y otros.
		Ibn al-Mubarak llegó aquel año, y fue la última vez que vino.
		Sufyan ibn Sa’id az-Zawri fue un alfaquí y un sabio del hadiz que vivió en Kufa contemporáneo de Abu Hanifa.
	www.musulmanesandaluces.org /publicaciones/Hanbal/ahmad_ibn_hanbal-4.htm (4154 words)

	Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi - Wikipedia
		Then, on the humorous side, Razi pitied physicians caring for the well being of princes, nobility, and women, for they did not obey doctor's orders for restricted diet and medical treatment, thus making most difficult the task of their doctor.
		Razi believed, and rightly so, that contemporary scientists and scholars, because of accumulated knowledge at their disposal are, by far, better equipped, more knowledgeable, and competent than the ancients.
		Razi's interest in alchemy and his strong belief in the possibility of transmutation of lesser metals to silver and gold was confirmed half a century after his death by Ibn an-Nadim (The Philosophers Stone).
	www.duke.edu /~rus1/rhaz_com/rhazes.html (5028 words)

	Medicine and Health
		Ibn Sina's portrait is in the hall of the Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris.
		Ibn Zuhr's influence on the development of medical science was felt for several centuries throughout the world.
		Ibn Nafis (1210 - 1288) is credited for the discovery of the pulmonary circulation system (circulation of blood throughout the body as pumped by the heart and through the lungs).
	www.sfusd.k12.ca.us /schwww/sch618/Medicine/Medicine_and_Health.html (2340 words)

	Skeptical And Counter-Skeptical Trends In Medieval Islam: Ideas & Identities of India Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ibn Rushd received his education in the curricula that were current in those days at the mosque-based university of Cordoba and specialized in law and medicine.
		Ibn Rushd tried to build a bridge between philosophy and the divinely revealed knowledge but did not succeed, in as much as the Islamic world was concerned.
		Ibn Rushd, on the other hand, would perhaps be a much more liberated philosopher in his outlook with his analytical skills honed by the knowledge of the modern empirical sciences, and would be much more forthright in expressing his ideas freely and fearlessly.
	www.chowk.com /show_article.cgi?aid=00001578&ch (6934 words)

	The Muslim Roots of European Medicine - Iman Way
		Ibn Sina's Canon made its first appearance in Europe by the end of the 12th century, and its impact was dramatic.
		Despite their belief in now superseded theories such as humors and miasmas, the medicine of Ibn Sina, Al- Razi and their contemporaries is the basis of much of what we take for granted today.
		Ibn Sina's theory of infection by "traces" led to the introduction of quarantine as a means of limiting the spread of infectious diseases.
	www.imanway.com /en/showthread.php?t=496 (3427 words)

	Comments on Commentators
		Later, we find out from Razi that the issues of contention are basically the same in his time, though Razi has acknowledged the 'lost verse' of the Qur'an.
		Ibn Abbas tells us that this text was revealed in respect of Kab Ibn Ashraf and other leading Jews, who were in the habit of receiving offerings from their followers.
		Ibn Salama maintains that those who say that the Qur'an does not contain abrogating or abrogated verses "have deviated from the truth and by virtue of their lying have turned away from God." Powers, 127.
	www.rim.org /muslim/clear.htm (6979 words)

	Medicine
		Ibn Zuhr correctly described the nature of pleurisy, tuberculosis and pericarditis.
		Paracelus was a student of Ibn Sina's works from which it is almost assured that he derived this idea.
		Ibn an-Nafs and Ibn al-Quff (13th century) provided full documentation that the blood circulates and correctly described the physiology of the heart and the function of its valves 300 years before Harvey.
	www.islamic-study.org /medicine.htm (1929 words)

	[No title]
		As ibn al-Nadim relates in Fihrist,9 al-Razi was then a haikh "with a big head similar to a sack" ; he used to be surrounded by circle after circle of students.
		But this proof is not sufficient, because ibn Rabban's life is not well known as to enable one to assert that he did not, go to Rayy much later, say between 265/878 and 270/883, especially when we know nothing about his later life till his death.
		A History of Muslim Philosophy Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi intelligibles and their constitution is absolutely perfect; there must be then a creator, wise, omniscient, doing things as perfectly as possible, and giving reason for the sake of salvation." Out of the Five Eternals, two are living and acting: God and soul; one is passive and.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /hmp/chp22.doc (6343 words)

	Imam Muhammad ibn al
		With respect to Muhammad, he is Abu 'Abdullah Muhammad ibn al-Hasan ibn Farqad ash-Shaybani - with an ascription through the relationship of wala' (being a mawla) to Shayban, the well known tribe.
		He was a pupil of Abu Hanifah and heard hadith from Mis'ar ibn Kidam, Sufyan ath-Thawri, 'Amr ibn Dinar, Malik ibn Maghul, Imam Malik ibn Anas, al-Awza'i, Rabi'ah ibn Salih, Bakir and Qadi Abu Yusuf.
		Ibn Taymiyyah in Minhaj as-Sunnah, which he wrote in refutation of Minhaj al-Karamah by al-Hilli the shi'ah, denied that ash-Shafi'i had been his pupil.
	www.bysiness.co.uk /ulemah/imam_muhammad_ibn_al.htm (954 words)

	AMSE. International : Research Papers (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Scientists and scholars such as Ibn al-Haytham, al-Razi, Ibn Tufayl, Ibn Sina and al-Biruni superimposed Plato's and Aristotle's ideas of reason and objectivity on their own Muslim faith, thus producing a unique synthesis of religion and philosophy.
		As Ibn al-Haytham declared, 'truth is sought for its own sake', and al-Biruni confirmed in the introduction to his al-Qanun al-mas'udi: 'I do not shun the truth from whatever source it comes.' However, there were disputes about the best way to rational truth.
		Ibn al-Haytham was the first to declare categorically that the arrangements proposed for planetary motions in the Almagest were 'false'.
	www.amse.net /Research_2003_ScienceinIslam.html (2300 words)

	[No title]
		Razi is in many ways a second Ghazali; in fact, he may without exaggeration be considered to be one of the greatest Muslim theologians.
		Imam Razi, on the contrary, studied all the awa'il sciences, that is, the sciences inherited from the Greeks, and was considered by many of his contemporaries to be the greatest authority of his time on them.
		Imam Razi's role in Muslim intellectual life, besides establishing the school of philosophical Kalam begun by Ghazali, was to intensify the attack against Peripatetic philosophy, thereby preparing the way for the propagation of the metaphysical doctrines of the Itthhragis and Sufis who, like Imam Razi, opposed the rationalism inherent in Aristotelianism.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /hmp/chp32.doc (4690 words)

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