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	Ibn Rushd [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Ibn Rushd's relationship with the Almohad was not merely opportunistic, (considering the support his father and grandfather had given to the Almoravids) for it influenced his work significantly; notably his ability to unite philosophy and religion.
		Ibn Rushd finds pre-existing material forms in Quranic texts such as 11:9, where he maintains that one finds a throne and water pre-existing the current forms of the universe; he contends that the theologians' interpretation of such passages are arbitrary.
		Ibn Rushd’s classification of being begins with accidental substances, which are physical beings, then moves to being of the soul / mind and finally discusses whether the substance existing outside the soul, such as the sphere of the fixed stars, is material or immaterial.
	www.iep.utm.edu /i/ibnrushd.htm (7398 words)

	Ibn Rushd on Anatomy
		Ibn Rushd writes that the sixth nerve feeds the pharynx and the tongue and part of it leads to the muscles near and around the shoulder and another part deviates to the neck and a branch of that goes to the larynx.
		Ibn Rushd’s ability and competence as an anatomist is most clearly demonstrated in his description of the eye and its layers, which compares most favorably with what is known today except some minor differences in terminology.
		Ibn Rushd had even established the original development of the layers of the eye in the fetus, and discovered that they appear to imitate the layers of the brain and its membranes.
	www.thehealthnews.org /religion.and.health/Ibn_Rushd_on_Anatomy.html (2927 words)

	Ibn Rushd's Criticisms of the Theologians’ Arguments for the Existence of God
		Ibn Rushd directed his criticisms against the theologians' proofs for the existence of God in a dual effort to expose the fallacies and difficulties involved in such proofs and undermine their political weight in the Muslim community, thereby clearing the grounds for his own arguments for the existence of God.
		Ibn Rushd implies that Abu al-Ma’ali is committed to the Ash’ari occasionalist view of causality, according to which one is unable to predict the result of two causally connected events.
		Ibn Rushd: Faylasufu Qurtuba [The Philosopher of Cordoba].
	www.al-bab.com /arab/articles/ibnrushd1.htm (4504 words)

	AlShindagah Online
		Ibn Rushd acquired a great deal of knowledge from his father and grandfather as the family was scholarly oriented and this gave him the proper setting to shine in education.
		Ibn Rushd accepted and spent years of arduous labor working on the project and balancing it with his demanding career as a chief Qadi.
		On such grounds, Ibn Rushd came to the conclusion that there are three types of arguments and that each should be applied in communication to the respective type of people it is meant for.
	www.alshindagah.com /marapr2006/rushd.html (1496 words)

	Averroes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ibn Rushd, known as Averroes (1126 – December 10, 1198), was an Andalusian-Arab philosopher and physician, a master of philosophy and Islamic law, mathematics, and medicine.
		In 1160 Ibn Rushd (Averroes) was made Qadi of Seville and he served in many court appointments in Seville and Cordoba, and in Morocco during his career.
		A statue of Ibn Rushd in Córdoba, Spain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ibn_Rushd (1050 words)

	Ibn Rushd Biography \| eorl_06_package.xml
		IBN RUSHD (AH 520–595/1126–1198 CE), better known in Western sources as Averroës, was the last outstanding Arab philosopher and commentator of Aristotle.
		Ibn Rushd was born in Córdoba, the capital of Muslim Spain (al-Andalus) in 1126, into a family of prominent (Mālikī) religious scholars.
		Ibn Rushd's disgrace, however, did not last long and he was soon restored to favor, but died shortly after.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/ibn-rushd-eorl-06 (262 words)

	Personalities Noble (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Abu Muhammad Abdallah Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Baitar Dhiya al-Din al-Malaqi was one of the greatest scientists of Muslim Spain and was the greatest botanist and pharmacist of the Middle Ages.
		Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Damashqi al-Misri was born in 607 A.H. of Damascus.
		Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahravi (known in the west as Abulcasis) was born in 936 A.D. in Zahra in the neighborhood of Cordova.
	www.jamil.com /personalities (15221 words)

	IslamiCity.com - A Sine On the Road to Makkah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Abu'l Waleed Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Rushd, known as Averros in the West, was born in 1128 C.E. in Cordova, where his father and grandfather had both been judges.
		Ibn Rushd was criticized by many Muslim scholars for this book, which, nevertheless, had a profound influence on European thought, at least until the beginning of modern philosophy and experimental science.
		Ibn Rushd has been held as one of the greatest thinkers and scientists of the 12th century.
	www.islamicity.com /Science/Scientists/Rushd.shtml (741 words)

	THE GREAT MUSLIM PHILOSOPHER
		Ibn Rushd maintained that the deepest truths must be approached by means of rational analysis and that philosophy could lead to the final truth.
		Ibn Rushd explains that there are three types of men: the first and largest in number, is receptive to ideas that can be expressed logically; the second is amenable to persuasion and the third, few in numbers, will only be convinced by conclusive evidence.
		This false interpretation of Ibn Rushd’s doctrine was considered as sacrilegious by the Church and universally denounced by its leaders.
	www.captiveminds.org /history/ibnrushd (3760 words)

	What is Independent Thinking?
		However, Ibn Rushd was also convinced that the philosophers approach to both nature and revealed text was superior to that of the fuqaha (jurists) and the mutkallimoon (theologians).
		Ibn Rushd's contribution to reconciling philosophy and religion actually was a deconstruction of the differences between Asharite theologians and ancient Greek philosophers.
		Even though we lament the fact that Ibn Rushd did not have a great impact on Islamic thought and are jealous of the West which has benefited from him so much, we can remember with pride his role in the most fascinating debate between philosophers and theologians that spanned four centuries.
	www.ijtihad.org /ibnrushd.htm (1186 words)

	Ibn Rushd
		Ibn Rushd the grandson (520-595) was the foremost authority of the Maliki school of Law in Cordoba in his time both in the law and its principles.
		146 #439): "The Qadi of the Congregation, Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Abi al-Walid ibn Rushd (520-595)...
		None of these sources mentioned that Ibn Rushd the grandson held the simplistic view that "reason takes precedence over religion" or that it "led to his exile in 1195 by the caliph of Morocco and Spain" as it is claimed by many Western sources.
	www.bysiness.co.uk /ulemah/bioibnrushd.htm (762 words)

	Al Jadid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Ibn Rushd's battle was with the teachings of Al-Ghazali (1059-1111) whose ideas had been dominating the thinking of strict religious scholars for half a century.
		Ibn Rushd explains that it is the scholar's rational faculties that constitute his/her means of doctrinal reasoning.
		Ibn Rushd, on the other hand, stayed away from all provocations until he died in Marakesh in 1198 where he was buried.
	www.aljadid.com /classics/0320raslan.html (936 words)

	Ibn Rushd
		The young Ibn Rushd received his education in his native city which was the highest seat of learning in the west.
		Ibn Rushd was a juris-consult of the first rank and was appointed Qazi of Seville in 1169-70.
		Regarding predestination, Ibn Rushd maintained that man was `neither the absolute master of his destiny nor bound by fixed immutable decrees, but, that the truth lay in the middle' `Human actions depend partly on free-will and partly on outside causes.
	www.renaissance.com.pk /jagletf98.html (2462 words)

	Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi: The Treasure of Compassion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It is this paradox which is beautifully described in a meeting between Ibn 'Arabi and the chief judge of Seville, the celebrated jurist and philosopher Ibn Rushd (known to the Latin West as Averroes, who wrote a famous commentary on Aristotle).
		The difference between Ibn 'Arabi and Ibn Rushd is not that between the unworldly, unlettered mystic and the erudite philosopher.
		Ibn 'Arabi tells us in the introduction that he received the whole bo ok in a veridic dream from the Prophet Muhammed, who told him "This is the book of the Fusus al-Hikam; take it and bring it out to the people who will benefit by it".
	www.ibnarabisociety.org /TreasureofCompassion.html (3691 words)

	The Islamic World to 1600: The Arts, Learning, and Knowledge (Ibn Rushd) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Abu'l Waleed Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Rushd, born in 1126 in Cordoba, then part of Muslim Spain, was one of the greatest thinkers and scientists of the 12th century.
		Known by the Latin name Averroes in the West, Ibn Rushd influenced scholarship in both the Islamic world and Europe for centuries, and is best known in the West for his commentaries on Aristotle's philosophy.
		Although his views on religion and philosophy occasionally angered his patrons, Ibn Rushd was generally able to continue his study of such a field because of his friendship with the Muslim rulers.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/islam/learning/ibnrushd.html (457 words)

	Ibn Rushd presented in Civilization section
		Ibn Rushd made remarkable contributions in philosophy, logic, medicine, music and jurisprudence.
		Ibn Rushd also wrote commentaries on Plato’s Republic, Galen’s treatise on fevers, al-Farabi’s logic, etc. Eighty-seven of his books are still extant.
		Ibn Rushd has been held as one of the greatest thinkers and scientists of the l2th century.
	www.newsfinder.org /site/comments/ibn_rushd (911 words)

	Elijah Delmedigo (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Ibn Rushd's Aristotelianism was as pure he could make it, and he realized that Aristotle's position regarding the origin of the world was basically secular and had no room for an Agent Creator at all since he really believed in an eternal world that had always existed and always would exist.
		Both Maimonides and Ibn Rushd, when faced with cases in which there was a clash between the claims of the rational Aristotelian philosophy or science and the accepted beliefs of their traditional religions, had open to them a method by means of which they could find for themselves a fairly easy solution.
		Ibn Rushd had insisted in his criticism of Al-Ghazali in his Tahafut Al-Tahafut, that intellect is the most special appellation of His essence according to the Aristotelians, in contrast to Plato's opinion that the intellect is not the First Principle.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/delmedigo (5395 words)

	Arab and Jewish Thought
		Ibn Rushd ("Averroës" in Latin) wrote so many analyses and explanations of Aristotelean works that he became known throughout Europe simply as "The Commentator." It was almost exclusively as a result of his labors in translating and explicating the Aristotelean corpus that the Greek philosopher came to exert a lasting influence on the Western culture.
		Against Ibn Sina and the neoplatonic emanation theory, he maintained that efficient causation is a genuine feature of relationships among created things, although the first mover remains the ultimate source of all motion.
		Although Ibn Gabirol accepted Plotinus's view of god as the center from which all created reality emanates, for example, he also defended a hylomorphic account of ordinary objects and proposed a physiological explanation for human conduct and morality.
	www.philosophypages.com /hy/3k.htm (1015 words)

	V. The Problem Of The Vicegerent In Ibn Rushd And Ibn Tufail
		The passage is at least twice singled out, once by Ibn Rushd in the treatise already cited, and once by Ibn Tufail in his Hayy ibn Yaqzân.
		Ibn Rushd's accusation was an attempt to identify the figure of the Vicegerent, al-Mutâ` with that of Al Ma`lûl al Awwal, the First Caused, in the emanational scheme of the Neoplatonizing[2] philosophers of Islâm, with
		If, as is contended hereafter, Ghazzâlî identified al-Mutâ` with Al-Rûh, and Ibn Rushd was aware of this, he may have thought, or been pleased to think, that Ghazzâlî therefore thought that al-Mutâ` was the First Emanation.
	www.sacred-texts.com /isl/mishkat/msh09.htm (968 words)

	Islamic Medical Manuscripts, Medical Poetry 3
		The medical poem of Ibn Sīnā's inspired a number of commentaries, including an important one by the Spanish physician Ibn Rushd (Averroes), a copy of which is preserved at NLM.
		The opening of a commentary on Ibn Sīnā's [Avicenna's] famous poem written by ‘Alī ibn ‘Abd Allāh ibn Haydūr, who died in 1413/816 H. This is the only recorded copy of this commentary.
		Numerous authorities are cited by Mūsá ibn Ibrāhīm al-Baghdādī in the course of his commentary, including the Greek writers Hippocrates and Galen, as well as Rāzī, who died about 925/313H, Ibn Rushd (Averroes), who died in 1198/595, and Ibn al-Nafis who died in 1288/687.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /hmd/arabic/poetry_3.html (2030 words)

	Influence of Muslim Philosophy on the West
		He adopted Ibn Sina’s proofs of the existence of the soul, indicating that it was a substance and not an accident, immortal and spiritual.
		He also adopted from Ibn Sina his famous symbol known as ‘the man suspended in space’ with no relation with the outside world, and yet his mind revealing to him that he is a thinking being which exists.
		The doctrine ascribed to Ibn Rushd continued to be studied in Europe, both in books and universities from the middle of the 13th century to the early part of the 17th century.
	www.renaissance.com.pk /JunRefl2y3.html (1610 words)

	Anqa Publishing - Ibn Arabi life and Works
		Famous in the medieval West under the name of Averroes, Ibn Rushd was Qadi in his hometown of Cordoba for many years and enjoyed the patronage of the Almohad sultan.
		A native of Murcia like Ibn 'Arabi, he was known as a Sufi and one of the last peripatetic thinkers of the Islamic West.
		Heir and stepson of Ibn 'Arabi, he was the greatest transmitter of his teachings.
	www.ibn-arabi.com /contemporaries.htm (1067 words)

	Philosophers: Ibn-Rushd
		On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy - by Ibn Rushd (1190).
		On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy - by Ibn Rushd.
		The Incoherence of the Incoherence - by Ibn Rushd.
	www.reasoned.org /dir/phi/ibn.htm (98 words)

	Ibn Rushd (Averroes): Website
		Abu'l-Walid Ibn Rushd, better known as Averroes (1126-1198), stands out as a towering figure in the history of Arab-Islamic thought, as well as that of West-European philosophy and theology.
		Ibn Rushd, Philosopher and theologian by Yousif F. Raslan.
		Ibn Rushd and the seeds of European Renaissance.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ir (918 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Averroes
		Arabian philosopher, astronomer, and writer on jurisprudence; born at Cordova, 1126; died at Morocco, 1198.
		Ibn Roschd, or Averroes, as he was called by the Latins, was educated in his native city, where his father and grandfather had held the office of cadi (judge in civil affairs) and had played an important part in the political history of Andalusia.
		Ibn Roschd; RENAN, Averroes et l'Averroisme (Paris, 9th ed., 1882); MANDONNET, Siger de Brabant et l'Averroisme latin au XIII siecle (Fribourg, 1899); EUBERWEG-HEINZE, Gesch.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02150c.htm (886 words)

	Ibn Bajjah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ibn Bajjah ابن باجة Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Yahya Ibn al-Sayegh أبو بكر محمد بن يحيى بن الصايغ was an Andalusian Muslim philosopher, poet and physician who was known in the West using his latinized name, Avempace.
		He was born in Saragossa in what is today Spain and died in Fez in 1138.
		His thoughts had a clear effect on Ibn Rushd and Albertus Magnus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ibn_Bajjah (250 words)

	Ibn Rushd - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Ibn Rushd" at HighBeam.
		Ibn Rushd to Issue PET Bid Documents.(polyethylene terephthalate)(Brief Article)
		AverroÃ«s (or Abu Al-Walid Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Rushd)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-x-ibnrushd.html (158 words)

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