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	Ahmad ibn Fadlan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ibn Fadlan was sent from Baghdad in 921 to serve as the secretary to an ambassador from the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir to the iltäbär (king which is a vassal of Khazars) of the Volga Bulgaria, Almış.
		The journey took Ibn Fadlan from Baghdad to Bukhara, to Khwarizm (south of the Aral Sea), to Jurjaniya (where his party spent the winter), north across the Ural River until they reached the camp of the Bulghars at the three lakes of the Volga north of the Samara bend.
		Elements of Ibn Fadlan's account are used in the novel Eaters of the Dead, by Michael Crichton (filmed as The 13th Warrior, with Antonio Banderas as Ibn Fadlan) in which the Arab ambassador is taken even further north and is involved in adventures inspired by the Old English epic Beowulf.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ibn_Fadlan (741 words)

	Talk:Ahmad ibn Rustah - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the term 'viking' is not the correct term to use for people living in Scandinavia during the viking age, since it was not what they called themselves.
		I remember reading about Rustah's funeral choronicle in Alf Henriksson's book of Swedish history and it does not say it was in Birka, which it certainly would have if it were so.
		It seems pretty far fetched - Rustah could've witnessed viking funerals all up and down the Volga and Dnjepr during his lifetime, there was no reason for him to travel as far as scandinavia to see one.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Ahmad_ibn_Rustah (291 words)

	Ahmad ibn Fadlan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ahmad ibn Fadlan (Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān أحمد ابن فضلان) was a tenth-century Arab diplomat and writer of a description of a people he called the Rūs روس or Rūsiyyah.
		Ibn Fadlan was sent from Baghdad in 921 to serve as the secretary to an ambassador from the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir to the king of the Volga Bulgars, Almış.
		Its itinerary takes Ibn Fadlan from Baghdad to Bukhara, to Khwarizm (south of the Aral Sea), to Jurjaniya where they spend the winter, north across the Ural River until they reach the camp of the Bulghars at the three lakes of the Volga (at the Куйбышевское Водахранилище near modern Samara).
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/ahmad_ibn_fadlan (717 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Among the Norse Tribes: The Remarkable Account of Ibn Fadlan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ibn Fadlan was a faqih, an expert in Islamic jurisprudence, who served as secretary of a delegation sent by Caliph al-Muqtadir in 921 to the king of the Bulgars, who had requested help building a fort and a mosque, as well as personal instruction in the teachings of Islam.
		Ibn Rustah makes mention of a professional priesthood of Rus shamans (whom he calls attibah) who enjoyed very high status, and who had the power to select as a sacrifice to their gods whichever men, women or cattle they fancied.
		Beyond this, Ibn Fadlan was privy to scenes of drunkenness and lewd behavior that were clearly shocking to a pious, erudite scholar from Baghdad.
	saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199906/among.the.norse.tribes-the.remarkable.account.of.ibn.fadlan.htm (3711 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com
		Abu Tammam Habib ibn Aus Abu Tammam Habib ibn Austäm-mäm´ häbēb´ Ĭ´ben ous, c.805-c.845, Arab poet, compiler of the Hamasa.
		Abu Said ibn Abi al-Khair Abu Said ibn Abi al-Khairä´boo sä´Ĭd Ĭ´ben äbē´ äl-khīr´, 967-1049, Persian poet, a Sufi and a dervish.
		Hallaj, Hussein ibn Mansur al- Hallaj, Hussein ibn Mansur al-hoosān´ Ĭbn mänsoor´, 857-922, Arabic-speaking Persian Muslim mystic and poet popularly known among Muslims as the martyr of mystical love.
	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=Ibn+Rustah&rc=10&fh=7&fr=21 (353 words)

	Forgotten Witness: Evidence For The Early Codification Of The Qur'an
		Ibn Rustah's report was confirmed by the eyewitness account of an anonymous Spanish traveler, who visited the Haramayn between 307 / 920 and 317 / 929 and reported that the inscriptions consisted of "the short chapters" of the Qur'an.
		Ibn Rustah's date of 128 / 745 for the restoration of the mosaics by Ibn `Atiyyah appears to be incorrect, however.
		Ibn Sa`d reported that `Amr was the son of a mawla of `Umar b.
	www.islamic-awareness.org /History/Islam/Dome_Of_The_Rock/Estwitness.html (9875 words)

	Ibn Fadlan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ahmad ibn Fadlan (Aḩmad ibn Faḑlān أحمدابن فضلان) was a tenth-century Arab diplomat and writer of a description of a people hecalled the Rūs روس or Rūsiyyah.
		Ibn Fadlan was sent from Baghdad in 921 toserve as ambassador from the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir to the king of the Volga Bulgars, Almış.
		The novel Eatersof the Dead, by Michael Crichton, presents itself as alost manuscript by Ibn Fadlan, in which he returns with the Vikings to their homeland and becomes involved in a series of eventswhich, the novel implies, inspired the epic poem Beowulf.
	www.therfcc.org /ibn-fadlan-298112.html (291 words)

	sham.html
		Al-Janadî informs us that Ibn 'Abd al-Majîd arrived in the Yemen from Mecca in 717/1317 and worked in the Dîwân al-Inshâ' during the reign of al-Mu'ayyad until 721/1320.(14) The book is a historical study of the Yemen from the beginning of the Islamic period to 725/1324.
		Ibn Battûtah records how the commercial activities in the Yemen were in a flourishing state and how the Yemeni merchants, especially those of Aden, owned considerable wealth, many of them also owning large ships of which they were very proud.
		Ibn Battûtah refers in particular to the commercial relations of the Yemen with India and describes them as being very strong for many Indian ships visited Yemeni ports and vice versa.
	www.aiys.org /webdate/sham.html (8559 words)

	Ahmad ibn Rustah - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Ahmad ibn Rustah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ahmad ibn Rustah - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Ahmad ibn Rustah.
		Ibn Rustah (in Persian: ابن رسته;) was a 10th century Persian explorer and geographer born in Rosta district, Isfahan, Persia (See Encyclopaedia Iranica http://www.iranica.com/articlenavigation/index.html).
		Ibn Rustah states that, while for other lands he had to depend on second-hand reports, often acquired with great difficulty and with no means of checking their veracity, for Isfahan he could use his own experience and observations or statements from others known to be reliable (p.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Ahmad-ibn-Rustah.html (657 words)

	"Arabia Without Spices": An Alternate Hypothesis
		Ibn Ishaq explicitly says, in fact, that the precious metals seized by Muslims in their various raids on caravans was intended for use as coin.
		Ibn `Abd al-Barr, Al-Isti'ab fi Ma`rifat al-Ashab (Cairo: Maktabat Nahdat Misr, n.d.), 3: 1040; al-Qalqashandi, Nihayat al-Arab fi Ma`rifat Ansab al-`Arab (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Lubnani, 1980), 463; al-Isfahani, Kitab al-Aghani, 13: 118; al-Samhudi, Wafa' al-Wafa', 1: 544, 2: 222.
		Ibn al-Mujawir, Ta'rikh al-Mustabsir, 13; al-Azraqi, Akhbar Makkah, 466; Ibn Sa`d, Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, 5: 26, 366; 8: 73, 206; `A. al-`Umari, Al-Hiraf wa al-Sina`at fi al-Hijaz, 327-28.
	www.islamic-awareness.org /Quran/Q_Studies/gene.html (15034 words)

	sanaa 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The capital was moved to Taiz in 1948, but returned to Sanaá in 1962.
		The least dwelling there has a well or two, a garden and long cesspits separate from each other, empty of ordure, without smell or evil odors, because of the hard concrete(adobe and Cob probably) and fine pasture-land and clean places to walk.
		Ibn Rustah a contemporary of Al Hamdani noted its food,
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /sanaa_1.html (302 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ibn Battutah, the greatest traveller of the pre-mechanical age, set out in 1325 from his native Tangier on the pilgrimage to Mecca.
		Mackintosh-Smith travels both in Ibn Battutah's footsteps and in the footnotes of his text, rooting out memorabilia of the man and his age - buffalo-milk puddings, a crimean minaert, dancing dervishes and the scions of defunct dynasties.
		Ibn Battutah was part of a long tradition of Maghrebi travel writers who probably read Ibn Jubayr before leaving Tangier at the age of 21.
	www.iraqipapers.com /book_review.htm (1221 words)

	[No title]
		Just in these geographers, Istakhri and Ibn Hauqal, is to be found information of unusual importance, so far as we can judge, regarding the conservation of the Parsi tradition in Fars These authors have been up to now not only not appreciated but their significance for our question has not yet been adequately recognised.
		Istakhri and Ibn Hauqal enumerating the castles of Fars declare as follows regarding the castle of Shiz:[1] "The castle of Shiz is situated in the district of Arrajana.
		Ibn Khaldun is compelled to admit that "the Arabs are of all the people the least capable to govern a country." [Translated from Justi's contribution to _Grunddrisder der iranischen Philologie_.
	www.gutenberg.org /files/12918/12918.txt (16630 words)

	Ahmad ibn Rustah nia long Ahmad ibn Rustah
		Ahmad ibn Rustah nia long Ahmad ibn Rustah
		Read about ahmad ibn rustah in the free online encyclopedia and dictionary.
		Ibn Rustah (in Persian: ابن رسته;) was a 10th century Persian explorer and geographer born in Rosta district, Isfahan, Persia (See Encyclopaedia Iranica [1]).
	www.find-ask.com /Encyclopedia/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah.html (643 words)

	Viking - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Vikings in England even had a particular reputation of excessive cleanliness, due to their custom of bathing once a week, on Saturdays (as opposed to the local Anglo-Saxons).
		As for the Rus', Ibn Rustah explicitly notes their cleanliness, while Ibn Fadlan is disgusted by the women sharing the same vessel as the men to wash their faces in the morning.
		Ibn Fadlan's disgust is thus probably motivated by ideas of personal hygiene particular to the Muslim world (for instance, Muslims are required to wash only with running water), while the very example intended to convey the disgusting customs of the Rus' at the same time records that they did in fact wash every morning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Viking (3731 words)

	Ahmad ibn Rustah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ibn Rustah was a tenth century Arab chronicler.
		He traveled to Novgorod with the Rus' and many other places compiling books for Arab and Byzantine peoples.
		And about a certain king of the Caucasus Ibn Rustah wrote:
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/ahmad_ibn_rustah (419 words)

	Articles - Volga Bulgaria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		On May 11, 922 the khan welcomed the Baghdad missionary Ahmad ibn Fadlan, and 4 days later a tribal assembly proclaimed Islam the official religion of the state.
		A large part of Bulgarian population was Turkic and included Bulgars, Suars, Barsil, Bilars, Baranjars and part of Burtas (by ibn Rustah).
		Modern Chuvashes and Kazan Tatars descend from the Volga Bulgars, although linguistic evidence suggests that the Chuvashes represent an earlier Turkic ethnos, which may be connected to the Huns.
	www.cateringa.com /articles/Volga_Bulgaria (681 words)

	Sanaà - Viquipèdia
		"La budda min Şan‘ā’" (Sanaà s`ha de veure) són les famoses paraules atribuïdes a l'imam Muḩammad ibn Idris al-Shafi’i (768-820), que va visitar l'antiga capital diverses vegades.
		El conegut geògraf i historiador iemenita Al Hamdani es meravellava de la netedat de la ciutat, i el vitager persa Ibn Rustah, contemporani seu, en destacava sobretot el menjar.
		La ciutat vella de Sanaà és considerada el museu a l'aire lliure més gran del món, i fou declarada Patrimoni Mundial de la Humanitat per la UNESCO el 1986: compta amb més de cent mesquites, dotze hammams i 6.500 cases d'arquitectura molt especial, amb torres de pisos, tot plegat construït abans del segle XI.
	ca.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sana%C3%A0 (351 words)

	British-Yemeni Society: A tangerine in Yemen, by Tim Mackintosh-Smith
		Ibn Battutah (hereafter, IB) was born in Tangier in 1304.
		Although Ibn al-Mujawir is notorious for his sensationalism, there may be some truth in what he said: the historian al-Khazraji, our best authority for the Rasulid period, tells the story of a certain scholar who blundered into a Palm Saturday and was so shocked that he ran away to Ethiopia.
		IB himself admits that the women of Zabid had ‘a predilection for the stranger and do not refuse to marry him’, but at the same time assures us of their ladylike virtues.
	www.al-bab.com /bys/articles/smith05.htm (1942 words)

	Ahmad ibn Fadlan - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Ahmad ibn Fadlan - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The journey took Ibn Fadlan from Baghdad to Bukhara, to Khwarizm (south of the Aral Sea), to Jurjaniya (where his party spent the winter), north across the Ural River until they reached the camp of the Bulghars at the three lakes of the Volga (near modern Samara).
		Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Manuscript Tradition, The Embassy, The Rus, Fiction, References and External links.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan (720 words)

	San'a Al-Qadeema: The Challenges of Modernization - Fritz Piepenberg
		Many who followed the example of Al Shafi'i have been deeply impressed by the striking beauty of the tall stone and brick houses.
		Ibn Rustah, the geographer of the early tenth century, is one of the early Arab travelers to describe the city.
		In his Book of Precious Records, he gives the following description: "It is the city of Yemen--there not being found in the highland or the Tihama or the Hijaz a city greater, more populous or more prosperous, of nobler origin or more delicious food than it.
	www.worldandi.com /specialreport/1986/june/Sa11059.htm (322 words)

	Vipers - Parts 49 through 55
		It appears impossible to suppose that the Khazar Correspondence is a fabrication of the 16th century in view of a reference to it, with the citation of part of the Reply of Joseph, agreeing in general with the Long Version, in the Sefer ha-Lttim of Judah b.
		This is the so-called 'Khazar Correspondence': an exchange of letters, in Hebrew, between Hasdai Ibn Shaprut, the Jewish chief minister of the Caliph of Cordoba, and Joseph, King of the Khazars, or, rather between their respective scribes.
		There survives an enigmatic note, which Ibn Hawkal jotted down on a manuscript map, dated A. It says: 'Hasdai ibn-Ishaq (Arab version of Hasdai's name) thinks that this great long mountain (the Caucasus) is connected with the mountains of Armenia and traverses the country of the Greeks, extending to Khazaran and the mountains of Armenia.
	christianparty.net /wm/wm0021i.html (12347 words)

	Rus' (people) - Wikpedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Normanist theory is also based on Ibn Fadlan who uses the name Rusiyyah for a group of people who are usually interpreted as Vikings near Astrakhan, and on the Persian traveler Ibn Rustah who allegedly visited Novgorod and described how the Rus' exploited the Slavs.
		As for the Rus, they live on an island...that takes three days to walk round and is covered with thick undergrowth and forests; it is most unhealthy....They harry the Slavs, using ships to reach them; they carry them off as slaves and...sell them.
		Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah, by James E. Montgomery, with full translation of Ibn Fadlan (http://www.uib.no/jais/v003/montgo1.pdf)
	www.bostoncoop.net /~tpryor/wiki/index.php?title=Rus'_(people) (1292 words)

	Ahmad Ibn Fadlan Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
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	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan (900 words)

	Bibliography of Khazar Studies - Section 7: Primary Source Documents
		Ibn Fadlan's Journey to Russia: A Tenth-Century Traveler from Baghdad to the Volga River.
		Ibn Rustah's geographic work contains second-hand knowledge of the Khazars, Magyars, Slavs, and other peoples.
		Discusses the work of Abd-al Hayy ibn al-Dahhak Gardizi as it relates to the Khazars and the history of the Slavs and Rus.
	www.khazaria.com /khazar-biblio/sec7.html (1511 words)

	Sword Forum International - Arabs and Vikings
		If Ibn Fadlan says that the Vikings are dirty, while Ibn Rustah asserts that their clothes were clean, whom should you believe?
		Ibn Fadlan tells us about how the Vikings’ bodies and skin looked like, just as if they thought of the Vikings as another race.
		Researchers agree in general that the Account of ibn Fadlan tells the 'true' story, gives a first hand account, of the life of that legendary warrior.
	forums.swordforum.com /showthread.php?threadid=45037 (3737 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Notable works include Abu Bakr al-Razi's encyclopedia of science, the Mutazilite Al-Kindi's prolific output of 270 books, and Ibn Sina's medical encyclopedia, which was a standard reference work for centuries.
		Also notable are works of universal history (or sociology) from Asharites, al-Tabri, al-Masudi, Ibn Rustah, al-Athir, and Ibn Khaldun, whose Muqadimmah contains cautions regarding trust in written records that remain wholly applicable today.
		Adab al-kātib (The book of knowledge) by Ibn Qutayba (828-889).
	www.free-download-soft.com /info/encyclopedia.html (1571 words)

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