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Topic: Ibn Zuhr

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	Ibn Rushd [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Ibn Rushd's relationship with the Almohad was not merely opportunistic, (considering the support his father and grandfather had given to the Almoravids) for it influenced his work significantly; notably his ability to unite philosophy and religion.
		Ibn Rushd concludes by discussing divine hearing and vision, and notes that scripture relates these attributes to God in the sense that he perceives things in existing things that are not apprehended by the intellect.
		Ibn Rushd’s classification of being begins with accidental substances, which are physical beings, then moves to being of the soul / mind and finally discusses whether the substance existing outside the soul, such as the sphere of the fixed stars, is material or immaterial.
	www.iep.utm.edu /i/ibnrushd.htm (7398 words)

	AMSE. International : About us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Abu Muhammad Abdallah Ibn Ahmad Ibn al-Baitar Dhiya al-Din al-Malaqi was one of the greatest scientists of Muslim Spain and was the greatest botanist and pharmacist of the middle Ages.
		Ibn al-Haitham's influence on physical sciences in general and optics in particular, has been held in high esteem and, in fact, it ushered in a new era in optical research, both in theory and practice.
		Ibn Battuta's contribution to geography is unquestionably as great as that of any geographer, yet the accounts of his travels are not easily accessible except to the specialist.
	www.amse.net /discoveries_WorkofMuslimScientists.html (11849 words)

	[No title]
		Ibn Rus-hd said in his defence that he had written "the king of the two lands." (Berber written in free hand without diacritical marks can be read as Barrain.) A second story holds that he had written down that Venus is divine.
		Ibn Rushd had complete faith in nature, and maintained that everything in the world happens according to a perfect regularity which can be understood in terms of cause and effect.
		Ibn Sina, following the way opened by al-Farabi, looked at the problem from a new standpoint, i, e., from the distinction between the necessary and the contingent, yet in his old age he dwelt upon the fusion of the One and the Being with a kind of divergence towards a gnostic mysticism.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /hmp/chp28.doc (10017 words)

	Ibn Rushd on Anatomy
		Ibn Rushd said that all vertebrae are articulate except the first two from the neck, because the first vertebra is attached to two appendices ramified from the skull.
		Ibn Rushd writes that the sixth nerve feeds the pharynx and the tongue and part of it leads to the muscles near and around the shoulder and another part deviates to the neck and a branch of that goes to the larynx.
		Ibn Rushd had even established the original development of the layers of the eye in the fetus, and discovered that they appear to imitate the layers of the brain and its membranes.
	www.thehealthnews.org /religion.and.health/Ibn_Rushd_on_Anatomy.html (2927 words)

	Salaam Knowledge
		Ibn Zuhr was one of the greatest physicians, clinicians and parapsychologist of the Middle Ages.
		Ibn Zuhr was “proficient in the art of dissecting dead human bodies and knew anatomy in detail” and he was the first to test different medicines on animals before administering them to humans.
		Ibn Zuhr known in the West as Avenzoar was born Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik Ibn Zuhr at Seville, Spain.
	www.salaam.co.uk /knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=830 (377 words)

	Ibn Zuhr > Bin Zuhr \| Muslim Profile \| African Muslims \| Muslims in Civilizations \| Spread of Islam in the World \| ...
		Ibn Zuhr - Master Physician, known in the West as Avenzoar, was one of the most prominent physicians, clinicians and parasitologist of the Middle Ages.
		Ibn Zuhr limited his work only in Medicine, contrary to the prevailing practice of Muslim scientists who used to have many contributions in different fields.
		Ibn Zuhr's influence on the development of medical science was felt for several centuries throughout the world.
	www.esinislam.com /Muslims_Profile/Muslim_Profile_Ibn-Zuhr.htm (516 words)

	Architects of the Scientific Thought in Islamic Civilization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ibn Zuhr was a surname of family of Muslim scientists who flourished in Andalusia from the beginning of the 10th century to the early years of the 13th century AD(161).
		Ibn Zuhr was a unique case of his time.
		Ibn Zuhr was one of the greatest Andalusian physicians.
	www.isesco.org.ma /pub/Eng/Architects/P28.htm (650 words)

	Inventions by Muslims (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ibn Firnas of Islamic Spain invented eyeglasses during the 9th century, and they were manufactured and sold throughout Spain for over two centuries.
		Ibn Zuhr correctly described the nature of pleurisy, tuberculosis and pericarditis.
		Ibn an-Nafs and Ibn al-Quff (13th century) provided full documentation that the blood circulates and correctly described the physiology of the heart and the function of its valves 300 years before Harvey.
	moonsighting.com /inventions.html (3658 words)

	Islamic Medicine: 1000 years ahead of its times
		Ibn Sina described the symptoms of meningitis with such clarity and brevity that there is very little that can be added after I 000 yearS6.
		Ibn Sina stated explicitly that the bodily secretion is contaminated by foul foreign earthly body before getting the infection.
		Ibn Khatima stated that man is surrounded by minute bodies which enter the human system and cause disease.
	www.islamfortoday.com /athar04.htm (4441 words)

	MuslimHeritage.com - Topics
		Ibn Zuhr was formed at the school of his father, and became an eminent practioner, with great medical experience, never relying on the Ancients (Greek) legacy, but instead, submitting everything to experimentation.
		It was written at the request of Ibn Rushd, who was a great friend and admirer (though not a disciple); it would seem that they both meant the Taysir to be the counterpart of the Kulllyat (of Ibn Rushd), the latter dealing with the generalities of medicine, the former with more special topics.
		[37] There could have been a new generation of Ibn Zuhr's, possibly, but soon, Seville was going to be taken by the Spaniards, and just as their line of scholarship ended, so was going to be that of all Muslim scholarship in the city, ending at precisely the same juncture (in the 1240s).
	www.muslimheritage.com /topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=534 (2219 words)

	Islamset-Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar)-Anatomy of Liver, Spleen, and Abdomen, their Diseases and Treatment in the Kitab Al-Taysir ...
		Ibn Abi Usaybia 3, says that he was renowned by his dexterity and knowledge and his excellent cures which indicated his efficacy in the skill of medicine and its secrets, and he made prodigies in the treatment of patients.
		Abd al-Malik ibn Zuhr was going to the palace of prince of Faithful in Seville, and on his way, at Abul-Khayr bath, near Ibn Mu'amil's house, found an ill man who had a great tumor, his belly was swollen and his complexion became pale.
		Ibn al-Abbar says that he wrote it after he composed the Kitab al-Iqtisad and Colin says that it was, then, written between 1121 and 1162 A.D. We know that this book was written at the request of the cadi Abul-Walid ibn Rushd (Averroes), since this one says at the end of his Kitab al-Kulliyat:
	www.islamset.com /isc/zuhr/main.html (4466 words)

	Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: The Great Systematizers
		Ibn Sina in general excelled in logical assessment of a condition and the comparison of symptoms.
		Ibn Sina was also concerned with other means of relieving pain, such as massage, the application of hot compresses, the use of a hot-water bottle, pleasurable music, or compelling work.
		Since this Ibn Zuhr was the first of a five-generation family of prominent Andalusian physicians, the question arises whether Islamic medicine in Spain followed the direction of this patriarch of medical families and developed with less dependence upon the ideas of Ibn Sina.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_07.html (1815 words)

	AMSE. International : About us (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ibn Zuhr's forte was clinical description; he produced classical analyses of mediastinal tumors, pericarditis, intestinal tuberculosis, and pharyngeal paralysis.
		The human intellect, said Ibn Bajja, is composed of two parts: the "material intellect," which is bound up with the body and dies with it; and the "Active Intellect," or impersonal cosmic mind, which enters into all men, and is alone immortal.
		Ibn Baitar's Kitab al-Jami made medicinal-botanical history; it listed 1400 plants, foods, and drugs, 300 of them new; analyzed their chemical constitution and healing power; and added acute observations on their use in therapy.
	www.amse.net /discoveries_500years.html (2794 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ibn Zuhr, known as Avenzoar, was the first to describe pericardial abscesses and to recommend tracheotomy when necessary as well as being a skilled practical physician, and Ibn Rushd wrote an important book on medical theories and precepts.
		Ibn al-Baytar, for example, the most famous Andalusian botanist, wrote a book called Simple Drugs and Food, an alphabetically arranged compendium of medicinal plants, most of which were native to Spain and North Africa, and which he had spent a lifetime gathering.
		Ibn al-Khatib, for example, who distinguished himself in almost all branches of learning, produced more than fifty works on travel, medicine, poetry, music, politics, and theology, as well as writing the finest history of Granada that has survived.
	islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Ref4.htm (1705 words)

	Averroes
		Ibn Rushd's position on both counts is clear and his arguments are quite elaborate, simple and straightforward.
		Ibn Rushd rejects this argument, pointing to its Avicennian origins and maintaining that its first premise is merely rhetorical and factually incorrect, and that its second premise is not demonstrable; the two great philosophers Plato and Aristotle took opposite views regarding it.
		Ibn Rushd does not believe that there are deductive arguments that can prove the existence of God, but his two inductive arguments are the only arguments the human mind is capable of offering to prove the existence of God.
	www.wordtrade.com /philosophy/medieval/averroes.htm (4177 words)

	wa `alaykum al-salam wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuhu
		If Eid occurs on Jumu`ah, they pray Eid and Zuhr: this is permissible and Jumu`ah drops from whoever attended Eid with the Imam, since the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) prayed Eid and said: “Whoever wishes to gather [for Jumu`ah]: gather!” Imam Ahmad related it from the hadith of Zaid bin Arqam.
		So Ibn Zl-Zubayr said, “Two Eids have gathered during one day” and he gathered the people together and prayed two rak`at with them in the early morning [bukrah] and did nothing in addition to the two [rak`at] until praying `Asr.
		Ibn Rajab’s book on fiqh principles is among his greatest masterpieces if not his greatest.
	mac.abc.se /~onesr/h/122.html (2021 words)

	MEDICINE AND MEDICAL EDUCATION IN ISLAMIC HISTORY
		Ibn Sina described the symptoms of meningitis with such clarity and brevity that there is very little that can be added to it even after a thousand years(6).
		Ibn Sina originated the idea of the use of oral anesthetics.(l7) He recognized opium as the most powerful mukhadir (intoxicant or drug).
		Ibn Sina deduced that the patient was in love with a girl whose home Ibn Sina was able to locate by the digital examination.
	www.irfi.org /articles/articles_1_50/medicine_and_medical_education_i.htm (3274 words)

	USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
		Ibn Hajar says in Fath al-Bari: "Some of the early scholars were of the opinion that it is preferred to do so if one prays in one's house rather than in the mosque." This has been recorded from Ibn 'Umar.
		Ibn 'Umar said: "We observed and preserved from the Prophet ten rak'at [of sunnah prayers]: two before zuhr and two after it, two after maghrib in his house, two after 'isha in his house and two rak'at before the fajr." This is related by al-Bukhari.
		Ibn Mas'ud says: "I cannot count how many times I heard the Messenger of Allah recite, in the two rak'at after maghrib and in the two rak'at before fajr 'Say: O disbelievers,' and 'Say: He is Allah, the One.'" This is related by Ibn Majah and at-Tirmizhi.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/law/fiqhussunnah/fus2_11.html (3192 words)

	ABU MARWAN IBN ZUHR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ibn Zuhr was one of the greatest physicians and clinicians of the Muslim golden era and has rather been held by some historians of science as the greatest of them.
		Ibn Rushd (Averroes), is the most important work of Ibn Zuhr.
		Ibn Zuhr in his works lays stress on observation and experiment and his contribution greatly influenced the medical science for several centuries both in the East and the West.
	www.ummah.net /moonsighting/scholars/ZUHR.html (370 words)

	Medicine and Health
		Ibn Sina's portrait is in the hall of the Faculty of Medicine in the University of Paris.
		Ibn Zuhr was the first to test different medicines on animals before giving them to humans.
		Ibn Nafis (1210 - 1288) is credited for the discovery of the pulmonary circulation system (circulation of blood throughout the body as pumped by the heart and through the lungs).
	www.sfusd.k12.ca.us /schwww/sch618/Medicine/Medicine_and_Health.html (2340 words)

	Les promoteurs de l'esprit scientifique dans la civilisation islamique (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Ibn Zuhr est le surnom d'une famille de savants musulmans qui ont vécu en Andalousie du début du Xe siècle jusqu'au XIIIe siècle.(178) Le plus renommé de cette lignée est le médecin Abu Marwane Abdel Malek Ibn Abi al-Alaa Zuhr, appelé généralement Abu Marwane, et connu chez les Européens du nom d'Avenzoar.
		Ibn Zuhr représente un cas exceptionnel en son époque, car en dépit de l'étendue et de la diversité de son savoir, il s'est spécialisé en médecine, qu'il exerça toute sa vie durant.
		Ibn Zuhr s'est appuyé, dans ses travaux, sur l'expérimentation et la rigueur scientifique, aboutissant ainsi à la découverte de maladies encore inconnues.
	www.isesco.org.ma /pub/FR/Promoteurs/p28.htm (614 words)

	Carolina Seminar for Comparative Islamic Studies
		The Legacy of Avenzoar (Ibn Zuhr) of Seville
		Azar’s presentation focused on Ibn Zuhr of Seville, an older contemporary of the famous scholars Ibn Rush and Ibn Maymun.
		Ibn Zuhr’s research exhibits a sharp clinical acumen and an extensive understanding of the workings of the human body.
	www.unc.edu /depts/islamsem/001017azar.shtml (519 words)

	Contributions of Islam To Medicine
		Among the eminent physicians who took part in the first stage were Jurjis Ibn Bakhtisliu, his grandson Jibrit, Yuhanna Ibn-Masawaya, and Hunain Ibn-Ishak; most of them were Christians, yet they were respected and well treated by the Moslem rulers.
		It is said, rightly or wrongly, that the history of a nation is the sum total of the history of a few of its individuals.
		Ibn Zuhr or Avenzoar was born near Seville, Spain, the son of an outstanding physician.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/4482/article32.htm (1907 words)

	Ibn Rushd
		The young Ibn Rushd received his education in his native city which was the highest seat of learning in the west.
		In 1198, when the religious fanaticism subsided, Ibn Rushd was recalled to Morocco by the Almohade Ruler Yaqub al-Mansur, but he did not live long to enjoy the favours of his patron and died on December 10th, 1198 at the age of 75.
		Regarding predestination, Ibn Rushd maintained that man was `neither the absolute master of his destiny nor bound by fixed immutable decrees, but, that the truth lay in the middle' `Human actions depend partly on free-will and partly on outside causes.
	www.renaissance.com.pk /jagletf98.html (2462 words)

	inzuhr
		Ibn Zuhr, known in the West as Avenzoar, was one of the greatest physicians, clinicians and parasitologist of the Middle
		Ibn Zuhr wrote many monumental books for the medical specialist and for the common people.
		Ibn Zuhr wrote Kitab al-Taisir fi al-Mudawat wa al-Tadbir at the request of Ibn Rushd (Averroes).
	www.ugr.es /~mazimane/inzuhr.htm (391 words)

	IslamiCity Forum: question?
		Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan Nasir al-Din al-Tusi is an Iranian Muslim, and was one of the greatest scientists, philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, theologians and physicians of the 7th/13th century Islamic lands and he was also a prolific writer.
		Ibn Baitar's contributions are characterized by observation, analysis and classification and have exerted a profound influence on Eastern as well as Western botany and medicine.
		Jabir Ibn Haiyan, known as the alchemist Geber of the Middle Ages, is generally known as the Father of Chemistry.
	www.islamicity.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=1416&PN=0&TPN=3 (2930 words)

	Ibn Zuhr
		Ibn Zuhr confinou seu trabalho somente a medicina, contrario a prática que prevalecia entre os cientistas muçulmanos que trabalhavam em diversos campos da ciência.
		Ibn Zuhr fez diversas descobertas como médico, foi o primeiro a testar medicinas diferentes em animais antes de administrá-los aos seres humanos.
		Ibn Zuhr, escreveu muitos livros monumentais para o especialistas médicos e para povo em geral.
	www.islam.org.br /ibn_zuhr.htm (469 words)

	AKU- News & Events (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Ibn Zuhr Building, a six-floor building with an area of 42,454 sq.
		While half of the total project cost was funded by the University, an equal proportion was raised through donations received from 74 generous individuals and donor groups, from Karachi and across Pakistan, who contributed a total of Rs.
		The Chancellor also expressed satisfaction that services provided at the Ibn Zuhr Building will be accessible to those who cannot afford the full cost of their treatment, through the support of the University Hospital's Patient Welfare Programme.
	www.aku.edu /news/majorevents/akuina021205.shtml (417 words)

	Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts: The Art as a Profession
		The Bakhtishu` family is the most obvious, but there were also many others, such as the Ibn Zuhr family consisting of 5 generations of Spanish physicians, including two women physicians who served the household of the Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya`qub al-Mansur, who ruled from 1184 to 1199 (580-595 H).
		The certificate is in the handwriting of Ibn al-Nafis himself and dated the 29th of Jumada I in 668 H (25 January 1270).
		These individual cases of the certified completion of a reading course, as important as they are for the history of medical education, are not, however, equivalent to the licensing of physicians upon completion of an approved period of training.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /exhibition/islamic_medical/islamic_13.html (1240 words)

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