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	Ibotenic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ibotenic acid is a toxic, possibly psychoactive compound present in Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina.
		When ingested, a small amount of ibotenic acid is decarboxylated into muscimol, causing an initial drowsiness, followed by a four hour long excited state.
		The Ibotenic acid/muscimol found in Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina was used by Siberian shamans as a sacrament.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ibotenic_acid (162 words)

	Erowid Psychoactive Amanitas Vault : Info on Ibotenic Acid & Muscimol
		Muscazone is readily prepared from ibotenic acid (Chilton & Ott, unpublished; Goth 1967), may be an artifact of isolation procedures, and is of dubious psychoactivity.
		A second user ingesting the urine of the first, would cause some of the ibotenic acid to be decarboxylated to muscimol during digestion, producing inebriation when the muscimol was absorbed; and the bulk of the ibotenic acid would be re-excreted in his urine in turn.
		Thus a 100 mg dose of ibotenic acid might potentially represent four or five 10-15 mg doses of muscimol, and Steller's 1774 report that one dose of mushrooms could be recycled through four or five persons is certainly feasible.
	www.erowid.org /plants/amanitas/amanitas_info_ott.shtml (1167 words)

	Aminita muscaria, Amanita pantherina and others (Group PIM G026)
		Ibotenic acid and muscimol in the mushroom were stable on storage under dry or salt conditions (Benedict et al., 1966; Tsunoda et al., 1993).
		Ibotenic acid and muscinol are mainly responsible for the toxic effects (Takemoto et al., 1964; Bowden and Mogey, 1965; Eugster et al., 1965; Muller and Eugster, 1965).
		Ibotenic acid is structurally similar to glutaminic acid and mimics its effects in animals.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/fungi/pimg026.htm (4433 words)

	IPCS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ibotenic acid and muscimol are respectively, conformationaly restricted derivatives of glutamic acid and GABA.
		Ibotenic acid administered electrophoretically is, like its isomorph glutamic acid, an excitant of isolated spinal interneurones and Renshaw cells, while muscimol and GABA are powerful inhibitors of firing of central neurones (Johnston et al., 1968; Johnston, 1971).
		Ibotenic acid and muscimol are readily detected by the transient yellow colour produced on treatment with ninhydrin.
	joseppiqueras.iespana.es /bibliografia/ipcs.htm (6938 words)

	UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1970 Issue 4 - 004
		It is the hydrate of ?-amino-[3-hydroxyisoxazolyl-(5)]-acetic acid (Ia) and, therefore, a glycine derivative.
		However, since it is easily derived from ibotenic acid through the loss of water and CO2, which can occur during extraction or on paper chromatograms, one cannot say positively that it is a genuine compound in the mushroom.
		Muscarine and ibotenic acid are not evenly distributed throughout the fruiting body of the fly-agaric.
	www.unodc.org /unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1970-01-01_4_page005.html (4311 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Mushrooms - Ibotenic Acid : Article by Peter Chyka, PharmD, FACCT, DABAT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ibotenic acid and muscimol are relatively stable; for instance, toxic activity has been maintained in dried plants for as long as 7 years.
		Ibotenic acid resembles glutamic acid, and, in animals, it acts on glutaminergic receptors to produce excitatory effects.
		Ipecac syrup should generally be avoided because of the relatively rapid onset of CNS symptoms after ingestion of ibotenic acid mushrooms and the lack of evidence for the effectiveness of ipecac.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic1505.htm (3511 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ibotenic acid and muscimol are the primary entheogenic constituents in the mushroom, Amanita muscaria, also known as fly agaric (traditionally used with milk to trap houseflies).
		Ibotenic acid and muscimol are both psychotropically effective at doses ranging from 50-100 mg.
		Ibotenic acid and muscimol are excreted unaltered in the urine, giving rise to the ritual of drinking the inebriant's urine to produce intoxication (Schultes 1969).
	sulcus.berkeley.edu /mcb/165_001/papers/manuscripts/_945.html (2847 words)

	An Illustrated Companion to Pharmacology - Iatrogenic disease to Ivermectin
		Ibotenic acid: a neurotoxic isoxazole and an excitatory amino acid (a-amino-2,3-dihydro-3-oxa-5-isoxazole acetic acid).
		Ibotenic acid is a psychotropic compound, is weakly insecticidal and is structurally similar to kainic acid and muscimol (which is its decarboxylation product).
		Ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT): sometimes referred to as the ileal apical sodium bile acid co-transporter, an energy-dependent bile acid pump mechanism which is located on the apical membrane of the enterocyte where it transports bile acids from the terminal ileum back to the gall bladder.
	www.thekanjifoundrypress.com /i.html (4245 words)

	Abolition of the Neocortically Monitored Theta Rhythm after Ibotenic Acid Lesion of the Parafascicular Nucleus in ...
		Ibotenic acid is a glutamate analogue which immediately excites and then kills the cell bodies, sparing the passing fibers.
		In all the rats, 72 hours after unilateral injection of ibotenic acid (corresponding to the period of neuronal destruction) into the lateral part of the PF, the EEG recordings showed that the spontaneous neocortical theta rhythm was abolished on the side ipsilateral to the injection.
		The main finding of this study was that ibotenic acid lesions in the lateral part of the intralaminar PF nucleus abolish the neocortically monitored theta activity spontaneously occurring during REM sleep and alert, but immobile wake in freely-moving rats.
	www.all-birds.org /Dreams/dreams049.htm (2024 words)

	eMedicine - Toxicity, Mushrooms - Ibotenic Acid : Article Excerpt by: Peter Chyka, PharmD, FACCT, DABAT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Background: Amanita muscaria, also called fly agaric or soma, and Amanita pantherina, also called panther or panther amanita, are representative of the mushrooms in the ibotenic acid and muscimol mushroom group that produce ethanol-like intoxication and jerking movements.
		Ibotenic acid and muscimol are the major toxins in this mushroom.
		Mushrooms in the ibotenic acid group are commonly found throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/byname/toxicity-mushrooms---ibotenic-acid.htm (578 words)

	Amanita, articles and image links, with full references:
		Ibotenic Acid: The current view is that Ibotenic Acid does not cross the blood brain barrier unchanged and is partially metabolised into muscimole and the rest excreted.
		Ibotenic acid, however, has been shown to be a potent neurotoxin when injected directly in the brains of mice and rats and is used as a potent brain-lesioning agent.
		Ibotenic acid, however, has been shown to be a pote nt > neurotoxin when injected directly in the brains of mice and rats and is us ed > as a potent brain-lesioning agent.
	www.pahealthsystems.com /message13347.html (2458 words)

	Buy Amanita Amanitas
		Ibotenic acid, which causes the uncomfortable and less desirable physical effects (sweating/nausea), is absorbed by the ingesting body, and the Muscimol, the active component that produces the visionary states, passes unadulterated through the urine.
		Ibotenic acid is an unstable compound; consequently, during extraction in a professional research facility, subsequent processing, through drying, or through the simple passage of time, large losses can occur.
		Furthermore, it appears that the highest concentration of Ibotenic acid and Muscimol is in the yellow tissue of the cap immediately below the skin, so the practice of peeling off of the red skin may leave behind most of both the Muscimol and the Ibotenic acid.
	www.iamshaman.com /amanitamuscaria.htm (2570 words)

	Huntington's Disease
		Two earlier neurotoxins were kainic acid and ibotenic acid,(1,2) synthetic analogues of glutamic acid that excite receptor neurons and, in excess, lead to excitotoxic death.
		Kainic acid and ibotenic acid do not selectively spare somatostatin and neuropeptide Y. However, Beal and colleagues have reported sparing of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y after QA,(5,6) 1-homocysteic acid,(10) or N-methyl-D,L-aspartate (11) injection, similar to the neurochemical findings in HD.
		The observation of a sparing of large cholinergic cells suggests that all three toxins (kainic acid, ibotenic acid and quinolinic acid) produce patterns of cell loss reminiscent of those found in the neurodegenerative disorder Huntington's disease.
	www.curedisease.com /Perspectives/vol_3_1991/degen_hunt.html (2062 words)

	Experimental Localization of Kv1 Family Voltage-Gated K+ Channel {alpha} and {beta} Subunits in Rat Hippocampal ...
		Effects of an ibotenic acid lesion in the dentate gyrus on Kv1.1 and Kv1.4 immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus and CA3 subfield.
		Because the axons and terminals of dentate granule cells (the mossy fibers) were destroyed by this ibotenic acid lesion, this result indicates that Kv1.1 and Kv1.4 are associated with mossy fiber axons.
		An example of the effects of a CA1 ibotenic acid lesion is shown in Figure 6.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/16/5973 (8113 words)

	Ibotenic acid - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Ibotenic acid is the toxic psychoactive compound, amino acid, present in Amanita muscaria.
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Ibotenic acid contains research on
		Ibotenic acid, External links, Amino acids and Mycotoxins.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Ibotenic_acid (86 words)

	Tahsin's Project Page
		Constituents: The entheogenic constituents of A. muscaria are ibotenic acid (alpha-amino3-hydroxy-5-isoxazole acetic acid), muscamol (3hydroxy-5-aminomethy1 isoxazole), and possibly muscazone(Ott).
		After ingestion, a small amount of ibotenic acid decarboxylates into muscamol, which produces the intoxication.
		Taken orally, ibotenic acid is entheogenically active at 50-100 mg(Ott and Stafford) Taken orally, muscimol displays activity at 10-15mg.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~blacken (228 words)

	FDA/CFSAN Bad Bug Book Mushroom toxins
		Poisonings by these mushrooms are rarely fatal in adults and may be distinguished from ibotenic acid poisoning by the absence of drowsiness or coma.
		The chemistry of the toxins responsible for this type of poisoning is virtually unknown, but may be related to the presence in some mushrooms of unusual sugars, amino acids, peptides, resins, and other compounds.
		The mushroom produces an unusual amino acid, coprine, which is converted to cyclopropanone hydrate in the human body.
	www.seafoodhaccp.com /SeafoodData/BadBugBook/CHAP40.HTML (3810 words)

	The Amanita Toxins
		Although they have the same toxicological effects as and appear to be derived from the phallotoxins, the virotoxins are monocyclic heptapeptides, not bicyclic peptides.
		Ibotenic acid is an Excitatory Amino Acid (EAA) and muscimol is its derivative.
		These toxins act by mimicking the natural transmitters glutamic acid and aspartic acid on neurons in the central nervous system with specialized receptors for amino acids.
	www.ansci.cornell.edu /plants/toxicagents/amanita/amapeptides.html (421 words)

	Eye Movement Deficits Following Ibotenic Acid Lesions of the Nucleus Prepositus Hypoglossi in Monkeys II. Pursuit, ...
		Kaneko, C.R.S. Effects of ibotenic acid lesions of nucleus prepositus hypoglossi on optokinetic and vestibular eye movements in the alert, trained monkey.
		Kaneko, C.R.S. The effect of ibotenic acid lesions of the omnipause neurons on saccadic eye movements in rhesus monkeys.
		A histological analysis of kainic acid ibotenic acid and quinolinic acid lesions in the rat brain.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/81/2/668 (8698 words)

	Effects of neuron specific amaygdala lesions on fear- motivated behavior in rats
		However, since the IBO lesions did not affect the most medial parts of the amygdala complex including the central amygdala nucleus, it was suggested that the role of this nucleus in the arousal of fear had to be investigated further.
		Since the long-term axon sparing effect of ibotenic acid was questioned in paper II, the effects of such lesions in the amygdala complex of rats were compared to those of RF lesions on a passive avoidance task in paper III.
		Since kainic acid (also a neuroexcitatory amino acid) is known to produce severe epileptic activity, the increases in locomotor activity after ibotenic acid injections could perhaps be due to subclinical epileptic discharges.
	www.fou.uib.no /drgrad/1986/301001/index.html (1012 words)

	The excitation and depression of spinal neurones by ibotenic acid -- Curtis et al. 291 (1): 19 -- The Journal of ...
		The excitation and depression of spinal neurones by ibotenic acid -- Curtis et al.
		The excitation and depression of spinal neurones by ibotenic acid
		suggested that ibotenate is converted in vivo to muscimol or a related
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/abstract/291/1/19 (262 words)

	Effect of Perinatal Alcohol Exposure on Ibotenic Acid-Induced Excitotoxic Cortical Lesions in Newborn Hamsters -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Effects of alcohol exposure on ibotenic acid–induced brain lesions in pups at birth.
		Subpial ectopia was absent in pups born to unexposed dams and
		Effect of intrapallial ibotenic acid (Ibo) injected to newborn (P0) hamsters (A), and effect of short-term (Alc.
	www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/full/57/2/287 (4496 words)

	Carotid body denervation alters ventilatory responses to ibotenic acid injections or focal acidosis in the medullary ...
		Carotid body denervation alters ventilatory responses to ibotenic acid injections or focal acidosis in the medullary raphe -- Hodges et al.
		(CBD) on the ventilatory responses to focal acidosis and ibotenic
		Acute ventilatory response to caudal and rostral ibotenic acid injections.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/98/4/1234 (6325 words)

	Lesion of the perinuclear zone attenuates cardiac sensitivity of vasopressinergic supraoptic neurons -- Grindstaff and ...
		to ibotenic acid (16, 18), the vasopressin-secreting neurons
		Note the glial infiltration and lack of cell bodies within the dashed line in the region of the PNZ on the side injected with ibotenic acid.
		Ibotenate lesions of the diagonal band of Broca attenuate baroreceptor sensitivity of rat supraoptic vasopressin neurons.
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/280/3/R630 (5160 words)

	Acidophilus notes \| 09:54
		The ibotenic acid fraction is converted, via the refluxing in water, into muscimole.
		The mushroom contains a number of psychoactive agents: ibotenic acid, muscimol, muscazone and muscarine, of which muscimol (3hydroxy-5-aminomethy-1 isoxazole, an unsaturated cyclic hydroxamic acid) is the most significant.
		Some users cook the mushroom before ingestion, because it is said that the ibotenic acid turns into muscimol under this heat.
	www.acidophiluseffects.com /notes/?title=Amanita_muscaria (3010 words)

	Increased Expression of MIP-1{alpha} and MIP-1{beta} mRNAs in the Brain Correlates Spatially and Temporally with the ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ibotenic acid (Sigma) was dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing 0.02% acetic acid at a concentration of
		by ibotenic acid from that caused by infection of the brain by
		Viral load and its relationship to quinolinic acid, TNF alpha, and IL-6 levels in the CNS of retroviral infected mice.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/75/6/2665 (5117 words)

	Ibotenic acid lesion of the anterior piriform cortex does not increase high-protein diet intake in rats -- Faipoux et ...
		Ibotenic acid lesion of the anterior piriform cortex does not increase high-protein diet intake in rats -- Faipoux et al.
		Ibotenic acid lesion of the anterior piriform cortex does not increase high-protein diet intake in rats
		CONCLUSION: The ibotenic acid sensitive neurons in the APC are
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/20/4/A178-b (285 words)

	Differential effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the hippocampus and blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate ...
		Differential effects of ibotenic acid lesions of the hippocampus and blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term potentiation on contextual processing in rats.
		The contextual specificity of appetitive conditioned responding was examined in rats undergoing chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of 15 or 30 mM D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5) or with excitotoxic hippocampal lesions.
		Results indicate that rats are capable of processing contextual information in the absence of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent LTP and demonstrate an important dissociation between the effects of hippocampal lesions and the blockade of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus.
	www.aegis.com /pubs/medline/1998/jan/m9819162.html (225 words)

	A sensory brain map for each behavior? -- Metzner and Juranek 94 (26): 14798 -- Proceedings of the National Academy ...
		acid receptors are present in the molecular layer, and mainly
		Portions of the ELL segment of interest were lesioned by pressure injecting 10 mM biotinylated ibotenic acid (26) into the
		acid did not differ from its unbiotinylated form (26).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/26/14798 (3900 words)

	Increased Receptive Field Size in the Surround of Chronic Lesions in the Adult Cat Visual Cortex -- Eysel and ...
		An additional electrode is used to inject ibotenic acid to make the lesion.
		Recording sites before ibotenic acid injection (X) and 76 days later (filled circles) across the lesion (broken circle) are numbered 1–4, while a more lateral series of post-lesion penetrations is numbered 5–8.
		Note the strongly enlarged RFs in the surrounding of the ibotenic acid lesion (penetrations 2–4).
	cercor.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/9/2/101 (6237 words)

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