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Topic: Ibrahim of Umayyad

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	Chronological Timeline
		748 Qahtaba defeats the Umayyad governor of Khurasan.
		817-9 Anti-caliphate of Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi in Baghdad.
		888 -912 In Cordoba, the caliphate of the Umayyad Abdallah.
	www.princeton.edu /~batke/itl/chron.html (6732 words)

	Umayyad - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, one of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads.
		This established the Umayyad dynasty, and the capital of the caliphate was moved to Damascus.
		The Umayyads were overthrown in the east by the Abbasid dynasty after their defeat in the Battle of the Zab in 750, following which most of the clan was massacred by the Abbasids.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Umayyad (416 words)

	Encyclopedia: Caliph
		Mohammed II was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty.
		Suleiman II was the fifth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty.
		Muhammad III was an Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Caliph (9243 words)

	CQ Press : Current Events In Context : Terrorism
		In a battle between the Umayyad army and the forces of Ali at Siffin in 657, Ali agreed to arbitration.
		The Umayyad victory by 692 affirmed the pragmatic, consensus-oriented approach of the rising Sunni mainstream.
		Umayyad military power and the emerging pious elite's fear of anarchy resulted in the majoritarian compromise that is fundamental to Sunni views of society, community, and state.
	www.cqpress.com /context/articles/epr_islam.html (7454 words)

	Abbasid Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography
		The Umayyads were descended from Umayya, and were a clan separate from Muhammad's in the Quraish tribe.
		During the reign of Marwan II this opposition culminated in the rebellion of Ibrahim the Imam, the fourth in descent from Abbas, who, supported by the province of Khorasan, achieved considerable successes, but was captured (AD 747) and died in prison (as some hold, assassinated).
		In large part this was the result of the schismatic forces that had undermined the Umayyad regime, which relied on the assertion of the superiority of Arab culture as part of its claim to legitimacy, and the Abbasids' welcoming of support from non-Arab Muslims.
	www.lokalkolorit.de /encyclopedia/Abbasid (1271 words)

	Umayyad
		The Umayyads were the descendants of Ummayya ibn Abdi sh-Shams, a member of the Quraysh family of Mecca.
		The Umayyads are most famous for the buildings they erected, like the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem (690s) and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus (705).
		The time of the Umayyads was not a time of conversion to Islam, as people converting to Islam, were exempted from certain taxes, like the jizya, the tax of the dhimmis.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/umayyad.htm (399 words)

	Umayyads
		The Umayyads were an Islamic dynasty established by the caliph Muawiyah I (Mu'awiya) in 661.
		The Umayyad period was characterized by Arabization--the spread and intermarriage of Arabs with native peoples and the adoption of Arabic as the common language within the empire.
		Uthman ibn Affan, a member of the prominent Umayyad family of Mecca, had been elected to the caliphate in 644 to succeed Umar I, but his weakness and nepotism resulted in rebellion and he was murdered in 656.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/umayyad.htm (926 words)

	Wikipedia: Umayyad
		The Umayyad Dynasty (ummawiyy) was the first dynasty of caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad who were not closely related to Muhammad himself, though they were of the same Makkan tribe, the Quraish.
		Ironically, the Quraishi clan from which the Umayyad's originated were bitter enemies of Muhammad.
		This established the Umayyad dynasty, the capital was moved to Damascus
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/u/um/umayyad.html (190 words)

	Umayyads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The Umayyads were the descendants of Ummayya ibn Abdi sh-Shams, a member of the Quraysh family of Mecca.
		The Umayyads are most famous for the buildings they erected, like the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem (690s) and the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus (705).
		The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by the Abbasids.
	i-cias.com /e.o/ummawiyy.htm (410 words)

	Jerusalem - The Peace FAQ
		Embroiled in fierce competition with a dissident leader in Mecca, the Umayyad rulers sought to diminish Arabia at Jerusalem's expense.
		Ibrahim Hooper, national communications director for the Washington-based Council on American-Islamic Relations explains: "the Muslim attachment to Jerusalem does not begin with the prophet Muhammad, it begins with the prophets Abraham, David, Solomon and Jesus, who are also prophets in Islam." In other words, the central figures of Judaism and Christianity were really proto-Muslims.
		In an attempt to purify Islam of accretions and impieties, Ibn Taymiya dismissed the sacredness of Jerusalem as a notion deriving from Jews and Christians, and from the long-ago Umayyad rivalry with Mecca.
	peace.heebz.com /jerusalem.html (8709 words)

	Egypt - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In 661 Egypt came under the Umayyad dynasty, that took over the caliphate in that year.
		In 1833, two years after an invasion led by his son Ibrahim, the sultan appointed Mehmet pasha of Syria and the district of Adana, so that Mehmet now became the sole ruler of a large empire, while he was only responsible for a small tribute to the sultan.
		Mehmet's son Ibrahim was already dead, so Mehmet was succeeded by his grandson Abbas I. During his reign the railway from Alexandria to Cairo was commenced at the suggestion of the British government.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Egypt (7147 words)

	Umayyad History
		The first line of Umayyads were the Sufyanids (descendants of Abu Sufyan) who ruled from 661- 684.
		He left the town when the Umayyads were expelled by the rebels, but upon meeting the Syrian army advancing toward Medina, he returned with it after giving advice concerning the town and its defences.
		In 749 Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah was proclaimed the first Abbasid caliph; the Umayyads were massacred in 750.
	islamiccoins.ancients.info /umayyads/umayyadhistory.htm (2294 words)

	Damascus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		After the fall of the Umayyads and the establishment of the Abbasid caliphate in AD 750, Damascus was ruled from Baghdad, although in AD 858 al-Mutawakkil briefly established his residence there with the intention of transferring his capital there from Samarra.
		On 21 September, the Mamluk governor of Damascus fled the city, and on 2 October the khutba in the Umayyad mosque was pronounced in the name of Selim I.
		The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world, and one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of Islam.
	www.abitabouteverything.com /files/d/da/damascus.html (3165 words)

	ANJAR, by Www.LebMania.Com
		The Umayyad, the first hereditary dynasty of Islam, ruled from Damascus in the first century after the Prophet Mohammed, from 660 to 750 A.D. They are credited with great Arab conquests that created an Islamic empire stretching from the Indus Valley to southern France.
		The Umayyad's hundred-year history is steeped in war and conquest.
		These Umayyad baths contain the three classical sections of the Roman bath: the vestiary where patrons changed clothing before their bath: the vestiary where patrons changed clothing before their bath and rested afterwards, and three rooms for cold, warm and hot water.
	www.lebmania.com /photos/anjar/welcome.htm (1450 words)

	chapterfive.html
		The first indications were that al-Mahdi(divinely inspired leader awaited by the Muslims), who chose that title as an omen for the resurrection of the Umayyad dynasty, would restore to the caliphate it's prestige, to the Umayyads their glory and to their capital it's splendour and glamour.
		But it was the Umayyads themselves, in a struggle for power who began digging the ditch underneath the new khalifa, thus encouraging other elements of the population to follow suit.
		The Umayyads missed two opportunities when they were in a position to institutionalise the government and melt tribalism in a national melting pot.
	www.artopedia.com /chapter4.html (7072 words)

	THE RISE OF ISLAM - Ibrahim Stwodah's Home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Uthman belonged to the Umayyad branch of the Quraysh tribe.
		In successive centuries, two great caliphates, the Umayyad (661-750) in Damascus and the Abbasid (749-1258) in Baghdad, oversaw the consolidation of Muslim power, the expansion of the Islamic empire as a world political force, and the development and flourishing of Islamic civilization (15).
		The Abbasid dynasty succeeded the Umayyad Caliphate in 750, and ruled the Islamic Caliphate until 1258.
	www.longwood.edu /staff/stwodahim/islam1.htm (4572 words)

	Yazid III - TheBestLinks.com - Caliph, 744, 701, Umayyad, ...
		Yazid III, Caliph, 744, 701, Umayyad, Al-Walid II, Ibrahim of Ummayyad, Ibrahim...
		Yazid ibn Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik or Yazid III (701 - 744) was an Umayyad caliph.
		Yazid would be succeeded by his brother Ibrahim.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Yazid_III.html (133 words)

	Read about Umayyad at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Umayyad and learn about Umayyad here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		This established the Umayyad dynasty, the capital was moved to
		The Umayyads were overthrown in the east by the
		Abd-ar-rahman I, took over the Muslim territory in Spain and founded a new Umayyad dynasty there.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Umayyad (269 words)

	Did 'Abd al-Malik Build Dome Of The Rock To Divert The Hajj From Makkah?
		When the Umayyad Caliph `Abd al-Malik wished the stop the pilgrimages to Mecca because he was worried lest his rival `Abd Allah b.
		In fact al-Ya`qubi himself says that from 72 AH onwards the Hajj ceremony was performed under the governership of Umayyad when Makkah came under al-Hajjaj's control; the "anti-Makkan" caliph `Abd al-Malik went to Makkah for the Hajj in 75 AH as did other Umayyad caliphs.
		All these writers claim that, since a counter-caliph Ibn al-Zubayr was in possession of Makkah, the Umayyad caliph `Abd al-Malik built a sanctuary in Jerusalem in order to divert pilgrims from Arabia proper by establishing the Palestinian city as the religious center of Islam.
	www.islamic-awareness.org /History/Islam/Dome_Of_The_Rock/hajjdome.html (3441 words)

	Muhammad and the Spread of Islam by Sanderson Beck
		Soon Umayyads controlled the treasury, the police, the pilgrimage, the inspectors, and the army in Arabia as well as in the conquered territories.
		Mu'awiya's governor in Basra, the Umayyad 'Abd Allah, reconquered Khurasan and entered Transoxiana as far as Kabul; but disorders in Basra caused him to be replaced in 664 by Ziyad ibn Abihi of Ta'if; he promised the people access to himself and strictly enforced the laws, including a curfew.
		His brother Ibrahim was replaced after two months when the governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan, Marwan ibn Muhammad, was proclaimed Caliph at the Damascus mosque in December 744.
	www.san.beck.org /AB13-MuhammadandIslam.html (17317 words)

	In the Footseps of Ibrahim (PBUH) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		It was reconstructed again during the early Islamic period after the great floods of the first century, at the end of the Umayyad period, and again during the Abbasid period.
		All of the movements that Muslims perform during the hajj today are the sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, who was in turn reviving the acts of Ibrahim, peace be upon them both.
		The Ka'ba sits at the center, as a presence of God, as a symbol of the primordial temple built by Adam, and later Ibrahim as well as the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon them all.
	www.bol.ucla.edu /~ezubi/footsteps.htm (3076 words)

	Follower Network --Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir [a.s]--
		Consequently, the pious Zayd was martyred during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham Abdul-Malik.
		His pupils compiled books on different branches of science and arts under his instructions and guidance and by the time of his death, the legitimist faction, though still limited in number, was to be found in all main centers of the Hijaz and Iraq.
		After 19 years as the Imam, Muhammad al-Baqir [a] died at 57 due to poisoning administered by Ibrahim b.al-Walid b.'Abd Allah, the nephew of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham, on the 7 Dhi'l-Hijjah 114 AH / 732 CE and was buried at Janatu'l-Baqi in Medina.
	follower.4t.com /i6.html (572 words)

	Early Medieval Period
		In 756, Abd al-Rahman revived the defeated Umayyad caliphate in Cordoba ushering in a period of great cultural, artistic, scientific, and intellectual advancements marked by unprecedented tolerance among Christians, Jews, and Muslims.
		The al-Aqsa Mosque ("the distant") was built by the Umayyad Caliph al-Walid in Jerusalem after the reference to al-masjid al-aqsa ("the distant mosque") in the Qur'an (17:1).
		Abbasids, aided by those arch enemies of the Umayyads, the Persian Shiites who were still smarting from the humiliating slayings of their imams, Ali and Husayn, by the early Umayyad caliphs.
	nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/early_medieval_periods.htm (2966 words)

	Aanjar
		and 715 A.D. Walid's son Ibrahim lost Aanjar when he was defeated by his cousin Marwan II in a battle two kilometers form the city.
		That idea was particularly interesting because Lebanon--that unique crossroads of the ages--boasted ample archaeological evidence of almost all stages of Arab history with the exception of the Umayyad.
		More evidence of the Umayyad dependence on the architectural traditions of other cultures appears some 20 meters north of this second palace.
	www.middleeast.com /anjar.htm (1541 words)

	Top lieutenant of Saddam Hussein found hiding in US : SF Indymedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Izzat Ibrahim is the man the US claims is behind the latest attacks on US soliders in Iraq, but a recent comparison of two pictures has shown that Ibrahim is in fact in the US an even has a role on a popular TV show.
		-- Ibrahim was one of the handful of plotters behind the coup which brought Saddam's Baath Party to power in 1968, and his fortunes have risen and fallen with those of Saddam ever since.
		While visiting Austria for medical treatment in 1999, Ibrahim was forced to flee the country after legal efforts were made to have him arrested for war crimes.
	sf.indymedia.org /news/2003/12/1663397_comment.php (381 words)

	[No title]
		The dynasties included are Umayyad, Abbasid, Abbasid partisans, Umayyads of Spain, Idrisids, Aghlabids and Khalaf bin al-Muda, a contemporary of the Idrisids.
		A Festschrift Presented to Ibrahim Artuk on the Occasion of the 20th Anniversary of the Turkish Numismatic Society.
		An attempt to devise a chronology for the different types of Umayyad fulus with a candelabra and to assign the type to a particular historical event.
	islamiccoinsgroup.50g.com /Jims_Bibliography.txt (16790 words)

	Hashimiyah -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The movement appeared in the Iraqi city of Kufah in the early 700s among supporters (called Shi'ites) of the fourth caliph 'Ali, who believed that succession to 'Ali's position of imam, or leader, of the Muslim community had devolved on Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyah (d.
		The Hashimiyah thus did not recognize, for religious reasons, the legitimacy of Umayyad rule, and when Abu Hashim died in 716, without heirs, a majority of the sect acknowledged Muhammad ibn 'Ali (died between 731 and 743) of the 'Abbasid family as imam.
		By 747 the Hashimiyah had assumed a military character, and Abu Muslim and his general Qahtabah were able to take the city of Merv, then all of Khorasan, proceeding southwest to Rayy, Nahavand, and finally Kufah in 749.
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9039453 (274 words)

	Lebanon Voice Chat gallery aanjar
		Beneath the impersonal grayness of Aanjar, the experts suggested, lay the vestiges of the eighth century Umayyad dynasty that ruled from Damascus and held sway over an empire.
		These Umayyad baths contain the three classical sections of the Roman bath: the vestiary where patrons changed clothing before their bath and rested afterwards, and three rooms for cold, warm and hot water.
		The size of the vestiary indicates the bath was more than a source of phisical well-being but also a center of social interaction.
	www.lebanonvoice.com /gallery/aanjar.phtml (1564 words)

	Tourism @ Lebanon.com
		The Umayyads, the first hereditary dynasty of Islam, ruled from Damascus in the first century after the Prophet Mohammed, from 660 to 750 A.D. They are credited with the great Arab conquests that created an Islamic empire stretching from the Indus Valley to southern France.
		Most of them are Byzantine, more indication that the Umayyads helped themselves to Byzantine and other ruins scattered around the area.
		On your way to the arcaded palace ahead, notice the numerous slabs of stone that cover the top of what was the city's drainage and sewage system.
	www.lebanon.com /tourism/anjar.htm (1534 words)

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