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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Mu`awiyah is a grandson of Abu Sufyan, who one the death of al-Hasan, took possession of the Caliphate.
		Ibrahim (son of Walid), A.H. Marwan II (son of Muhammad, son of Marwan), A.H. The Abbasids conquered Khorasan under the brothers Ibrahim and `Abu Abbas, and refused to acknowledge Marwan as Caliph.
		The latter was later defeated on the banks of Zab and fled to Egypt, where he was defeated and slain in A.H. The Abbasid dynasty followed.
	www.bible.ca /islam/dictionary/U/ummayyad.html (103 words)

	Arabic poetry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Singers who simply performed works included performed Ibrahim al-Mawsili, his son Ishaq al-Mawsili and Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi son of caliph al-Mahdi.
		The more settled, comfortable and luxurious life in Ummayyad courts led to a greater emphasis on the ghazal or love poem.
		Chief amongst this new breed of poet was Abu Nuwas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_Poetry (2006 words)

	ISLAMIC SPIRITUALITY- TASSUWWUF
		Later in the Ummayyad period whence the political and geographical borders of the Islamic empire extended towards Persian in the East and Spain in the west, through North Africa, Sufism and sufi orders gained more formal recognition due to the unislamic lives and attitudes of non-religious and corrupt rulers caliphs and governors.
		With the opulent life-styles of rich sultans and corrupt kings and governors the more pious and god-fearing populace rigorously protested in favour of the strict application of the divine (shariah) law often at their own peril and sacrificing their lives, whilst others retreated from public life in went into seclusion.
		Hasanal-Basri and Uways al Qarani were disciples of Ali, whilst Ibrahim al-Adham, Bishr al_Hafi and Bayazid al Bastami were associated with the circle of Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq: and Ma’ruf alKharghi was a close companion of Imam Rida.
	igsaanj.users.50megs.com /SUFISM1.htm (1465 words)

	Woman Muslim Leaders throughout the Times
		She was slave singer of the 9th Ummayyad Caliph, Yarzid II Ibn 'Abd al-Malik who was hostage to her carm.
		After her husband, 'Ali 'Adil Shah II, was killed in 1580, she was regent for her nephew, Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II, and ruled with great prudence and intelligence till the young king came of age.
		Kösem was regent for son Murad, (1623-40) who succeeded at the age of 11, for Ibrahim (1640-48) who was mentally disturbed and for grandson Mehmed IV, who succeeded at the age of 7 in 1648.
	www.guide2womenleaders.com /Muslim_Leaders.htm (7621 words)

	AlMujtaba Islamic Articles
		This was a result of revolts within the Islamic realm, in particular the uprising which was aimed at overthrowing the Ummayyad Caliphs, and the bloody wars which finally led to the fall and extinction of the Ummayad dynasty.
		Hisham, the Ummayyad Caliph, had orderd the arrest of Imam Jafar Sadiq and had him brought to Damascus.
		Ali ibn Ibrahim, with his chain of narrators, reports from Imam Jafar Sadiq that the Imam stated, “For every good deed that s slave of God performs, the reward for it is specified in the Quran, except for the midnight prayer which commands an unusually high reward on account of its great worth.
	www.almujtaba.com /articles/8/000859.html (1107 words)

	The Forum of the 1.Jagdmoroner Abteilung - The "Death squad" option
		The Sunni recognized the Ummayyad, the Shi'a recognized the Fatimids.
		The first duty of the three, who comprise what is called the presidency council, is to name a prime minister and a Cabinet, a choice that would have to be approved by the transitional assembly.
		Shiite leader Ibrahim al-Jaafari is expected to become prime minister on Thursday.
	www.1jma.dk /topic.asp?TOPIC_ID=4297&whichpage=8 (5164 words)

	The Holy Order of O:N:E:
		Ibrahim, in a treatise published by M Guidi.
		A reference and brief review of Ibn al-Mukaffa's work can also be found in the 'Arabic Literature To The End Of The Ummayyad Period':
		They read: "In the name of Compassionate and Merciful light - a Manichaean variation of the familiar Islamic basmalah which must strike any Muslim as blasphemy.
	essenes.net /AlMukaffa.html (275 words)

	Palestine: Panorama of the Prophets
		The Prophets Sulaiman (Solomon), Shu'aib, Lut (Lot), Ishaq (Isaac), Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa (Moses), Salih, Yunus (Jonah), Yusuf (Joseph), Zakariyyah, Yahya (John), Dawud (David), Ya`qub (Jacob), and 'Isa (Jesus) (peace be upon them) are all part of its multi-layered mosaic as is the Last of the Prophets, Muhammad (peace be upon him).
		Furthermore, Sayyidina Ibrahim, along with Rebecca, Maryam, Ya`qub, Ishaq, Yunus, Yahya, Musa, Lut and Dawud (peace be upon them all) are believed to lie in its soil.
		In fact, the 120-foot-high dome constructed by the Ummayyad Khalif 'Abdul Malik in 691 C.E. (69 A.H.) is an engineering masterpiece, one of Islam's oldest works of devotional architecture.
	www.islamicsupremecouncil.org /spirituality/palestine.htm (2522 words)

	Ummayyad info here at en.90of100b.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		If constant, high-speed Internet Ummayyad is a requirement for your home Ummayyad business, then you need to step up to Ummayyad Digital subscriber lines (DSL), or a cable modem.
		The Ummayyad Mosque in Old Damascus, Syria, dates from the 8th Century CE It became Islamâs first great capital under the Ummayyad Caliphs during 7-8C.
		Our Featured Ummayyad blurb on Umayyad Category: Umayyad The Courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, of the grandest architectural legacies of the Umayyads.
	en.90of100b.info /Ummayyad (1641 words)

	Ibrahim of Ummayyad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Marwan took the caliphate after his cousin Ibrahim of Ummayyad abdicated and went into hiding.
		This is in the courtyard of the Ummayyad mosque or Jami Amawi where Yazid used to hold...
		According to Danielson as coded by Ibrahim (1998), unit of analysis is the smallest part to be studied and to be given the score.
	criminal-defense-attorney.needtwinother.info /Ibrahim_of_Ummayyad (400 words)

	Damascus Breeze: Dedicated to Sh. Abdar Rahman ash Shaghouri [ Modern Muslima.com ]
		Therein lay the souls as the prophet had said, that knew the secrets of living, but were in no position to do anything about it, while those who visit them were without such wisdom, though they were in a position to do something about it, if only they knew.
		Any student who has ever sat in a class with sheikh Muhammad is bound to hear mention of his father in his eternal gratitude to him for the immense knowledge he imparted into his young son, our teacher Sheikh Muhammad al Yaqoubi.
		John the Baptist, peace be upon him, rests within this grand, historic mosque, with a roofless [though roofed perpetually by a congregation of birds] rectangular courtyard, clad with white marble slabs all around its 50 m by 120 m of expansive open space.
	www.modernmuslima.com /damascus.htm (2986 words)

	Islam Online- News Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Archbishop Gregorious Ibrahim, head of the Halab Catholic Church, said that the Arab and Islamic delegation insisted the statement should include a clause granting the right of resistance to people, hence drawing a line between terrorism and the "right for struggle".
		He added that during meetings in Rome, he defied attempts by a few to portray Christians in the East and in the Arab-Islamic world as being subject to prejudice and discrimination and being treated as strangers in their own countries.
		Archbishop Ibrahim added that the current merge of civilizations evident amongst Muslims and Christians in Syria is a complete one, which includes various fields such as work, education and living areas and is highlighted in Christian and Muslim festivities where greetings are exchanged.
	www.islamonline.net /English/News/2001-10/06/article3.shtml (723 words)

	Muslim Schools, Education and Home Life
		Ibrahim B. Syed, Ph.D analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of Public, Parochial, Private non-parochial, Islamic, Virtual Islamic, or Home Schools in the United States.
		Economically, Muslims are poor; in education they are backward; and in science and technology they are marginal." Dr. Ibrahim B. Syed, Ph.D contrasts the golden age of Islamic civilization with the present-day pitiful state of the Ummah and calls for the establishment of an elite Free University for the most dedicated Muslim students.
		Ibrahim Bowers looks at the current relationship between father and child in fast-paced modern society and offers many practical tips from a Muslim perspective on how to improve this relationship to benefit the whole family.
	www.islamfortoday.com /schools.htm (2599 words)

	Islam Glossary and Links
		This was followed by the Ummayyad dynasty, and then later by the Abbasid dynasty.
		In Islam, Abraham is also called the Friend of God, Khalilu 'llah and his name, Ibrahim, occurs 69 times in the Koran, making him the second most-occuring name of prophets in the Koran after Moses.
		All of Mohammad's sons died in infancy (al-Qasim and 'Abdu'llah from his first wife Khadija, Ibrahim from his concubine Mary, the Copt).
	www.nifty-fifties.com /Islam/IslamGlossary.htm (5171 words)

	Caliphs From Rasheduun To 1925 - A Pakistani Forum : Online Discussion Community
		The ummayyad masjid were also made in damascus and is known for its unique arabic arcitecture.
		The four madhabbs of sunni islam and the two shia madhabbs were started to take shape during the last years of ummayyad period
		The ummayyads were overthrown from Damascus later by the Abbasid revolt.
	www.muziqpakistan.com /board/index.php?showtopic=26876 (1878 words)

	The Umayyads
		The first Ummayyad Khalifah, Muawiyah (ra), moved the capital from Madinah to Damascus.
		Ali in 740, while Berber revolts in North Africa that same year effectively cut off what is today Morocco and Spain from Umayyad rule.
		Under Hisham's successors, Walid II, Yazid III, and Ibrahim, a series of rebellions paralyzed the caliphate: Kharijites seized Kufa, and feuds between the Qaysites and Kalbites erupted.
	islamic-world.net /islamic-state/umayyads.htm (845 words)

	Ayurveda: the Traditional Indian Medicine System and its Global Dissemination
		Zubayr (1960) says that a Chinese monarch sent a gift in the form of a book to the first Ummayyad Caliph (660-680 AD).
		These books, the Brahmasiddhanta and the Khandakhadyaka, were translated into Arabic by Ibrahim al-Fazari (786-806 A.D).
		He is known to have cured Ibrahim bin Saleh of apoplexy, even though he was declared dead by the Caliph's own physicians.
	www.indianscience.org /essays/t_es_agraw_ayurveda.shtml (5405 words)

	Pakistan - SOCIETY
		Muhammad is held to be the "seal of the prophets." Islam is derived from the Judeo-Christian tradition and regards Abraham (Ibrahim) and Jesus (Isa) as prophets and recognizes the validity of the Old Testament and New Testament.
		Through the history of Islam, from the Ummayyad (661-750) and Abbasid empires (750-1258) to the Mughals (1526- 1858) and the Ottomans (1300-1923), religion and statehood have been treated as one.
		Indeed, one of the beliefs of Islam is that the purpose of the state is to provide an environment where Muslims can properly practice their religion.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/pakistan/SOCIETY.html (17612 words)

	Troubadour Poetry An Intercultural Experience
		Of the famous musicians of the time were Qamar Al Baghdadia, Ibrahim Al Musuli, his son Ishaq and his student Abul Hassan Ali Ibn Nafi' (Known as Ziryab).
		The Ummayyad emirate, which gave the first unitary order to the Arab peninsula, at first looked naturally upon its homeland, Syria, as a model.
		Accordingly, the cultural influences from the East continued (in the 9th century the Abbasides influences from Iraq were particularly stressed, despite the rivalry of the two dynasties: Ummayyad and Abbasides) in the already mentioned circulation of ideas, persons and things in every part of the medieval Muslim world.
	www.arabworldbooks.com /Literature/troubadour_poetry.htm (7016 words)

	PASSIA: Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs - Jerusalem
		The Ummayyad Caliph Mu'awiyah linked his own personal identity with Jerusalem, calling himself caliph of Beit al-Maqdis.
		What happened after those events is history: the Ummayyads at one stage were said to have been driven by a politically competitive impulse against the Abbasids when they instituted the Dome of the Rock as a site of pilgrimage.
		It is thus that Jerusalem, even under the Ummayyads, was never proclaimed the capital of the Muslim nation.
	www.passia.org /jerusalem/publications/ReligiousAspectsText.htm (15086 words)

	From Sect to Church
		Among the returning will be Yazid ibn Muawiyya, the hated founder of the 'Ummayyad dynasty, and Husain ibn 'Ala, the Holy Martyr, who will now take bloody vengeance on the former.
		Siyyid 'Ali Muhammad, later to be known as the Bab, was born in Shiraz on March 20, 1821.
		His father, Siyyid Ibrahim, was a merchant of that city, died when 'Ali Muhammad was still a child.
	bahai-library.com /?file=berger_sect_church_bahai (15713 words)

	Hussain - The Universalist
		Surely, Allah chose Adam and Nuh and the descendants of Ibrahim and the descendants of Imran above the nations, offspring, one of the other, and Allah is Hearing Knowing".
		When Othman, an Ummayyad, assumed the mantle of caliph, Abu Sufian hurried to the grave of Hamzah bin Abdul Muttalib, who was martyred in the battle of Uhud.
		He was successful in assassinating Imam Hassan (A) through poisoning by his wife Ju'dah bint al-Ash'ath, having promised her marriage from his son Yazid.
	www.ya-hussain.com /int_col1/others/articles_col/articles/battle2.htm (6492 words)

	Studying Islam \| Articles
		682 AH) was the pulpiter of the great Ummayyad mosque and a professor of Hadith in Damascus.
		After I have dipped into these pages, I have supplicated Allah to enlighten me about the true content and significance of the verse.
		I pray to Allah thus on these occasions: 'Thou art the Exalted Teacher of Adam and Ibrahim.
	www.studying-islam.org /articletext.aspx?id=786 (2634 words)

	Save The Ummah
		It became an absolute monarchy, ruled first by the Ummayyad Dynasty which was Uthman’s family.
		The Ummayyads were followed by the Abbasids and the Turkish Ottomans.
		Mustapha Kamal Attaturk abolished the Ottoman Dynasty and dissolved the Caliphate upon declaring Turkey a republic in 1924.
	savetheummah.blogspot.com (7223 words)

	FFOZ \| IsraelFocus \| Jerusalem — 4000 Years (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The Umayyad caliphs, who resided in Damascus and in other towns and townlets of Syria and Erez Israel, shows a keen interest in Jerusalem.
		In 684 CE the Ummayyad caliph Abd-al-Malik began to build the Dome of the Rock.
		Jerusalem extended and rebuilding of the walls and roads during rule of Abd el-Malik.
	ffoz.org /israelfocus/archives/print_000039.shtml (1417 words)

	PASSIA: Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs - Jerusalem
		After Mecca and Medina, Al-Aqsa Mosque is the third holiest mosque in Islam, which has turned Jerusalem into the center for Muslim religious institutions such as the Awqaf and Shari'a courts.
		The Ummayyad Caliph Muaawiyah linked his own personal identity with Jerusalem, calling himself Caliph of Beit al-Maqdis (House of the Sanctuary).
		The Muslim rule of Jerusalem, which lasted about 1,400 years, only ended in 1917, when the city was captured by the British.
	www.passia.org /jerusalem/publications/Documents_on_jerusalem.htm (4054 words)

	AlMujtaba Islamic Articles
		“The best place is that, which is between the corner of the Ka’bah and the standing place of Ibrahim.
		Trusted historical documents state that the illegal and unjust event of Karbala had shaken the Islamic world to its roots, specially in Iran.
		This excitement was partially responsible for allowing Bani Abbas to overpower the Ummayyad dynasty.
	www.almujtaba.com /articles/6/index.html (4077 words)

	Let Us Understand Each Other (Shia - Sunni Dialogue) \|\| Imam Reza (A.S.) Network (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		This continued till the end of the Ummayyad dynasty and afterwards the Abbasid dynasty.
		Ja'far: The Shias believe that the Messenger of Allah (s.a.w.s.) under Divine orders, appointed his successors, who were to be twelve in number and who succeeded each other continuously.
		The best among them were the legatees of Ibrahim (a.s.) and Ismail (a.s.), like Hashim, Abdul Muttalib, Abu Talib and Abdullah the father of Prophet (s.a.w.s.).
	www.imamreza.net /eng/imamreza.php?id=3482 (15300 words)

	Those who attempted to take up the challenge of the Quran
		[2] A F L Beeston, T M Johnstone, R B Serjeant and G R Smith (Ed.), Arabic Literature To The End Of The Ummayyad Period, 1983, Cambridge University Press, p.
		[5] A F L Beeston, T M Johnstone, R B Serjeant and G R Smith (Ed.), Arabic Literature To The End Of The Ummayyad Period, Op.
		Alî Dashti (Translated from the Persian by F R C Bagley), Twenty Three Years: A Study Of The Prophetic Career Of Mohammad, 1985, George Allen and Unwin Ltd., London, p.
	www.lutonmuslims.co.uk /chllngqurncntndrs.htm (3226 words)

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