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Topic: Ice cores

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Proxy (climate)

Incremental dating

Historical temperature record

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	Ice age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An ice age is a period of long-term downturn in the temperature of Earth's climate, resulting in an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers ("glaciation").
		Glaciologically, ice age is often used to mean a period of ice sheets in the northern and southern hemispheres; by this definition we are still in an ice age (because the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist).
		The present ice ages are the most studied and best understood, particularly the last 400,000 years, since this is the period covered by ice cores that record atmospheric composition and proxies for temperature and ice volume.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ice_age (1986 words)

	Ice core - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ice cores contain an abundance of climate information as almost everything that fell in the snow that year remains behind, including wind-blown dust, ash, atmospheric gases and radioactivity.
		An ice core from the right site can be used to reconstruct an uninterrupted and detailed climate record extending over hundreds of thousands of years, providing information on a wide variety of aspects of climate at each point in time.
		In Law Dome ice cores, the trapping depth at DE08 was found to be 72 m where the age of the ice is 40±1 years; at DE08-2 to be 72 m depth and 40 years; and at DSS to be 66 m depth and 68 years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ice_core (3680 words)

	Ice cores - CreationWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Another method of aging portions of the earth uses ice cores, which are obtained by drilling core samples of ice near the poles.
		Ice flow also blurs any indication of years so that ages for deeper ice are derived from models of variations in accumulation rate and ice flow.
		This makes ice core dating very dependent on the theoretical models used; as such, none of these methods are independent indicators of age nor are they calibrated to climatic models.
	www.nwcreation.net /wiki/index.php?title=Ice_cores (456 words)

	A Study of Climate in West Antarctica Using Ice Cores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ice cores provide a means to recover high resolution, multivariate glaciochemical data for this period, which would also give insight into the anthropogenic impact on this remote part of the globe.
		The cores were recovered by the University of Wisconsin and the Polar Ice Coring Office (PICO) of the University of Alaska during December 1994 and January 1995, and are currently stored at the National Ice Core Laboratory (NICL) in Denver, Colorado.
		An inter-hemispheric volcanic time-marker in ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica.
	www.ccrc.sr.unh.edu /~dbr/proposal/proposal.html (6341 words)

	TRENDS: ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
		Ice cores are unique with their entrapped air inclusions enabling direct records of past changes in atmospheric trace-gas composition.
		Ice samples were cut with a bandsaw in a cold room (at about -15°C) as close as possible to the center of the core in order to avoid surface contamination (Barnola et al.
		Gas extraction and measurements were performed with the "Grenoble analytical setup," which involved crushing the ice sample (~40 g) under vacuum in a stainless steel container without melting it, expanding the gas released during the crushing in a pre-evacuated sampling loop, and analyzing the CO concentrations by gas chromatography (Barnola et al.
	cdiac.esd.ornl.gov /trends/co2/vostok.htm (878 words)

	Ice cores, carbon dioxide concentration, and climate
		Ice cores have been drilled in Antarctica and Greenland to examine the variation of the composition of air trapped in bubbles in the ice, representing global atmospheric conditions as much as 160,000 years BP (1).
		Dust concentration, mean temperature (as estimated from the oxygen isotope ratio), CO and CH concentrations plotted against time, estimated from the analysis of an ice core drilled at the Russian station, Vostok, on the Antarctica plateau (1).
		The layers of the core were dated by counting the annual layers of oxygen ratio, ice electro-conductivity and hydrogen-peroxide concentration, and then the chronology was verified by detecting the acidic layers due to known volcanic eruptions in 1963, 1815, 1450 and 1255 AD.
	www-das.uwyo.edu /~geerts/cwx/notes/chap01/icecore.html (746 words)

	Twin Ice Cores From Greenland Reveal History of Climate Change, More
		In short, the ice cores tell a clear story: humans came of age agriculturally and industrially during the most stable climatic regime recorded in the cores.
		Initial interpretation of the ice cores indicated that the large, rapid climate oscillations that dominate the record of the last 110,000 years also persisted through the previous warm period, the Eemian, which took place about 120,000–130,000 years ago.
		The use of volcanic markers (such as dust and certain gases) and atmospheric-oxygen isotope ratios to determine the ages of ice cores and ocean records greatly extends scientists' ability to map climate changes and understand their causes.
	www.agu.org /sci_soc/eismayewski.html (1353 words)

	Antarctic Ice Cores and Environmental Change
		Ice drills are designed to collect a core as they cut through the ice, so samples are collected that are made up of ice deposited (in the form of snow) many thousands of years ago.
		Ice cores therefore can be analysed not just for the chemical and physical properties of the ice, but also for the properties of the air trapped in the ice.
		Section of ice core is from 128 to 139 metres depth, covering the time period 1808 to 1826, and including evidence of two volcanic eruptions.
	mulliken.chem.hope.edu /~polik/warming/IceCore/IceCore2.html (1905 words)

	The Antarctic Sun: Ice cores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The clear ice is coated with brown kerosene used as a drilling fluid.
		A few aisles over are samples of ice up to 450,000 years old from Lake Vostok (“pretty boring stuff,” Cravens jokes) and tucked away on a far shelf are samples drilled at Little America V during the International Geophysical Year in 1957 when the first year-round research stations opened in Antarctica.
		The number of people who do research on ice cores is relatively small, but they realize their work may have a significant effect, such as uncovering the true potential threats of global warming or being able to predict weather patterns decades into the future.
	www.polar.org /antsun/oldissues2002-2003/Sun110302/icecore.html (1316 words)

	Do Greenland ice cores show over one hundred thousand years of annual layers?
		One of the most used annual variables in Greenland ice cores is the oxygen isotope ratio in the ice.
		It is further claimed that the very basal ice is 250,000 years old (Dansgaard et al., 1993), or possibly 2.4 million years, back to the time of the original buildup of the ice sheet (Souchez, 1997).
		Annual layers would be quite thick in the Ice Age portion of the Greenland ice cores (approximately the lower half of the 10,000 foot thick GRIP and GISP2 cores), and would decrease in thickness in the upper portion of the ice sheet.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs2001/0704icecores.asp (2382 words)

	Ice Cores: Intro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The ice cores are about eight inches in diameter and up to a mile and a half deep.
		Some of the ice is 400 thousand years old and it's turning out to be a valuable historical record.
		When we can look at the thickness of annual layers in the ice, we can tell how much it snowed in the past, and that's a really important indicator of climate, because precipitation rates are really tied in to the climate system.
	www.pulseplanet.com /archive/Jan03/2841.html (356 words)

	what's up with the weather: stories in the ice
		That's because each layer of ice in a core corresponds to a single year--or sometimes even a single season--and most everything that fell in the snow that year remains behind, including wind-blown dust, ash, atmospheric gases, even radioactivity.
		Ice cores have revealed that global climate--long thought to change only very gradually--can shift with frightening speed, in some cases in a matter of years.
		Ice cores offer scientists the best means available to learn how past eruptions have affected climate--and thus to predict the impact that future ones might have.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/warming/stories (1722 words)

	Ice Cores
		Ice cores have been collected from Antarctica in the Southern Hemisphere and Greenland in the Northern Hemisphere.
		Palaeoclimate information during the Ice Age and previous warmer interglacial period (the last 120,000 years) has been obtained from ice cores by three main approaches.
		These involve the analysis of the (isotopic) composition of the water in the ice for the reconstruction of temperature, the dissolved and particulate matter in the ice, and the physical characteristics of the ice, and of air bubbles trapped in the ice, for the reconstruction of atmospheric composition.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Climate_Change/Older/Ice_Cores.html (194 words)

	TRENDS: ATMOSPHERIC CARBON DIOXIDE
		The Law Dome site satisfies many of the desirable characteristics of an ideal ice core site for atmospheric CO reconstructions including negligible melting of the ice sheet surface, low concentrations of impurities, regular stratigraphic layering undisturbed at the surface by wind or at depth by ice flow, and high snow accumulation rate.
		Ice core samples weighing 500-1500 g were prepared by selecting crack-free ice and trimming away the outer 5-20 mm.
		The ice core air samples, ranging from about 50 to 150 ml standard temperature and pressure (STP), were measured for CO mixing ratio with a Carle 400 Series analytical gas chromatograph (GC).
	cdiac.ornl.gov /trends/co2/lawdome.html (931 words)

	Ice Core Research \| Drilling Ice Cores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ice cores drilled from the ice sheet provide a sample of all the layers of snow accumulated over thousands of years, the oldest at the bottom.
		Ice cores are usually about 3 inches (10 cm) in diameter.
		More sophisticated techniques for dating ice cores are done later back in the labora tory by analyzing the concentration of oxygen atoms in the ice.
	www.secretsoftheice.org /icecore/cores.html (342 words)

	Trace Chemistry in Ice Cores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		One of the more interesting developments from the study of ice cores is their value to determining major volcanic eruptions.
		Evidence of the Tambora eruption is not only seen in Greenland ice, but in ice cores from Antarctica as well (in fact it is one of the largest peaks in the record).
		There are many gases that have been measured in ice cores including carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, oxygen and nitrogen.
	www.hwr.arizona.edu /nats101/week6/hw3.htm (1465 words)

	Origins: Antarctica: Tools: Ice Cores
		These "ice cores" contain compounds that were in the air when the snow that formed them originally fell, as well as everything from dust to radioactive particles.
		Alternating bands of light and dark ice, for instance, correspond to changes in the seasons, and help scientists construct a year-by-year record of changes in local climate, sea level, solar radiation, and chemistry dating back hundreds of thousands of years.
		Ice cores from Antarctica have also recorded ecological events that took place thousands of miles away.
	www.exploratorium.edu /origins/antarctica/tools/icecores.html (205 words)

	Ice Cores May Yield Clues To 5,000-year-old Mystery
		Oldest Ice Core From The Tropics Recovered, New Ice Age Evidence (December 4, 1998) -- An analysis of ice cores drilled from a glacier atop a Bolivian volcano is painting a vivid picture of climate conditions in the tropics over the past 25,000 years.
		At the ice cap summit, the team also retrieved a 168.7-meter (553-foot) core to bedrock that is expected to yield an annual record covering more than 2,000 years that will give them a high-resolution record of climatic and environmental conditions.
		Thompson calls Quelccaya, "the largest of all the tropical ice caps, the poster child for tropical glaciers." At least 70 percent of all tropical ice on the planet is trapped in Peruvian ice fields and glaciers.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/11/031107055850.htm (1347 words)

	Chemicals In Ancient Ice Move, Affecting Ice Cores
		The possible movement of chemical signatures away from the ice on which they were deposited means scientists must re-examine questions such as whether warm summers coincided with high levels of sea salt in the air, Rempel said.
		Ice sheets (large polar glaciers) are built by thousands of years of accumulated snowfall, to depths of thousands of meters.
		A core from interglacial ice in central Greenland suggests that a sudden cooling took place in the Eemian period 115,000 to 125,000 years ago.
	unisci.com /stories/20012/0531012.htm (734 words)

	Ice Age Q&A
		Ice Cores and the Age of the Earth (Softcover)
		Ice cores and the age of the earth (Semi-Technical — ICR Impact 226 1992)
		Ice cores v the Flood (response to critic)
	www.answersingenesis.org /home/area/faq/iceage.asp (254 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Ice cores unlock climate secrets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Initial tests on gas trapped in the ice core show that current carbon dioxide (CO2) levels are higher than they have been in 440,000 years.
		This is not the first ice core project - but it ventures much further back in time.
		Epica is still busy analysing the ice core's atmospheric gases, but preliminary results suggest that present CO2 levels are remarkably high.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/science/nature/3792209.stm (889 words)

	ICE CORES SUGGEST RAPID AND CHAOTIC FLUCTUATIONS IN PAST CLIMATE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The ice cores of the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP) show that there were rapid alternations between cold and mild states during the last glaciation, which ended around 11,500 years ago.
		Since it was written, the coring has continued through progressively older ice all the way to bedrock, at a depth of just over three km, where the ice is 200,000 years old.
		Already, the team of Danish scientists responsible for the work suggests that in the light of their evidence, it may not be possible to feasibly model large natural climate changes.
	archive.greenpeace.org /climate/database/records/zgpz0650.html (385 words)

	Minds in Ablation, Part One: Ice Cores and Ideology
		Amazingly, after years of debate about ice cores, there are major figures in the Velikovskian movement so hermetically isolated that they are still not aware of this.
		For example, he pretends that the "brittle zones" of the ice cores -- hundreds of meters in length -- have never been analyzed, which is a grotesque falsehood.
		According to Ginenthal, the ice sheets are only 3500 years old, not hundreds of thousands of years, and they were built up to a great depth in the course of only a few months.
	www.pibburns.com /smmia1.htm (5044 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: The Two-Mile Time Machine : Ice Cores, Abrupt Climate Change, and Our Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Using readings of ice cores taken from Greenland, where he participated for several years in the '90s in far-reaching research projects, Alley demonstrates that periods of slow cooling and centuries of cold have been punctuated by periods of sudden warming.
		Through his study of the two-mile-long ice cores, Alley reveals a number of elements that contribute to global climatic changes: wind patterns, drifting continents and ocean currents.
		The ice borings disclose a history of sudden changes in a continuity that is predominantly much colder than the period during which humanity has developed.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0691102961?v=glance (3340 words)

	Greenland Ice Cores Offer Glimpse Of Weather System History
		However, earlier studies were limited to a few cores, mainly from the summit of the ice sheet, and still other cores were analyzed for only a single climate indicator.
		Thompson and her team turned to eight ice cores, six drilled as part of a NASA-sponsored project called PARCA during the late 1990s.
		Cores drilled from the central summit of the Greenland ice sheet provided a poor match to the historical NAO record.
	researchnews.osu.edu /archive/naopdo.htm (952 words)

	National Ice Core Laboratory - Processes: Extraction, Transportation, Storage, Processing Ice Cores (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Acquiring each ice core from a remote region of the world and transporting it back to the National Ice Core Laboratory safely can require several years of planning and execution.
		Drilling the core is the responsibility of the Ice Coring and Drilling Services.
		The process of safely transporting ice cores from the drill site back to the National Ice Core Laboratory in Denver requires the diligence and cooperation of several organizations including the National Science Foundation, Raytheon Polar Services and the New York Air National Guard.
	nicl.usgs.gov /process.htm (98 words)

	Ice Cores From Tibet Suggests Last 50 Years Warmest in 10,000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The ice cores they are extracting from Greenland, Antarctica and the lofty
		More than 28,000 feet of ice cores from various depths and locations are
		The ice cores could help resolve the debate.
	www.tibet.ca /en/wtnarchive/1993/5/21_3.html (368 words)

	Alley, R.B.: The Two-Mile Time Machine: Ice Cores, Abrupt Climate Change, and Our Future.
		In the 1990s he and his colleagues made headlines with the discovery that the last ice age came to an abrupt end over a period of only three years.
		Drilling down two miles into the ice, they found atmospheric chemicals and dust that enabled them to construct a record of such phenomena as wind patterns and precipitation over the past 110,000 years.
		Throughout most of history, these currents switched on and off repeatedly (due partly to collapsing ice sheets), throwing much of the world from hot to icy and back again in as little as a few years.
	pup.princeton.edu /titles/6916.html (655 words)

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