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Topic: Ice front

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	Antarctic Ice Shelf Collapses, March 2002
		Based on studies of ice flow and sediment thickness beneath the ice shelf, scientists believe that it existed for at least 400 years prior to this event, and likely existed since the end of the last major glaciation 12,000 years ago (see more about Dr. Eugene Domack's research).
		One idea is that meltwater seeping between ice crystals and warming of the shelf as a whole, reduces the fracture toughness of the ice so that the shelf shatters under the same stresses imposed by local geography and the flow it used to tolerate.
		Once their ice shelves are removed, the glaciers increase in speed due to meltwater percolation and/or a reduction of braking forces, and they may begin to dump more ice into the ocean than they gather as snow in their catchments.
	nsidc.org /iceshelves/larsenb2002/index.html (1462 words)

	Bears on Ice - Glaciers & Continental Ice
		When ice of land origin breaks away from a mass of ice from an ice wall, ice front or iceberg, the process is known as calving.
		The ice sheet holds 90 percent of the world’s ice - 30 million square kilometres - which is 60 to 70 percent of its fresh water.
		If all the ice in Antarctica were to melt the level of the worlds oceans would rise by 65 to 70metres and as the weight of the ice is removed it is estimated that the underlying rock would rise by 700 to 1000metres.
	ku-prism.org /resources/BearsOnIce/InfoPages/srGlaciers.htm (1499 words)

	Follett Corporation - Innovative solutions, inspired by ice
		Ice storage bins and ice transport equipment is a general term used to describe the wide variety of ice bins, gravity-feed ice dispensing bins, ice storage and transport systems, and mechanical dispensing ice bins available on the market today.
		In applications where more ice is needed on certain days, for weekend traffic for example, you should size the ice bin so that the ice maker can continue to produce ice and the ice storage equipment can act as your “ice bank” for the weekend peak need.
		This means that the ice most recently made is continually removed from the top of the bin, leaving older ice accumulating in the middle and the bottom of the ice bin.
	www.follettice.com /about/aai_icebins.asp (2481 words)

	Significant Ice Retreat in the Region Patagonia - Antarctic Peninsula Observed by ERS SAR
		The grounding line and the boundary versus ice shelf section 2 (in the upper part of the image) are enhanced, as well as the ice front towards the ocean which was mapped from SAR images of 26 August 1993 and 8 March 1995.
		Though field measurements revealed no significant changes of ice velocity between 1994 and 1996, further retreat of the ice front should be expected in the near future because of the irregular shape of the ice/ocean boundary and the rising number of rifts.
		The position of the ice front has been mapped from ERS SAR images for several dates between July 1992 and November 1996, and parts of the analyzed ice front positions are shown in Fig.
	earth.esa.int /workshops/ers97/papers/rott1 (2878 words)

	Science Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Along this flowline, the present termination of grounded ice is 700 km downstream of the ice divide and the continental shelf lies 2100 km from the divide.
		The ice front now appears to be nearly stable, possibly a result of the mechanical support afforded by Ross Island and Roosevelt Island at either end of the ice front.
		These bounds are qualified by the ability of ice stream B to represent the entire West Antarctic ice sheet, however, the length of this flowline and the large amount of seafloor sediment analysis in the western Ross Sea make it the best candidate for this examination.
	igloo.gsfc.nasa.gov /wais/articles/perspective.html (1859 words)

	Amateur Geologist Structured Geological Glossary: Ice and Glaciers
		Ice shelves have formed along polar coast (e.g., Antarctica and Greenland); they are very wide, with some extending several hundreds of kilometers toward the sea from the coastline.
		Ice caps are actually small ice sheet, generally less than 50,000 square kilometres in size.
		Like ice sheets, these ice caps are not constrained by the existing relief and exert a modifying effect on the climate.
	www.amateurgeologist.com /content/glossary/glacial/glacial.html (1724 words)

	REI: Climbing Expert Advice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ice climbing typically brings to mind frozen waterfalls — a climber working his way up vertical ice with 2 axes, crampons toe-in to the ice.
		When ice is very steep, 2 tools are necessary to maintain balance and contact with the ice as you proceed upward.
		Ice screws must be placed in the ice securely, then clipped with a quickdraw to the rope, all while you are standing on front points and hanging from 1 ice tool.
	www.rei.com /online/store/LearnShareDetailArticlesList?categoryId=Climbing&url=rei/learn/climb/clalpwallsf.jsp (2456 words)

	Follett Corporation - Innovative solutions, inspired by ice
		In applications where more ice is needed during certain days you should size the bin so that the ice maker can continue to produce ice and the ice storage equipment can act as your “ice bank” for the peak need.
		Ice made by the top mounted ice maker drops by gravity into the storage area of the dispenser and is then dispensed when the lever or button for ice is pushed.
		Ice and water dispensers provide a high level of sanitation, since no one touches the ice as it is produced and dispensed.
	www.follettice.com /about/aai_corporate.asp (4146 words)

	Failure of the Lake Missoula Ice Dam
		Ice floats, and as the impounded lake approached the top of the ice dam, hydraulic lifting would likely have begun to lift the ice off its bed, allowing high-pressure water to get under the ice.
		Having nibbled away at the ice sufficiently, it is possible that water could have found a drainage along the ice margin or over the ice.
		It's possible that breakup of the ice front might have occurred and jokulhlaups began to pluck away at the terminus.
	www.uwsp.edu /geo/projects/geoweb/participants/dutch/VTrips/LkPendOr.HTM (739 words)

	ScienceDaily: Antarctic Ice Shelves Breaking Up Due To Decades Of Higher Temperatures
		Two ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula known as the Larsen B and Wilkins are in "full retreat" and have lost nearly 3,000 square kilometers of their total area in the last year, say scientists in Colorado and the United Kingdom.
		Ice shelves are floating plates of ice that are still attached to continents and which form when large glaciers flow toward the ocean in polar areas.
		Ice shelf -- An ice shelf is a thick, floating platform of ice that forms where a glacier or ice sheet flows down to a coastline and onto the ocean surface, typically in Antarctica or Greenland.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/04/990409073216.htm (2080 words)

	SOME FACTS ABOUT ICE AGE
		During an ice age, the polar regions are cold, there are large differences in temperature from the equator to the pole, and large, continental-size glaciers can cover enormous regions of the earth.
		During the period between two ice ages, the ice melted and the retreating ice sheet released water, stone and gravel, to form a landscape consisting of U-shaped valleys, rolling hills and long eskers that today are typical of previously glaciated parts of Europe and North America.
		Although the exact causes for ice ages, and the glacial cycles within them, have not been proven, they are most likely the result of a complicated dynamic interaction between such things as solar output, distance of the Earth from the sun, position and height of the continents, ocean circulation, and the composition of the atmosphere.
	www.tqnyc.org /NYC040654/draft_file/SomeFacts.htm (830 words)

	ES 331/767 Lecture 7
		Iceland is the land of fire and ice--volcanoes, hot springs, and geysirs juxtaposed with ice caps, glaciers, and sea ice.
		The ice cap rests mainly on a base some 800-1000 m in elevation; ice thickness is generally 600 to 800 m with greatest thickness about 1000 m.
		The plain between the ice margin and the terminal moraine is a fluted ground moraine with small drumlins; the plain is locally dissected by rain/melt-water channels.
	academic.emporia.edu /aberjame/ice/lec07/lec7.htm (2533 words)

	[No title]
		sea ice which forms and remains fast along the coast, where it is attached to the shore, to an ice wall, to an ice front, between shoals and grounded icebergs.
		Fast ice may be formed in situ from sea water or by freezing of pack ice of any age to the shore, and it may extend a few meters or several hundred kilometers from the coast.
		It may be formed on a slight swell from grease ice, shuga, or slush or as a result of the breaking of ice rind, nilas or, under severe conditions of swell or waves, of grey ice.
	www.geo.mtu.edu /great_lakes/icegroup/ice_terms_jake.html (1557 words)

	Freeze Frame - The Ice Age in Indiana
		As the ice sheets began to move southward out of the Hudson Bay and Labrador regions, they encountered a rolling landscape mantled with relatively thick soil and locally dissected by large river and stream valleys—not unlike that found today in parts of southern Indiana and neighboring states to the south.
		That is why scientists believe that ice flow was initially directed along the courses of large bedrock valley systems that had developed over tens of millions of years of stream erosion during the generally mild and wet period known as the Tertiary.
		Possibly as much as a half-mile to a mile thick, the imposing ice front would have been the scene of frigid cascades of meltwater and icy lakes amidst a landscape of thick, cold mud put in motion by constant freeze-thaw activity and water.
	igs.indiana.edu /geology/ancient/freezeframe/index.cfm (1007 words)

	Larsen B Ice Shelf Breakup Underway, March 1998
		The ice front in this image represents the approximate appearance of the ice shelf since the events of early 1995, when a large iceberg calved off the face of the ice shelf, and when the Larsen A ice shelf, formerly to the north of Robertson Island, disintegrated.
		An image from February 26 (not shown) revealed that the ocean in the vicinity of the Larsen B was free of sea ice, exposing the front to the ocean swell.
		Melt ponds were also observed over the entire Larsen A ice shelf prior to its breakup, and are observed on the Wilkins and George VI ice shelves, both of which are suspected of currently undergoing slower irreversible retreats.
	nsidc.org /iceshelves/larsenb1998 (492 words)

	Effect of critical latitude and seasonal stratification on tidal current profiles along Ronne Ice Front, Antarctica
		The ice front region of Ronne Ice Shelf lies near the critical latitude of the semidiurnal M
		Using data from four long-term moorings along Ronne Ice Front, we confirm the presence of strongly depth-dependent semidiurnal tidal currents and their sensitivity to changes in stratification.
		During periods of stratification, the amplitude of the semidiurnal tides in the mid–water column shows a twofold increase and, despite being several kilometers offshore from the ice front, the tidal currents clearly show a second boundary layer originating from the adjacent ice shelf base.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2006/2005JC003062.shtml (392 words)

	Jakobshavn Isbrae and its ice fjord, showing locations of the calving ice front in years from 1851 to 2006, together ...
		Jakobshavn Isbrae and its ice fjord, showing locations of the calving ice front in years from 1851 to 2006, together with flow velocity observations.
		Jakobshavn Isbrae and its ice fjord, showing locations of the calving ice front in years from 1851 to 2006, together with flow velocity observations [Internet].
		Jakobshavn Isbrae and its ice fjord, showing locations of the calving ice front in years from 1851 to 2006, together with flow velocity observations, http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/jakobshavn-isbrae-and-its-ice-fjord-showing-locations-of-the-calving-ice-front-in-years-from-1851-to-2006-together-with-flow-velocity-observations (Last visited October 10, 2007).
	maps.grida.no /go/graphic/jakobshavn-isbrae-and-its-ice-fjord-showing-locations-of-the-calving-ice-front-in-years-from-1851-to-2006-together-with-flow-velocity-observations (745 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Glaciers and ice caps are projected to continue their widespread retreat during the 21st century.
		The Antarctic ice sheet is likely to grain mass because of greater precipitation, while the Greenland ice sheet is likely to lose mass because the increase in runoff will exceed the precipitation increase.
		However, loss of grounded ice leading to substantial sea level rise from this source is now widely agreed to be very unlikely during the 21st century.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/resources/coldscience/aice0.htm (649 words)

	Alpine Ice
		This world-famous ice furrow between the Grand Teton and the Enclosure is a very serious enterprise with about 15 pitches of steep ice and rock.
		Several moderate rock pitches are required to reach the base of the couloir and one pitch of ice averages 70 degrees for 40-60 feet.
		When the ice climbs are in condition for climbing, this boulder field will probably be covered with a small amount of snow, making the footing difficult and slippery.
	www.exumguides.com /elite/alpineice.shtml (1125 words)

	NOVA \| Descent Into the Ice \| Glacier Hazards from Space (non-Flash) \| PBS
		Ice collapses and the avalanches they can trigger are one of the gravest dangers that glaciers present.
		No land is available on the steep valley flanks for affected families to relocate to, and the destroyed infrastructure might have been the first step toward increasing the area's low standard of living.
		As is typical of many glacier floods, the outburst of Dig Tsho was triggered by an ice avalanche that crashed into the lake from an adjacent glacier.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/mtblanc/spac-nf.html (1095 words)

	Early Stages of the Retreat of the Ice Front (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Early Stages of the Retreat of the Ice Front
		While 18,000 years ago the ice sheet reached its maximum and shortly began to melt back, the retreat was a complicated story that is not always clear.
		The Lake Ontario Ice Lobe came down the lake basin from the north-east, but it fanned out at the end of the basin so that in the Toronto area it was pushing in a north west direction up towards the moraine.
	www.lostrivers.ca /points/earlyretreat.htm (333 words)

	CVC - "Little Ice Age" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		As with the Little Ice Age, its timing and effects varied from region to region, and many experts doubt that the Medieval Warm Period was a truly global phenomenon.
		Researchers also drill into glacial ice at the poles and on high mountains to obtain records of snowfall, dust and atmospheric chemicals contained in the ice.
		One thing that happened during the Little Ice Age was that it spoiled the 1816 summer vacation of poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife, Mary, with friends at Lake Geneva in Switzerland.
	www-earth.usc.edu /geol150/evolution/images/littleiceage/LittleIceAge.htm (2146 words)

	Paleo Slide Sets
		The ice rafted detritus that ends up on the ocean floor originates as basal sediments (till) plucked from the bedrock substrate at the bottom of an ice sheet.
		The basal sediments are transported within ice streams from the middle of the ice sheet to calving ice sheet margins that extend to the shelf break.
		Once the basal sediments are transported to the ice sheet margin, the material is either transported as debris layers within icebergs or released into the ocean and transported to the ocean floor as debris slides or turbidites.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo/slides/slideset/19/19_389_slide.html (318 words)

	i c e - d a n c e . c o m >> Technical Reference
		However, unlike the closed position, the partners are offset with the man to the right or left of the lady so that the font of his hip is in line with the front of her corresponding hip.
		The left arm of the lady is extended across the front of the man's body to hold his left hand.
		Crossed Kilian Position - The lady's left arm is extended across the front of the man's body to his left hand, while his right arm is extended across in front of her body with both partners' right hands resting clasped over her hip.
	www.ice-dance.com /techreference/tech-definitions.html (2905 words)

	Ice Dozer Ergonomic Ice Scraper: CozyWinters
		Ice Dozer is an ice scraper designed to manhandle ice and frost 2-3 times faster than most regular ice scrapers.
		The 7" wide scraper blade has teeth for clearing ice, and an edge that flexes to follow the curvature of your windshield for total contact with the surface at all times.
		Ice scrapers currently on the market fail to work effectively because they use a straight scraping blade to clear ice from curved windshields.
	cozywinters.com /shop/ice-dozer.html (308 words)

	front pointing - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		- method of climbing ice: a technique for the climbing of ice by which the front points of crampons on the climber's boots are stuck into the ice
		described, development of front points, ice climbing using front points
		Front Range, range of the Southern Rocky Mountains that defines the western edge of the Great Plains in the United States.
	encarta.msn.com /front_pointing.html (193 words)

	adn.com \| front : Melting ice will wreck polar bear populations (7-5-2005) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Polar bears are facing slow elimination over the next century as their vast frozen habitat melts away, according to a report by a panel of the world's top experts on the subject.
		If warming Arctic climate continues to erode sea ice, as predicted by many climate scientists, the expert panel says, the iconic white carnivores will be driven ashore or onto increasingly smaller floes in their endless feast-or-famine hunt for seals to eat.
		Although the group named climate warming and the destruction of the ice habitat as the main threat to the species, it also cited poaching in Russia and threats by contaminants as other problems.
	www.adn.com /front/story/6678177p-6564950c.html (1551 words)

	MISR Image: Amery Ice Shelf, Antarctica
		The Amery Ice Shelf is an important dynamic system responsible for draining about 16% of the grounded East Antarctic ice sheet through only 2% of its coastline.
		Two longitudinal rifts, oriented roughly parallel to the direction of ice flow and measuring about 25 and 15 kilometers in length, are apparent near the seaward edge of the ice shelf.
		Over the course of the one-year interval between these two MISR images, the ice front has advanced approximately 1.6 - 1.7 kilometers, and the transverse fracture and a three-way fissure at the juncture of the rifts have widened.
	eosweb.larc.nasa.gov /HPDOCS/misr/misr_html/amery_ice_shelf.html (553 words)

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