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Essential to an icebreaking vessel is the ability to propel itself onto the ice, breaking it, and then successfully clearing the ice debris from its path.
Icebreakers are expensive to build and very expensive to run, whether the icebreaker is powered by gas turbines, diesel-electric powerplant or nuclear energy.
A modern icebreaker typically has shielded propellers both at the bow and at the stern, as well as side thrusters; pumps to move water ballast from side to side; and holes on the hull below the waterline to eject water bubbles, all designed to allow an icebreaker stuck amidst thick ice to break free.
Icebreaker - Biocrawler(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
Several technological advances were introduced over the years, but it was not until the introduction of nuclear power (icebreaker Lenin, 1959) that icebreakers developed their full potentials.
Icebreakers are expensive to build and very expensive to run, whether the icebreaker is powered by gas turbines, or is a nuclear powered icebreaker.
Icebreakers have a round sled-like bow, however; they tend to slam into waves, which can be a risk in high seas.
Nuclear powered icebreakers are far more powerful than their diesel powered counterparts, and have been constructed by Russia primarily to aid shipping in the frozen Arctic waterways in the north of Siberia.
Two nuclear-powered icebreakers, NS Vaigach and NS Taimyr, have been built for shallow waters and are usually used on the river Yenisei to Dikson, where they break through the ice followed by cargo ships with lumber from Igarka and cargo ships with ore and metals from the Norilsk Company's port Dudinka.
Arktika-class icebreakers have a double hull, with the outer hull being approximately 48 mm thick at the ice-breaking areas and 25 mm thick elsewhere.
Icebreaker Vladimir Ignatyuk (formerly ArcticKalvik) was built in 1982 at the Victoria Yard of the Burrard Yarrrows Corporation located in British Columbia, Canada.
The Kalvik is the sister ship to the CCGS Terry Fox.
The Kalvik was sold in 2003 to Murmansk Shipping Co and was renamed the Vladimir Ignatyuk.
About Us (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu)(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
The CCGS Henry Larsen is a Class 4 ArcticIcebreaker.
Icebreaking in Newfoundland waters occurs during the months from January up to and including May. The ship is then placed out of service for a six week period for a scheduled refit.
Other reasons for icebreaking would include search and rescue operations, and breaking out harbours of communities that have no other means of transportation other than by boat.
One powerful kind is the nuclear powered icebreaker.
CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent is the largest icebreaker and ship in the Canadian Coast Guard's fleet
The purpose is usually not to provide navigation channels, rather, to prevent ice dams from forming on bridge structures, thus damaging them and causing local flooding.
Spartanburg SC | GoUpstate.com | Spartanburg Herald-Journal(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
Several technological advances were introduced over the years, but it was not until the introduction of nuclear power in the Lenin">Soviet icebreaker Lenin in 1959 that icebreakers developed their full potential.
Some new icebreakers such as the Healy">USCGC Healy make use of anti-roll tanks.
The Mastera">MT Mastera and Tempera">MT Tempera are two vessels using this new technology.
Arctic Cooling - Information(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
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MV Terry Fox, along with her sister ship MV ArcticKalvik supported Gulf Oil's operations in the Beaufort Sea during the 1980s.
Not limited to escorting tankers through ice, these multipurpose ships were designed to act as heavy tugs and supply vessels to support offshore oil rig platforms in a hostile environment.
Classed as a "Heavy Gulf Icebreaker" by the coast guard, she is stationed at CCG Base Dartmouth in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia and operates in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during the winter ice season and in Canada's eastern Arctic during the summer shipping season, assisting in escorting the annual Arctic summer sealift to coastal communities.
en.wikipedia.org /wiki/CCGS_Terry_Fox (247 words)
Ice Did You Mean ice?(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
Coast Guard icebreakers near McMurdo Station, February 2002.
Ice can also be an obstacle; for harbors near the poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, ideally all-year round.
Harbors that are not ice-free are opened up using icebreakers.
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KALVIKLOADS Data analysis software to calculate forces on the propeller stern tube from data collected on the KALVIK under conditions of ice-propeller interaction.
Because the program is based on linear strip theory, the accuracy of motions predictions will tend to decrease for ships having a length-to-beam ratio of less than four (4).
The project wasaimed at exploring the case of anoblique ice impact on the bow.
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Icebreaker Caml Speculator (formerly ArcticKalvik) was built in 1982 at the Clostercamp Utricularia of the Burrard Workout Corporation located in Germinal Grenadilla, Faizullah.
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In the former GDR, construction began in June at Aker-MTW in Wismar on the third of five ice-breaking Arctic Class tankers for Russia.
As the Sea-Land contract was being wrapped up, July also saw the drydocking of the 20,606 gt German cruise ship Astor, for removal and overhaul of her B+V-built fin stabilizers, and repairs to the much smaller specialist icebreaker tug and supply vessel ArcticKalvik.
It also saw the drydocking and overhaul of the first of MÊrskís new 6,000 TEU class vessels Regina Mærsk.
