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	Iceland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Republic of Iceland (Icelandic: Lýðveldið Ísland) is a borderless country, a volcanic island in the northern Atlantic Ocean between Greenland, Norway, and the British Isles.
		Iceland is one of the ten richest countries in the world based on GDP per capita at purchasing power parity.
		Icelanders enjoy freedom of religion as stated by the constitution; however, church and state are not separated and the Church of Iceland, a Lutheran body, is the state church.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iceland (2836 words)

	Iceland hotspot - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Iceland is one of the most active volcanic regions in the world, with eruptions occurring on average roughly every five years.
		Iceland's location astride the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the Eurasian and North American Plates are moving apart, is partly responsible for this intense volcanic activity, but an additional cause is necessary to explain why Iceland is a substantial island while the rest of the ridge mostly consists of seamounts, with peaks below sea level.
		The plume, of which the Iceland hotspot is thought to be the surface expression, is believed to be quite narrow, perhaps 100 km across, and extends down to at least 400–650 km beneath the Earth's surface, and possibly down to the core-mantle boundary.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Iceland_hotspot (457 words)

	Facts about topic: (Iceland hotspot) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Iceland hotspot is a hotspot (A lively entertainment spot) which is partly responsible for the high volcanic activity which has formed the island of Iceland (An island republic on the island of Iceland; became independent of Denmark in 1944).
		Iceland is one of the most active volcanic (additional info and facts about volcanic) regions in the world, with eruptions occurring on average roughly every five years.
		Iceland's hotspot is believed to be quite narrow, perhaps 100 km across, and extends down to at least 400–650 km beneath the Earth's surface, and possibly down to the core-mantle boundary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/ic/iceland_hotspot.htm (353 words)

	Mantle plume - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mantle plumes are thought to be the cause of volcanic centers known as hotspots and probably also have caused flood basalts.
		The plumes originate at a thermal boundary layer at the core-mantle boundary.
		It is usually defined as a plume that has a diameter of at least 1500-3000 km by the time the plume head spreads at the base of the lithosphere.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mantle_plumes (635 words)

	previous work (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Iceland, one of the most thoroughly investigated hotspots, is generally accepted to be the manifestation of an upwelling mantle plume.
		Yet whether the plume originates from the lower mantle or from a convective instability at a thermal boundary layer between the upper and lower mantle near 660 km depth remains unconstrained.
		The Icelandic coast and the Reykjanes and Kolbeinsey ridges are represented by regional bathymetry at 1-km contours.
	espo.gso.uri.edu /~yang/research/Iceland.html (474 words)

	How is plume material supplied to nearby submarine mid-ocean ridges (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Furthermore the asymmetry in apparent plume dispersal to the north and south of Iceland remain to be understood.
		Although mixing of the plume and ambient MORB mantle have been called upon to explain the geochemical gradients, the relative contributions of various mantle source components to the erupted magmas depends on the details of the melting process as well as the relative abundance of the components.
		The RR exhibits the morphology of a fast-spreading ridge from Iceland to 59ºN, and is decorated by 42 axial volcanic ridges (AVR) [Searle and Laughton, 1981; Parson et al., 1993; Keeton et al., 1997], one of which is known to be underlain by a magma chamber [Sinha et al., 1997].
	espo.gso.uri.edu /~yang/RIDGE/sci-questions.html (1401 words)

	On the Interaction of Plumes and Ridge-Transform Fault Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Iceland, due to the interaction of a mantle plume with the midatlantic ridge, is a very interesting area for geodynamic studies.
		The plume is assumed to have a broad plumehead but despite of recent seismological studies (Wolfe et al., 1997, Bijwaard and Spakman, 1999) the detailed structure of the Iceland Plume is not known.
		The mixture of plume and mantle markers may be used to calculate the geochemistry of erupted magmas at the ridge axis.
	www.gfz-potsdam.de /pb2/geodyn/Abstracts/heller1/plume1.html (410 words)

	Natural History: The ice above, the fire below: Iceland is still being shaped by the geological interaction of opposites
		In 1998 I journeyed to Iceland at the behest of Bryndis Brandsdottir, a seismologist at the Science Institute of the University of Iceland with an immense knowledge of Icelandic earthquakes and volcanoes, and of Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson, a geophysicist at the same institute and president of the Icelandic Glaciological Society.
		The intention was to pursue the causes and effects of Iceland's fiery belches by mapping the sources of molten rock that feed the eruptions and by examining the rocks that the eruptions had left behind.
		Although the mantle plume lying below Iceland is not molten, up to 30 percent of it melts while it approaches the surface, because its melting temperature drops as the plume rises and the pressure on it decreases (much as the boiling point of water drops when atmospheric pressure decreases).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_5_111/ai_86684502 (1377 words)

	Iceland & the N Atlantic Igneous Province (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Historically, crustal seismic data from Iceland have been interpreted both as indicating that the crust is thin and the mantle beneath hot (the “thin, hot” model), and that the crust is thick and the mantle beneath cool (the “thick, cold” model).
		The “enriched plume component” may be derived from remelting axial or seamount E-MORB, alkalic olivine basalt, associated intrusive rocks and sedimentary materials of the subducted crust, or possibly small amounts of ancient continental crust that may, as at Jan Mayen, still underlie portions of Iceland [Foulger et al.
		A model whereby the Iceland melting anomaly is derived from shallow sources in the mantle and processes consequential to plate tectonics (see also Anderson [2001] and PT Processes page) is consistent with the absence of very high temperatures, the persistence of the melting anomaly on the mid-Atlantic ridge, the seismic tomography, crustal structure and geochemistry.
	www.dur.ac.uk /maple.plumes/Iceland1.html (5076 words)

	CIW - News 991110
		For the Iceland plume, the answer is now in." The other authors of the paper are Yang Shen, the lead author (previously of Woods Hole and recently relocated to the University of Rhode Island), Cecily Wolfe (Woods Hole), and Ingi Bjarnason (University of Iceland's Science Institute).
		The Iceland plume is one of the most extensively studied plumes in the world.
		Their map of the upper mantle beneath the Iceland hotspot, based on seismic data gathered from an array of portable seismometers on the surface, showed that a cylinder of hot, upwelling material directly beneath Iceland occupies a slender zone about 300 km wide.
	carnegieinstitution.org /news_980902.html (904 words)

	(Geology of Iceland)
		Iceland is located where the asthenosperic flow under the the NE Atlantic plate boundary interacts and mixes with a deep-seated mantle plume.
		During the last 20 Ma the Icelandic rift zones have migrated stepwise eastwards to keep their positions near the surface expression of the plume, leading to a complicated and changing pattern of rift zones and transform fault zones.
		The position of the Iceland plume relative to Greenland and Iceland at 40, 30, 20, 10, and 0 Ma is indicated by the filled circular yellow fields.
	www.norvol.hi.is /html/geol/intro/geo1.html (855 words)

	CIW - News 991110
		Plumes are thought to be fixed in the mantle and thus do not move with the Earth's lithospheric plates.
		One reason why plumes have not previously been imaged is that they are generally believed to be narrow, less than 300 km across, and images of Earth's mantle obtained from global studies of seisimic waves have been at too coarse a resolution (1000 km) to see them.
		The authors note that numerical models of plume flow consistent with the new seismic observations suggest that far too much melt should be produced in the ascending mantle for the known thickness of the crust beneath Iceland.
	www.carnegieinstitution.org /news_970115a.html (696 words)

	Iceland: An Outcome of Plate Tectonics
		Iceland is commonly considered to be the surface expression of a plume originating at the core-mantle boundary.
		We argue that neither the present-day Iceland anomaly, nor its supposed ancient manifestation, is related to a deeply-rooted plume.
		A crucial problem with the “fixed hot spot” and the “global hot spot reference frame” is the supposed position of the Iceland plume centre beneath West Greenland at the onset of NAIP magmatism in the Early Paleocene (c.
	www.mantleplumes.org /Iceland2.html (4555 words)

	Geological Society - News - No plume under Iceland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		There is no plume of buoyant material issuing from the earth's lower mantle beneath Iceland, according to scientists.
		Iceland and other "hot spots" sit atop plumes rising from depths of 2,900 kilometers (1,800 miles).
		The complete paper, "The Seismic Anomaly Beneath Iceland Extends Down to the Mantle Transition Zone and No Deeper," may be found in Volume 142, Issue 3 of the Geophysical Journal International, available at academic bookstores or on the World Wide Web.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=Icelandplume (354 words)

	Seismic structure of the Iceland mantle plume (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Understanding the geometry of upwelling mantle flow and the characteristics of melting beneath hotspots and mid-ocean ridges is of fundamental importance for topics ranging from the formative processes for the crust and lithosphere to the large-scale dynamics and chemical makeup of the mantle.
		One of the most studied regions is Iceland, a hotspot centered on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, yet previous seismological and geodynamic studies have been unable to constrain the width, temperature, and depth extent of the plume.
		This high-resolution upper mantle image indicates that Iceland is underlain by a hot and narrow plume of upwelling mantle.
	www.mbari.org /seminars/1998/may13_wolfe.html (218 words)

	PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS IN BASALTS DERIVED FROM THE ICELAND PLUME —IMPLICATIONS FOR METALLOGENESIS
		In Iceland the primitive (parental) basalts constitute a mixing array between picritic (74 ppm Cu and 17 ppb Pd) and olivine tholeiite (120 ppm Cu and 6 ppb Pd) magmas.
		In Iceland and Greenland evolved olivine tholeiites have the highest Pd/Ir ratios and Pd-concentrations (Iceland 18 ppb Pd, mg# 58; Greenland 24 ppb Pd, mg#50).
		The moderately PGE-rich and S-undersaturated nature of the Greenland and Iceland basalts contrasts with MORB and reflect relatively deep melting of hot plume material beneath thick lithospheric lids in Greenland and Iceland.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_59351.htm (411 words)

	Reykjanes Ridge Seismology
		The overall character of the Reykjanes Ridge is strongly influenced by the Iceland Plume.
		Kolbeinsey Ridge, the continuation of the mid-Atlantic ridge north of Iceland, is offset to the west of Iceland's northern neovolcanic zone by a tectonically complicated region that includes the subparallel Tjornes and Husavik-Flatley transform faults (Einarsson 1986, Gudmundsson, 1995).
		Adequately maging the Iceland plume requires traveltime data from a broad area that includes Iceland itself, in northern Europe and, as is relevant here, in the north Atlantic.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /users/menke/ridge2000.html (3031 words)

	Evidence for pulsating mantle plumes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The existence of the island of Iceland over the mid-Atlantic spreading ridge is attributed to the presence of a large mantle plume – the Icelandic Mantle Plume.
		This plume has produced a huge volume of volcanic rock, and it is likely that its presence has also contributed to buoyancy in the mantle, and hence to uplift in this region.
		They suggest that magma generation of the Icelandic Plume is pulsing on a cycle with a period of between 5 and 10 m.y.
	www.mala.bc.ca /~earles/icelandic-plume-dec00.htm (231 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Department of Geology, Florida State University Icelandic lavas vary in their geochemical characteristics, reflecting both variations in the compositions and conditions and extents of melting of their sources (e.g., [1]) and differentiation and crustal contamination (e.g., [2]).
		However, the most magnesian recent Thestareykir lavas are notable for being the most depleted Icelandic lavas generally and therefore their contamination by rocks more typical of the Icelandic crust is expected to produce systematic changes in their incompatible-element and radiogenic-isotope compositions.
		This conclusion may have little bearing on interpretation of correlations among radiogenic isotope ratios in Theistareykir lavas because the diversity of the Iceland plume is represented regardless of the details of the mechanisms by which they have been sampled by erupted lavas.
	www.ciw.edu /plume3/abstracts/Eiler.doc (838 words)

	The Skagi Zone North Iceland
		The plume tends to trap a segment of the ridge above itself by transform displacements.
		The force required for this is released in the earthquakes of the transform faults in S-Iceland and off the north coast.
		The birth and a sudden death of the ephemeral Skagi volcanic zone and this strange rift jump towards west might have been caused by pulses in the mantel plume.
	www.os.is /~ah/erindi/vintermode.htm (581 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For Iceland the mid-Atlantic ridge is relevant: From the high north-Atlantic to the very southern south-Atlantic runs a ridge of volcanoes in the deep ocean forming new crust both on the (N+S)Americas and the European/African plates.
		There are two major differences though: Iceland has a stable position where Hawaii lies under a moving plate - resulting into new volcanoes emerging in time away from the older island.
		The mantle plume/hot spot under Iceland is - as is speculated - caused the break up of continents.
	www1.bos.nl /~dvuijk/geology/intro.html (649 words)

	Richard M Allen - The Iceland Plume Head (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Using a combination of body wave and surface wave datasets to reveal the mantle plume and plume head, this study presents a tomographic image of the mantle structure beneath Iceland to 400 km depth.
		Below the plume head a near-cylindrical low velocity anomaly with a radius of ~100 km and peak Vp and Vs anomalies of -2% and -4% respectively extends down to the maximum depth of resolution at 400 km.
		Within the plume head, in the uppermost mantle above the core of the plume, there is a relatively high velocity with a maximum Vp and Vs anomaly of +2%.
	www.geology.wisc.edu /~rallen/PUBLICATIONS/2001.iceMAN (335 words)

	Geological Society - News - Wot, no plumes? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The single, unifying theme in plume science is the unquestioning belief of most Earth scientists in their existence, indicated by the use of the term “the” plume when discussing one’s area of interest.
		I assert that because the predictions of the plume hypothesis are not borne out, it is unsafe to assume, a priori, that this model is correct.
		To say the plume concept has served the geological community well is overgenerous, more like it has set back a true understanding of the geodynamics of the Earth's interior by three decades.
	www.geolsoc.org.uk /template.cfm?name=NakedEmperor (5242 words)

	EPSL 148
		Isotopic constraints on the influence of the Icelandic plume.
		However, the influence of the Iceland plume on the composition of lavas erupted on adjacent ridges remains a contentious issue.
		Data in the section 180-250km and 400-1200km south of the plume is from this study.
	www.soc.soton.ac.uk /isotope/EPSL_RRg.htm (379 words)

	(Type a title for your page here)
		RM Allen (2001) The mantle plume beneath Iceland and its interaction with the North-Atlantic ridge: a seismological investigation.
		G Hirth, DL Kohlstedt (1996) Water in the oceanic upper mantle: implications for rheology, melt extraction and the evolution of the lithosphere.
		CJ Wolfe, IT Bjarnason, JC VanDecar, SC Solomon (1997) Seismic structure of the Iceland plume.
	www.norvol.hi.is /html/geol/intro/ref.html (1387 words)

	CHALLENGER DIVISION FOR SEAFLOOR PROCESSES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This is compatible with an increase in mantle temperature, or decrease in solidus temperature, associated with the Iceland plume.
		The mantle involved in melting beneath Iceland and the Reykjanes Ridge comprises at least six components, all distinct from an average plume-free, north Atlantic N-MORB source.
		Reference: Murton B.J., Taylor R.N. and Thirlwall M.F. (2002) Geochemical interaction between the Iceland Plume and the Reyjkanes Ridge: a geochemical perspective.
	www.soc.soton.ac.uk /CHD/Research/topics/iceland_plume.html (453 words)

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