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Topic: Icelandic Commonwealth

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	Icelandic Commonwealth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Icelandic Commonwealth or the Icelandic Free State (Icelandic: Þjóðveldið) was the state existing in Iceland between the establishment of the Althing in 930 and the pledge of fealty to the Norwegian king in 1262.
		19th-century interpretation of the Althing in the Icelandic Commonwealth
		At the Conversion of Iceland in 1000, the Althing decreed that all Icelanders must be baptized, and forbade the public celebration of pagan rituals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth (597 words)

	Iceland Resource Center - iceland air
		Iceland remained one of the world's last larger islands uninhabited by humans until it was discovered and settled by Norse immigrants from Western Norway in the late 9th century.
		Iceland is one of the ten richest countries in the world based on GDP per capita at purchasing power parity.
		Icelanders enjoy freedom of religion as stated by the constitution; however, church and state are not separated and the Church of Iceland, a Lutheran body, is the state church.
	www.taxgloss.com /Tax-Banks_H_-_K-/Iceland.html (2738 words)

	Privatization, Viking Style: Model or Misfortune?
		Iceland’s first settlers — Norse and Celto-Norse refugees from King Harald Fairhair’s attempt in the late ninth century to impose centralized control and property taxes on all of Norway — established what historians call the Icelandic Free State, or Icelandic Commonwealth, around the year 930.
		Icelandic law owed its resilience and flexibility to this decoupling of authority from geography.
		In other words, Icelandic cultural attitudes were causally irrelevant to the outcome; although the system the Icelanders ended up with was to their liking, they would have ended up with much the same system whether they liked it or not.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig3/long1.html (2522 words)

	The Icelandic Sagas and Social Order \| Turnabout
		The Commonwealth of course had its flaws, and the sagas reflect critically as well as sympathetically on the heroic ideal and the society in which it was at home.
		Traditional Icelandic qualities continued in new guises, as pagan stoicism became Christian resignation and a Christian coloration was given to ideals of courage in the face of defeat, suffering and death.
		The Icelandic Commonwealth stands for freedom and honor-loving aspects of the heritage of the European peoples that have been essential to their greatness, and that we have all but lost.
	turnabout.ath.cx:8000 /node/22 (4852 words)

	July 2000 - Library of Congress Information Bulletin
		Iceland's minister of education, science and culture, Björn Bjarnason, opened the symposium, which was organized by the Library of Congress and Cornell University Library.
		The first panel examined "Sagas and the Icelandic Manuscript Tradition." The participants were Stefan Karlsson, past director of the Árni Magnússon Institute in Iceland; Rudolf Simek of the University of Bonn; and Matthew James Driscoll of the Arnamagnaean Institute at the University of Copenhagen.
		The second panel examined "Sagas and Daily Life in the Icelandic Commonwealth." The participants were Jenny Jochens, professor emeritus at Towson State University; Vésteinn Ólason of the Árni Magnússon Institute; Jesse Byock of the University of California at Los Angeles; and Theodore M. Andersson of Stanford University.
	www.loc.gov /loc/lcib/0007/icelandic.html (1975 words)

	Ordered Anarchy, State and Rent-Seeking: The Icelandic Commonwealth
		The Customary Law of the Commonwealth was a private or civil law, in that all cases were disputes between citizens.
		The medieval Icelandic laws....limited ordeal to cases of paternity, adultery, and incest or marriage in violation of the prohibited degrees of kinship, but even in those instances the ordeal often appeared as supplementary to the more routine procedure of witness testimony or panel verdicts.
		The Commonwealth law is similar, in its emphasis on the individual, to Anglo-Saxon and Irish law.
	www.hi.is /~bthru/kafli4.htm (9840 words)

	Greatness Revived
		The freedom and independence which lie at the root of the golden age of Iceland and are therefore evidently factors in the emerging cultural nationalism might be thought to be somewhat awkwardly placed in the context of the colonial status of Iceland in the period of the Neo-Latin historians.
		But apart from that we may discern a view of the cause for the fall of the Commonwealth, and this cause is a character trait of Icelanders, a tragic flaw, their self-seeking and disregard of the common good, which also serves to explain the dismal state of affairs in Oddur's own time.
		The constitution of the Icelandic Commonwealth is the subject of a lengthy discussion.
	www.phil-hum-ren.uni-muenchen.de /GermLat/Acta/Svavarsson.htm (4310 words)

	The History of Iceland (Gunnar Karlsson) - book review
		Gunnar describes the colonization of Iceland, the constitution of the Icelandic Commonwealth, and its attempts to manage honour, revenge and feud through a legal system with no executive — and then the increasing concentration of power and levels of violence, leading to the 1262 treaty by which Iceland was annexed to the kingdom of Norway.
		The use of Icelandic as a church vernacular was a key factor in preserving the language.
		Gunnar concludes with a chapter weighing up the importance of Iceland's literary heritage in shaping its national self-image and political history, touching on Halldór Laxness and Iceland's purist language policy.
	dannyreviews.com /h/Iceland.html (1014 words)

	Iceland’s Beginnings: Landnámabók and Íslendingabók (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The settlement of Iceland was likely brought about by overcrowding in Norway and potential for wealth and profit, the same forces which motivated the Viking raids and settlements that had a considerable impact on the British Isles from 750 to 1050 (Kristjánsson 8).
		The Norse settling of Iceland continued until 930, and historians estimate that the actual number of settlers in Iceland by this time was likely 40,000 to 50,000 individuals (Hastrup 8).
		The unique composition of Icelandic social and political structures was crucial to the survival of pagan oral and cultural traditions through Iceland’s period of conversion to Christianity, and consequently, to the development of the verse forms and Sagas of literary renown.
	www.slis.ualberta.ca /cap05/sonya/saga_beginnings.html (618 words)

	Thingvellir in Iceland, 930 the Icelandic Parliament was founded in Thingvellir.
		The independent Icelandic commonwealth was founded in 930 AD, but was lost in 1262, when Iceland swore fealty to the king of Norway.
		In general the Icelandic sagas are virtually totally barren of any discussion of natural phenomena, being largely the accounts of historical and political activity, often presented in the form of a historical novel.
		Islendingabok or Saga of the Icelanders concerns the affairs of the people who lived between about 930 to 1030, at the height of the Icelandic Commonwealth.
	www.randburg.com /is/thingvellir.html (870 words)

	Icelandic nationalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Icelandic Nationalism or Þjóðernishyggja or Föðurlandsást is based upon the idea of resurrection of the Icelandic Free State, and its values (or what was believed to be its values): democracy, freedom of the individual, the need for the country to be independent, and respect for the cultural and religious traditions, specially the long preserved language.
		Icelanders see their current republic to be the reincarnation of the old Free state, and thus is Icelandic Nationalism today based upon preserving what was gained by the independence movement.
		Thus is the Icelandic nationalist sentiment highly respectful of democratic parliamentary powers (see resurrected Althing) and sceptical of foreign control over Iceland, which is partly responsible for the fact there is little will in Iceland for joining the EU.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Icelandic_nationalism (378 words)

	The Decline and Fall
		The success of the Icelandic Free Commonwealth's quasi-anarchistic legal institutions has been used by David Friedman, Bruce Benson, and others as evidence against the Hobbesian argument that cooperation is impossible in the absence of central authority.
		Iceland, a resource-poor country without an army, and for whom the powerful and wealthy Norway was an indispensable trading partner, had to take the King's threats seriously.
		Iceland saw its first full-scale battles as power struggles among the elite families and their respective supporters erupted across the land.
	libertariannation.org /a/f13l1.html (2238 words)

	DragonBear History: All That:
		Two especially distinctive elements of the unique culture of Iceland were its literature and its politics; I've written about the literature in these essays before, now about the politics.
		According to the Icelandic national origin myth, the migrants left Norway in the late 800's for love of independence, to escape from the tyranny of an emerging national monarchy.
		For another thing, Iceland was not at all part of the continental medieval mainstream: it was as peripheral culturally as it was geographically.
	www.dragonbear.com /althing.html (1392 words)

	iceland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Iceland 2000 Millennium of Christianity Committee directed the deaneries around the country to commemorate the 1000-year anniversay of Iceland's Christianization in 1999 and 2000.
		In Iceland there will be musical and theatrical events commemorating the turn of the last and of the current millennium, with a large music festival in the spring of 2000.
		Icelandic millennium observances will center on two themes: The anniversary of Christianity and the anniversary of the exploration of Leifur Eriksson.
	www.millenniumworld.org /Europe/iceland.html (951 words)

	Market Anarchism, the Solution to the Dilemma of Taiwan Independence by Bevin Chu
		The Icelandic Commonwealth was a single, unified nation with a single, overarching constitution, but a multiplicity of "competing governments," all of which had jurisdiction over the same territory.
		A citizen of the Icelandic Commonwealth unhappy with the service provided by one chieftain did not need to emigrate to a different jurisdiction in order to live under a different political authority.
		The extraordinary history of the Icelandic Commonwealth demonstrates in actual practice and not mere theory that every function that the Conventional Wisdom insists must be provided coercively by a state monopoly can be provided voluntarily by private entrepreneurs, without violating the prohibition against the initiation of force.
	www.lewrockwell.com /chu/chu13.html (2983 words)

	OLD ICELANDIC
		The age of the Sturlungs: Icelandic civilization in the thirteenth century.
		Northern sphinx: Iceland and the Icelanders from settlement to the present.
		from the Icelandic by Jon A. Hjaltalin and Gilbert Goudie.
	publish.uwo.ca /~rpoole/weldonicelandicresources.html (2764 words)

	Vikings & their Gods - Snorri Sturluson (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Snorri was born at Hvammur in western Iceland, the son of a powerful chieftain, but grew up at Oddi, a prominent seat of culture in the south.
		Active in politics, he was three times elected law-speaker of the Icelandic commonwealth, the highest office in the land, in effect the presidency of the legislature, known as the Althing.
		Caught up in the violent power struggles and political intrigues of his time, not only in Iceland but also in Norway, he incurred the wrath of the Norwegian king, Håkon IV (the Old), who was trying to exploit the divisive Icelandic politics to win control of the country.
	www.angelfire.com /realm/shades/vikings/snorris.htm (285 words)

	UofM: Arts - Department of Icelandic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Exhibition sponsored by: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Iceland and The Department of Icelandic Language and Literature, Páll Guðmundsson Memorial Scholarship, University of Manitoba.
		Emerging from these real-life tales are artworks that explore national identity (the degree to which Icelanders deride their primitive origins), human behavior (a questioning of whether nature or culture most determines who we are), and the role of metaphor and idealization in relation to sexual difference.
		Though the participants in the conference are experts in their fields, the papers have been designed to appeal to a broad community and are not narrowly academic.
	www.umanitoba.ca /faculties/arts/icelandic/gen_info.html (1470 words)

	Gunnar Gunnarsson
		Prolific Icelandic novelist, dramatist, essayist, and poet, largely self-educated as a writer, whose work celebrate the courage and dignity of the common people of the North.
		One of the farmer's two sons is a dreamer, torn between the call of his art and the call of the soil, while his brother is a demonic evildoer.
		Gunnarsson was a honorary professor at the University of Iceland, at Reykjavík, and was granted a honorary Ph.D. from Heidelberg.
	www.kirjasto.sci.fi /ggunnar.htm (916 words)

	VSNR Titles
		The attitudes to outlawry in Iceland in these texts are interesting to compare with those in English outlaw traditions; the earliest surviving legends of Robin Hood are from the fifteenth century.
		Whatever may have been their origin, the folk-stories of Iceland come to mirror the people's life and character, and in the period when the idea gained ground that all power comes from the people, their poetry and lore became sacred things that were revered and looked to as a potential source of strength.
		Icelandic folk-stories were similarly an important element in the Icelanders' struggle for national and cultural integrity in the nineteenth century.
	www.asu.edu /clas/acmrs/publications/mrts/vsnr.html (2527 words)

	Second Round: The Posts
		The myth of Icelandic settlement by plucky libertarians fleeing the oppressive king.
		Frex, the unknown narrator is distinctly defensive when discussing the ancestry of the Icelanders; more than once he mentions that "foreigners" have criticized the Icelanders for being the descendants of slaves and scoundrels (it's a bit reminiscent of the convict cringe that used to afflict Australians).
		The "Friedman view" of Icelandic history that I take exception to is shorthand for a particular naive view of that history which generally goes well beyond the assertions of your various articles.
	www.daviddfriedman.com /Libertarian/My_Posts/second_round_the_posts.htm (14957 words)

	Thingvellir in Iceland. 1000th anniversary of the Christianisation of Iceland.
		Thingvellir occupies a very special place in the hearts and minds of Icelanders.
		On 17 June 1944 Iceland was proclaimed a Republic at the Althing meeting place at Thingvellir.
		The aspect of this Christianisation arousing the most interest is when Thorgeir, a pagan chieftain from the Lake Ljósavatn area, who also held the position of Law Speaker-the only public office in the Icelandic Commonwealth-lay down under his pelt and uttered no word for two days.
	www.randburg.is /is/thingvellir.html (766 words)

	postsympy2kinfo
		Saga Literature and the Shaping of Icelandic Culture coincided with the Washington venue of a traveling exhibition, Living and Reliving the Icelandic Sagas, which opened on 24 May and will run through 15 July 2000.
		The exhibition is a collaborative effort of the National and University Library of Iceland, the Library of Congress, the University of Manitoba Library and Cornell University Library.
		Kristín Bragadóttir of the National and University Library of Iceland and Patrick J. Stevens of Cornell University Library shared moderation of the symposium sessions.
	rmc.library.cornell.edu /Fiske/icexh/postsympinfo.htm (461 words)

	Commonwealth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Thus commonwealth originally meant a state governed for the common good as opposed to an authoritarian state governed for the benefit of a given class of owners.
		When capitalised, "Commonwealth" normally refers to the 53 member Commonwealth of Nations—formerly the "British Commonwealth"—a loose confederation of nations formerly members of the British Empire.
		It formed the first republic in the English-speaking world, though this quickly devolved into a de facto monarchy.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Commonwealth (886 words)

	GARNERBLOG
		Its drawback compared to Iceland is that the Icelandic commonwealth lasted for 300 years, whilst the Old West was effectively anarchic for some 70 odd years.
		Its advantage of Iceland, however, is that it is more legitimately anarchic.
		So, Iceland had publicly produced law, enforced privately, under which disputes were settled in limitedly competitive courts.
	www.richardgarnerlib.blogspot.com (2429 words)

	SoundClick artist: Thingtak - Thingtak is an Icelandic band that doesn't really fit into a specific genre... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Thingtak is a 3-piece from Iceland that recently released their first album.
		Originally the idea was to name the band after the Icelandic commonwealth formed in 930 AD, Althingi, but we were asked to pick a new name by the Icelandic authorities.
		Since Thingtak was formed less than a year ago, we've played here and there in Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland and in Akureyri in the north of Iceland.
	www.soundclick.com /thingtak (421 words)

	Symposium on Old Norse Sagas
		The Library of Congress and the Cornell University Library are sponsoring a scholarly symposium on Old Norse sagas at the Library of Congress on May 24 and 25, in the Mumford Room, sixth floor, Madison Building, 101 Independence Ave.
		The symposium is free and open to the public, but reservations are necessary by e-mail at fiskeref@cornell.edu or by telephone from the Library of Congress (202) 707-8498.
		The symposium will coincide with the opening at the Library of Congress of an exhibition, "Living and Reliving the Icelandic Sagas," a collaborative effort of the National and University Library of Iceland, the Library of Congress, the University of Manitoba Library and the Cornell University Library.
	www.loc.gov /today/pr/2000/00-072.html (599 words)

	Samkoma: History - Icelandic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Witches Executed in Iceland Museum is in Strandir, Northwest Region
		Iceland`s Flag History of the Flag and Municipal Coat of Arms
		Short History of the Catholic Church in Iceland Interface With Lutheran Churches is Described
	www.samkoma.com /cgi/links.pl.cgi?073 (390 words)

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