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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a species of ciliate protozoan which parasitizes freshwater fish.
		The white spots are pockets of fish epithelia containing Ichthyophthirius cells called trophozoites or trophonts, which feed on the tissues of the host and may grow to 1 mm in diameter.
		The heat speeds up the life cycle of the ichthyophthirius, which is useful if the fish is being medicated, because otherwise the parasites simply reproduce at a faster rate, and kill the aforementioned fish quicker.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Ichthyophthirius (1406 words)

	Ichthyophthirius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a species of ciliate protozoa which parasitizes freshwater fish.
		Ich infections are usually visible in the form of characteristic white spots on the side of the fish.
		The white spots are pockets of fish epithelium containing Ichthyophthirius cells called trophozoites or trophonts, which feed on the tissues of the host and may grow to 1 mm in diameter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ichthyophthirius (1337 words)

	Parasites, infections and diseases of fishes in Africa: An update
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a monotypic genus of hymenostomatid ciliates.
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is one of the most common, troublesome and difficult to control of fish pathogens.
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: e, live trophont, carp, Israel (by courtesy of S. Sarig); f, benign infection on eel's (Anguilla anguilla) skin, live; g, Silver impregnated, Oreochromis mossambicus, SA; h, histology of same infection as f; i, benign infection carp.
	www.fao.org /docrep/008/v9551e/V9551E07.htm (2911 words)

	Publications - Lab For The Study Of Ichthyophthirius Multifiliis
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: a Model of Cutaneous Infection and Immunity in Fishes.
		Analysis of the Soluble and Membrane-bound Immobilization Antigens of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.
		Developmental Expression of Surface Antigen Genes in the Parasitic Ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.
	www.vet.uga.edu /ID/labpages/Dickerson/publications/archive.html (345 words)

	IFAS Circular# 920, Ichthyophthirius Multifiliis (White Spot) Infections in Fish
		IFAS Circular# 920, Ichthyophthirius Multifiliis (White Spot) Infections in Fish
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a ciliated protozoan which causes "Ich" or "white spot disease." This disease is a major problem to aquarists and commercial fish producers world wide.
		Ichthyophthirius is an important disease of tropical fish, goldfish, and food fish.
	www.biofilter.com /CIR920.htm (186 words)

	28th Annual Eastern Fish Health Workshop
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a protozoan pathogen of freshwater fish.
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis expresses abundant GPI-anchored membrane proteins, referred to as immobilization antigens (or i-antigens) that elicit protective immunity in fish.
		Ichthyophthirius cannot be readily cultured, and effective vaccines against this agent will require the use of recombinant DNA techniques to express the corresponding proteins on a commercial scale.
	www.lsc.usgs.gov /FHB/workshops/28/75.htm (252 words)

	Ichthyophthirius Multifiliis (White Spot) Infections in Fish
		It is easily introduced into a fish pond, tank, or home aquarium by new fish or equipment which has been moved from one fish-holding unit to another.
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a common parasite which can cause catastrophic loss in aquaculture facilities.
		Permission is granted to others to use these materials in part or in full for educational purposes, provided that full credit is given to the UF/IFAS, citing the publication, its source, and date of publication.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_FA006 (2594 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: A Two Year Study on the Progress of Senescence in Ichthyophthirius Multifiliis Fouquet
		Interpretive Summary: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) is one of serious fish parasites and causes heavy economic loss for aquaculture in the tens of million dollars annually.
		The information is benefit to both applied and basic research on Ich, especially studies required long term maintenance of Ich culture.
		Technical Abstract: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Fouquet (Ich) is one of serious fish parasites and causes heavy economic loss for aquaculture.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=154880 (386 words)

	[No title]
		Problems in culture have occurred, ranging from loss in ponds due to excess aquatic vegetation, Lernaea infestation, and most notably Ichthyophthirius multifilis, or "Ich." Earlier this year the FDA banned the use of some chemotherapeutants traditionally used for Ich.
		Ichthyophthirius multifilis Fouquet is a protozoan with worldwide distribution.
		It is more commonly referred to as the tell-tale symptom which it causes in infected fish: "white spot." Host death occurs as a result of osmoregulatory imbalance, secondary infections, and finally malnutrition.
	www.desertfishes.org /proceed/1992/24abs46.html (3085 words)

	D:\ab20.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In December 1981, an epizootic of the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis killed an estimated 18 million killifish Orestias spp.in Lake Titicaca, a high-altitude tropical system.
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was probably introduced with exotic fishes brought to Lake Titicaca in the 1940s and 1950s.
		En deciembre de 1981, una epidemia causada por el parasito Ichthyophthirius multifiliis mato un estimado de 18 millones de "killifish" del genero Orestias en el Lago Titicaca (Peru-Bolivia), un sistema tropical de altura.
	cc.usu.edu /~wurts/ab20.htm (157 words)

	Fish Diseases -- Template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Our principal model for work in these areas is Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a parasitic ciliate that infects virtually all species of freshwater fish.
		Ichthyophthirius is pathogenic to a number of important farm-raised species (including channel catfish, rainbow trout, carp, eels and tilapia), and has a major impact on commercial aquaculture worldwide.
		Although the parasite is quite lethal, animals that survive epizootics develop a strong acquired resistance, and we can routinely immunize fish in the laboratory by exposing them to sublethal infections followed by chemical treatment of the water to eliminate free-swimming stages that would eventually kill fish.
	www.vet.cornell.edu /Public/FishDisease/AquaticProg/highlights/Ich/Ich.htm (649 words)

	Profile
		Our long term goal is to elucidate the basic mechanisms of cutaneous and mucosal immunity in teleosts in general, with the short term specific objective of developing an effective vaccine against I. multifiliis for use in aquaculture.
		Dickerson H, Clark T, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis: a model of cutaneous infection and immunity in fishes.
		Noe J G, Dickerson H W, Sustained growth of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis at low temperature in the laboratory.
	myprofile.cos.com /dickersh97 (993 words)

	Ich in Freshwater Fish: Treatment and Prevention
		Ich is a protozoan disease that is often called 'white spot disease.' The scientific name for the disease is ichthyophthiriasis and the causative agent is Ichthyophthirius multifiliis.
		It is wide spread in all freshwater fish but appears to be more common in aquarium fish, possibly due to the closer contact and stress involved with aquarium species.
		The life cycle of Ichthyophthirius is complicated but very important in understanding the treatment and prevention of ich.
	www.peteducation.com /article.cfm?cls=16&cat=1791&articleid=2421 (1737 words)

	Page 1
		"Ich", or "White spot disease", is a primarily coetaneous infection of freshwater fish caused by the protozoa parasite Ichthyophthirius multifilis.
		Thus, the only sure-fire way to know that what you're treating is Ich is to scrape the skin of your affected fish and look at the scraping under the microscope.
		For those of you interested in looking at things under the microscope, Ichthyophthirius is a large ciliated protozoan with a U-shaped macronucleus.
	www.worldcichlids.com /diseases/ich.html (692 words)

	FishVet, dedicated to improving aquatic health. - Eco-FW (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This special formula was developed after seeing the results of our No-Ich marine to help freshwater aquarists deal with the most common of all freshwater parasites, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (freshwater "white spot" or "Ich").
		Treats the water and eliminates the Ichthyophthirius parasite while not affecting your fish, plants, or biological filtration.
		Like its marine aquarium counterpart, Eco-FW disrupts the life cycle of the Ichthyophthirius multifiliis parasite during the critical free swimming stage while having no effect on the health of your freshwater fish or plants.
	www.fishvet.com /8.html (648 words)

	Ted Clark - Cornell Veterinary Medicine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		We have a long-standing interest in mechanisms of immune evasion and have worked extensively with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a parasitic protozoan of fish, as a model system.
		A number of years ago, we showed that immunity against Ichthyophthirius involves a novel effect of antibody on parasite behavior.
		This includes candidate vaccine antigens from a number of parasitic protozoa (most notably Ichthyophthirius, and the human pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum), as well as drug targets for clinically important diseases of humans and animals.
	web.vet.cornell.edu /public/microbiology/clarknew2.htm (768 words)

	Clark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In this project, an archive of full-length cDNAs representing the preponderance of genes expressed during the life cycle of the parasitic ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis will be sequenced.
		Ichthyophthirius (known commonly as Ich) is a major pathogen of freshwater fish and has substantial impact on aquaculture in this country and abroad.
		At the same time, it represents an extremely interesting biological system with respect to its taxonomy and life style.
	www.vet.cornell.edu /research/Abstracts/Clark.htm (222 words)

	World Aquaculture Society abstract data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		SUSCEPTIBILITY OF NILE TILAPIA TO INFECTION OF Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
		The ciliated protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) is a parasite of freshwater fish.
		Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus are susceptible and suffer economic losses due to Ich infection.
	www.was.org /Meetings/AbstractData.asp?AbstractId=8273 (287 words)

	Study shows killer whitespot strain \| Practical Fishkeeping magazine
		A team of parasitologists from the Department of Infectious Diseases at the University of Georgia’s College of Veterinary Medicine studied two forms of the whitespot parasite, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and found that one of them killed all of the fish infected while the other only killed half.
		The different parasite strains studied, known as serotypes or serovars, differ in the presence of a particular type of membrane protein found on their surface called an immobilisation antigen or i-antigen.
		Five days after the fish were intentionally infected one of the strains of Ichthyophthirius they were examined to see how many trophont-stage parasites were present on the tail fin.
	www.practicalfishkeeping.co.uk /pfk/pages/item.php?news=954 (1183 words)

	The Skeptical Aquarist
		(In fact Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is the largest known single-celled parasite on fishes.) As a result, many aquarists don't want to believe Ich is attacking their fish till they actually see the white spots.
		Right after giving a good account of the three-stage life cycle of this pesky ciliate, however, he was a little too casual in referring to a unspecified "latent" stage, when I feel he might have done better referring to "subclinical" or "asymptomatic" carriers, or to low temperatures slowing the cycle.
		If you keep a steady grip on the facts of Ichthyophthirius life stages, you may even be able to disentangle the particular misunderstanding that's at the root of each particular Ich myth.
	www.skepticalaquarist.com /docs/health/ich.shtml (5159 words)

	OSU Zoology - Margaret S. Ewing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A long-term interest is the biology of Ichthyophthirius, a parasite of freshwater fish.
		Broadly related work deals with the nature of the biological individual and how conceptions of boundaries shape study of the individual.
		Characterization of histone H3/H4 gene region and phylogenetic affinity of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis based on H4 DNA sequence variation.
	zoology.okstate.edu /zoo_fclt/ewing.htm (210 words)

	Fish Diseases
		White Spot Disease is caused by a parasite named Ichthyophthirius multifilis, and the disease is therefore also commonly known as Ich or Ick.
		It is however possible for some organisms to stay dormant and survive without a host, and you should therefore always be careful when you move aquarium decoration and equipment from between aquariums.
		White spot disease is caused by the Ichthyophthirius multifilis and the most distinguishing symptom is white spots that develop on the body and/or fins of your fish.
	www.aquaticcommunity.com /universal-id19.html (715 words)

	Amazon.com Books: Ichthyophthirius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (White spot) infections in fish (Circular) (Circular) by Ruth Francis-Floyd (Unknown Binding - Jan 1, 1991)
		Outbreaks of White Spot or Ichthyophthiriasis: (Ichthyophthirius multifilus Fouquet, 1876) at the hatcheries of the Ballarat Fish Acclimitazation Society, with notes on laboratory experiments by A. Dunbavin Butcher (Unknown Binding - Jan 1, 1941)
		Subunit composition of the macronucleus in the ciliate Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Universitetet i Bergen.
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=Ichthyophthirius&tag=httpexplaguid-20&index=books&link_code=qs&page=1 (132 words)

	Ichthyophthirius - Droplet Photo Gallery
		It is a parasitic protozoan in fish, causing the 'ick' diesease.
		It is supposed to have a horseshoe-shaped nucleus well visible in the brightfield, although I can't observe it in my photographs.
		Parasites and parasitological resources at Ohio State University: Ichthyophthirius
	www.pirx.com /droplet/gallery/ichthyophthirius.html (67 words)

	Aquarium.Net Jan 97 Diseases in Fish Part 4
		For this reason, any purchases, should be carefully inspected, to ensure that there are no "blemishes" of any kind, on the desired specimen, and the buyer should also ensure that no fish are bought from any tank in which any fish are manifesting unfavourable symptoms.
		We will now deal with the major parasitic species as our typically found in the Aquarium, beginning with by far the most prevalent.
		Ciliated parasite viz:- Ichthyophthirius multifiliis with a complex life cycle.
	www.reefs.org /library/aquarium_net/0197/0197_1.html (3028 words)

	Aquarium FD - Ichthyophthirius (white spot or ick) - Disease Identification, Diagnosis & Treatment
		Aquarium FD - Ichthyophthirius (white spot or ick) - Disease Identification, Diagnosis & Treatment
		Much has been written on the topic of stress & disease, below is summary to help guide you throughout Ichthyophthirius (white spot or ick) prevention and identification.
		No need to carry heavy buckets of water to and from your tank, just hook this up to a faucet and siphon out water and then fill with fresh.
	www.fishdeals.com /fish_diseases/ich (1043 words)

	Aquariums West - Frequently Asked Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		I think one of my other fish is getting those spots now too.
		The unicellular parasite ichthyophthirius (a so-called ciliate) causes a frequently occurring fish disease.
		Due to its appearance it is often called "white spot disease." The white spots are first visible on the back and on the fins.
	www.aquariumswest.com /FAQ.asp (646 words)

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