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Topic: Idealised population

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Idealised population
		Population genetics is the study of the distribution of and change in allele frequencies under the influence of the five evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, migration and nonrandom mating.
		The effective population size (Ne) is defined as the number of breeding individuals in an idealized population that would show the same amount of dispersion of allele frequencies under random genetic drift or the same amount of inbreeding as the population under consideration (Sewall Wright).
		Pre-Columbian population The population of the 1492 is the subject of debate in historical and archaeological circles.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Idealised-population (805 words)

	Population
		Population of England Population of England Due to the lack of historical sources, estimates of the population of census...
		Population process In Markov chain in which the state of the chain is analogous to the number of individuals in a popula...
		Pre-Columbian population The population of the 1492 is the subject of debate in historical and archaeological circles.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/population.html (1546 words)

	Population density (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume.
		Population density is a common biological measurement and is often used by conservationists and sociobiologists as a more appropriate measure than population size.
		City population is however, heavily dependent on the definition used for the urban area: densities will be far higher for the central municipality than when more recently-developed and as yet administratively unincorporated suburbs are included, as in the concepts of agglomeration or metropolitan area, the latter including sometimes neighbouring cities.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Population_density.htm (615 words)

	Hardy-Weinberg principle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Hardyâ“Weinberg principle is an expression of the notion of a population in "genetic equilibrium" and is a basic principle of population genetics.
		If a population is brought together with males and females with different allele frequencies, then the allele frequency of the male population follows that of the female population because each receives its X chromosome from its mother.
		The null hypothesis is that the population is in Hardyâ“Weinberg proportions, and the alternative hypothesis is that the population is not in Hardyâ“Weinberg proportions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hardy-Weinberg_principle (1505 words)

	Realism in Epidemic Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Variations in world population densities, variations in immunity and susceptibility levels, and variations in incubation and sickness time are all attributes of natural epidemics but are omitted in ODE simulations.
		Variations in population densities are implemented in CA models by allowing cells to remain empty [ 8 ].
		Population dispersion and equilibrium infection frequency in a spatial epidemic.
	www.csse.uwa.edu.au /~scfu/caepidemic/litreview.html (2123 words)

	inhabitant - Information from Reference.com
		Populations are studied, in particular, in a branch of ecology known as population biology, and in population genetics.
		Study of populations is almost always governed by the laws of probability, and the conclusions of the studies may thus not always be applicable to some individuals.
		Population decline is a decrease in a region's population.
	www.reference.com /browse/inhabitant (2169 words)

	Australian Parliamentary Library - Research Paper 17 1996-97
		A population policy is one whereby government seeks to anticipate and respond to population trends and prospects in the light of their impacts and anticipates impacts of public policy on population trends themselves.
		Population size and distribution bears rather direct relationships to urban air quality, and disposal problems for garbage and sewerage; drinkable water is a problem for a city like Adelaide; pollution of the marine environment near our large cities is a serious problem.
		In relation to population growth, the underlying assumptions are usually that this may contain the seeds of environmental and social disaster or, at the least, of serious problems; that it does not promise any obvious economic, social or environmental benefits; and that it is irreversible for all practicable purposes.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/rp/1996-97/97rp17.htm (12450 words)

	Elliot and Ellingworth: Assessing the Representativeness of the 1992 British Crime Survey
		The idealised analysis would compare the demographic and criminal victimisation characteristics of respondents with that of non-respondents, and assess whether, firstly, the extent to which both groups are broadly representative of the general population, and secondly, whether the experience of crime victimisation affects the likelihood of a household to respond to the survey.
		As a population frame reflecting the British population, the ER was perceived to be a relatively poor proxy for the British population: the young, the transient and ethnic minority groups were less likely to appear on the ER: a situation that apparently worsened due to the introduction of the Poll Tax.
		were employed as explanatory data: the data were in the form of the proportion of the population of an area with certain demographic characteristics: the data were standardised (a mean across areas of zero, a standard deviation of one).
	www.socresonline.org.uk /2/4/3.html (5646 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Blood pressure demographics: nature or nurture ... ... genes or environment?
		The modern management of hypertension is even more complex, with the emergence of newer therapies, ageing populations and new clinical trial evidence, as well as the need for multiple agents to achieve target blood pressures, which are much lower than they used to be in the past [1].
		Perhaps the genotype of fl subjects was not idealised for the 'pro-hypertension' environment of the western world, leading to the greater risk of developing hypertension amongst fls in the western world.
		Low renin levels noted in the USA fl population have been hypothesised to be the result of a genetic 'maladaptation' which though benefited their earlier fl ancestors to survive the torment of a transatlantic voyage under slavery, later turned out to be detrimental to survival due to the resultant avid salt retention [15].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1741-7015/3/3 (2474 words)

	Idealised population - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In population genetics an idealised population or a Fisher â” Wright population is a population whose members can mate and reproduce with any other member of the other gender, and where random genetic drift does not occur.
		Deviation from the idealised population results in the effective population size.
		It is sometimes called the Fisher â” Wright population after Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Idealised_population (89 words)

	Population Index - Volume 56 - Number 3
		Data are included for the period 1973-1988 concerning migrant population size and country of origin, native and migrant departures and returns, intermarriage, migrant fertility trends, migrant labor force participation, migration policy, and return migration.
		The author reports on a meeting that was sponsored by the U.N. Population Council and the University of Pisa and held in March 1990 in San Minato, Italy, on international migration policies and female migrant status.
		The entire population of six representative towns in Schoharie County as enumerated in the state census of 1855 constitutes the initial sample....Population change in America during the 1800s is [first] examined....Three inter-related topics are reviewed: frontier settlement, urbanization, and depopulation and emigration from rural areas of the northeastern United States.
	popindex.princeton.edu /browse/v56/n3/h.html (11056 words)

	Definition of Population (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Because demand is increasing as the human population expands and the outsourcing of U.S. industry crea...
		Population density is usually expressed in terms of items or...
		Population II stars are found in [[globular cluster]]s and i...
	www.wordiq.com /search/Population (967 words)

	Public Health Agency of Canada - Population Health Approach - Putting Concepts into Action
		Population health initiatives must be reviewed to ensure that in seeking to formulate a coherent programme they do not overly simplify the complexity of health and wellbeing dynamics or tend towards a too narrow interpretation of reality.
		While population health will continue to emphasize the general rather than the particular and ought not to focus on the individual, there are means of systematically acknowledging individual experience in public policy which will be beneficial to populations as a whole.
		Population health research has demonstrated that it is not just the absolute conditions in which people live that affect their health but the relative differences in their life experience.
	www.phac-aspc.gc.ca /ph-sp/phdd/pube/report.html (10669 words)

	Population density at AllExperts
		Population density is a common biological measurement and is often used by conservationists as a more appropriate measure than absolute numbers.
		Low population densities may be associated with specialised mate location adaptations such as specialised pollinators; as found in the orchid family (Orchidaceae).
		For example, the world population is 6.5 billion humans, and Earth's area is 510 million square kilometers (200 million square miles).
	en.allexperts.com /e/p/po/population_density.htm (732 words)

	Nine more worlds, please
		If seven billion people (roughly today's world population) were to consume as much as in the West today, we would need 10 worlds, not one, to satisfy their needs.
		A nation's `ecological footprint' corresponds to the aggregate land and water area in various ecosystem categories that is appropriated or claimed by that nation to produce all the resources it consumes, and to absorb all the waste it generates on a continuous basis, using prevailing technology.
		At the same time, the figure per 1000 population has increased from 3.4 to 25.31, and is expected to exceed 40 by the year 2000.
	www.priyashah.com /nine_more_worlds_please.html (2743 words)

	A PRIMER ON ALLELIC ASSOCIATION
		Population stratification: multiple subgroups are present within the population, each of which mates only within its own group (homogamy), and the allele frequencies are different within each subgroup (Wahlund effect).
		The frequency of the APOE4 allele of the APOE locus is approximately 15% in Caucasian populations*.
		Furthermore, the population frequency of the A3 allele is 0.146.
	www.qimr.edu.au /davidD/Course/part3.html (8187 words)

	Malaria Journal \| Full text \| Can mutation and selection explain virulence in human P. falciparuminfections?
		A typical result is shown in figure 1 where the equilibrium frequency of the wildtype form is shown as a function of the parasite population size within the human host (clonal population size) and the number of erythrocyte cycles before transmission.
		Increasing the clonal population size increases the rate at which deleterious mutations are nullified by compensatory mutations, thereby increasing the equilibrium frequency of fully functional wildtype infections.
		This is a key concept in population genetic theory and is defined as being equivalent to an idealised population whose size does not fluctuate.
	www.malariajournal.com /content/3/1/2 (3213 words)

	Incubation time does not mean idle time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		When viruses are left to run their natural course the infected population heads toward one of two stable states: endemic or disease-free.
		Epidemiologists are interested in predicting which of these states a population will tend towards and devise models to help with such predictions.
		A latent individual is infected, but is not able to pass the pathogen to adjacent individuals; Latents are a subset of the Infective population whereas incubating individuals are a subset of the Susceptible population.
	www.csse.uwa.edu.au /~scfu/caepidemic/exppaper.html (2250 words)

	Population and Environment in Arid Regions
		The conclusion that population increase causes environmental degradation through intensifying resource use should not be reached from aggregate data analysis, in the absence of critical evaluation of the physical and human processes involved in demographic and ecological change.
		Attempts must be made to provide new ways for populations to respond in a flexible fashion to periods of drought before returning to their former lifestyle, rather than forcing them to flee drought in such a fashion as to result in a permanent transfer of human and physical resources away from the arid zone.
		Further research on populations in arid regions is urgently required in order to reduce the considerable uncertainty which currently surrounds much of the policy making on the topic due to a paucity of good demographic and environmental indicators and to an ambiguity over the definition of many of the key terms.
	www.iussp.org /Publications_on_site/PRP/prp10.php (6312 words)

	[No title]
		Mating within the population is strictly random and all individuals are randomly mated, thus having equal opportunity to contribute to next generation.
		For practical purposes in mammal populations one might however, with only minor effects on the outcome of calculations, think of the effective populations as a population with equal representation of males and females.
		For other populations one cannot use identical models to estimate effective populations sizes irrespective of the fecundity of the species and of which animals are actually breeding.
	biphost.spray.se /bison-info/bne_101.htm (2083 words)

	How to measure the burden of mortality? -- Bonneux 56 (2): 128 -- Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
		and the use of idealised lifetables as a standard increase the
		The standardised mortality ratios of the population of 1900
		Progress and directions in refining the global burden of disease approach: a response to Williams.
	jech.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/56/2/128 (2900 words)

	Glossary
		The effective size of a population is defined as the size of an idealised population (a random mating population of self-compatible hermaphrodites, with no selection, mutation or genetic migration occurring) which behaves in the same way as the real population under consideration.
		It is important to distinguish migration in the genetic sense from animal movement, because the latter may not necessarily lead to gene flow due to death or failure of migrants to reproduce.
		Positive feedback cycle, in which the accumulation of mutational load causes a decrease in population size, which causes an increase in inbreeding depression (that is, deleterious recessive alleles are expressed in homozygous state after mating of related individuals), which causes a further decrease in population size and so on.
	courses.washington.edu /fish340/Glossary.htm (4303 words)

	The Proper Study Of Mankind: Why Sex Is Good (and not for the obvious reasons)
		[I]magine a population of male and female animals happily reproducing by means of sex…Now imagine that a mutant female arises, that is, one who differs genetically from the bulk of the population.
		The model basically simulates a population of individuals (actually gene networks), and there is a certain amount of genetic variation between ‘individuals’ for evolution to work on.
		Because of the way the model was set up, populations should be subjected to selection for both mutational robustness (insensitivity to mutations) and recombinational robustness (insensitivity to the effects of bring genes into new combinations through genetic recombination).
	psom.blogspot.com /2006/03/why-sex-is-good-and-not-for-obvious.html (3225 words)

	ACNielsen Press Release - 8 October 2004 - Germany's Generation 45-Plus: A Heterogeneous Target Group Waiting to be ...
		Marketing and media planners often believe that their products and media offerings are specifically tuned to the needs of this group, but the truth is that they have been having a hard time reaching this ‘older’ generation.
		Last year this population group spent almost 19 billion euros on fast moving consumer goods in Germany, corresponding to 16.4 percent of the total market for all age groups.
		Especially in the case of manufacturer brands, the 45-plus group is the decisive consumer group, contrary to the assumption of classical marketing and media strategies which target the ages 14 to 49.
	acnielsen.com /news/20041008_de.shtml (1148 words)

	Glossary of Terms: Tr
		Tribal society is the stable social system with a division of labour organised around extended family relations, in which people lived before the rupture into social classes.
		“The population is extremely sparse; it is dense only at the tribe’s place of settlement, around which lie in a wide circle first the hunting grounds and then the protective belt of neutral forest, which separates the tribe from others.
		The “trickle-down effect” is a now-discredited theory of distribution which holds that the concentration of wealth in a few hands benefits the poor as the wealth necessarily “trickles down” to them, mainly through employment generated by the demand for personal services and as a result of investments made by the wealthy.
	www.marx.org /glossary/terms/t/r.htm (3227 words)

	Temiar.com
		In Malaysia the Orang Asli, like the Malays (who are 55% of the population), are officially known as 'Bumiputera' (children of the earth) or 'natives of the country'.
		The Temiar are an easy going peaceful people, and like many minorities in countries around the world, are slowly being pushed from their homelands by international timber companies, hydraulic power companies, and the Malaysian governments attempts to settle them out of the forest into reservations.
		This picture painted by Stewart is an idealised picture of the Temiar and may have more to do with Stewarts promotion of Senoi Dream Theory in America than how the Temiar actually live their lives.
	www.temiar.com /temiar.htm (1153 words)

	Centre for Ageing Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Anstey, K. J., and Luszcz, M. Selective non-response to clinical assessment in the longitudinal study of aging: implications for estimating population levels of cognitive function and dementia.
		Two-year decline in vision but not hearing is associated with memory decline in very old adults in a population based sample.
		Casson, R., Giles, L., and Newland, H. Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in an elderly urban population.
	www.cas.flinders.edu.au /alsapub.html (5082 words)

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