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Topic: Identification, friend or foe

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	Identification friend or foe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In telecommunications, identification, friend or foe (IFF) is a crypto identification system designed for command and control.
		The IFF of WWII and Soviet era systems used coded radar signals (called Cross-Band Interrogation, or CBI) to automatically trigger the aircraft's transponder in an aircraft "painted" by the radar.
		In an IFF network both the interrogation and reply are verified as friendly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe (619 words)

	IFF Questions & Answers
		IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) is an electronic system which can determine the intent of an aircraft with the speed of the fastest computer.
		In the present IFF system, the beam of interrogation signals sweeps the horizon in synchronism with the primary radar beam and all aircraft transponders that are reached by that beam are triggered to respond whether they are of immediate interest to the air controllers or not.
		To eliminate the chance of a random guess by a hostile target corresponding with the proper response, each identification consists of a rapid series of challenges each requiring a different response that must be correct before the target is confirmed as a friend.
	www.dean-boys.com /extras/iff/iffqa.html (2527 words)

	VK2DYM
		IFF and in the first instances in both UK and USA it consisted of a simple dipole mounted on the friendly vehicle, resonant to the radar frequency, and switched open or shorted, so that it produced a fluctuating radar echo as an identifying characteristic.
		IFF Mark I, developed by 1939, was an improvement on the passive dipole and Pipsqueak, consisting of a receiver/transmitter carried in the unit that was to be identified.
		However, the IFF transponder that was fitted to aircraft had a genemotor bolted to the underside along with the transmit circuits.
	www.qsl.net /vk2dym/radio/iff.htm (2448 words)

	ASDIC, Radar and IFF Systems Aboard HMCS HAIDA - Part 7 of 10
		Today, the IFF interrogator is embedded in the feedhorn (or a secondary antenna 'bolted' to the parent) of the radar antenna and as the radar sweeps and hits a target it challenges it at the same time.
		This is accomplished by having the IFF dipole antenna mounted across the opening of the feed horn of the radar antenna.
		IFF challenge and response were to occupy a separate, specialized band (A-Band; 165 to 185 Mcs or 157 to 187 Mcs, depending on the reference text).
	jproc.ca /sari/sariff.html (4015 words)

	Identification Friend or Foe [IFF]
		Identification Friend or Foe [IFF] procedures are the primary positive means of aircraft identification in Air Defense operations.
		Combat Identification is the process of attaining an accurate characterization of detected objects in the battle space to the extent that a high confidence, timely application of tactical options, and weapons resources can occur.
		Identification is multifaceted and includes information received from several sensors (both cooperative and non-cooperative systems).
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/systems/aircraft/systems/iff.htm (454 words)

	Passive IFF: Autonomous Nonintrusive Rapid Identification
		The instrument was conceived as an identification, friend or foe (IFF) system in a battlefield setting, where it would be part of a targeting system for weapons, by providing rapid identification for aimed weapons to help in deciding whether and when to trigger them.
		The inherent parallel-processing speed and capability of the optical correlator would be exploited to obtain rapid identification of a set of probable targets within a scene of interest and to define regions within the scene for the neural processor to analyze.
		The time taken for this identification process would be less than the time needed by a human or robotic gunner to acquire a view of, and aim at, a target.
	www.nasatech.com /Briefs/Jan04/NPO30326.html (619 words)

	Theory of Humor as an IFF - Evolution, Function and Nature of Humor
		Easily recognizable uniforms are an IFF that tells everyone on the battlefield the side on which a soldier fights (and his rank), as do the quickly identifiable colors worn by members of football teams etc. During world war II, the crosses and roundels carried by opposing aircraft were also an IFF system.
		Other planes, those not identified as friend, are not really part of that network at all but, for some purposes, it may be useful to see non-friendly but neutral planes as lower still on the hierarchy, with enemy craft at the bottom.
		However, the IFF theory is, in essence, a theory of how humans behave in groups and it is desirable to go beyond noting this parellelism of properties and identify evidence that humor functions as an IFF in real human groups.
	www.sexandphilosophy.co.uk /humour.htm (12497 words)

	Friend or Foe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Friend or Foe, an album by Adam Ant
		Identification friend or foe, systems to identify friendly targets
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Friend_or_Foe (98 words)

	NDM Article - Nations Seek NATO-Compatible ID Systems
		The KIV-6 Cryptographic Computer is a component of the CIT Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), Mark (MK) XII AN/APX-111(V) and AN/APX-113 IFF, which is currently installed on the F/A-18, F-16 fighters and SH-60 helicopters.
		The IFF program for Greece should be similar to that of the United Kingdom, said industry officials.
		Askin cautioned that a new IFF system is basically useless until the entire upgrade is complete throughout the force and all the platforms are equipped with the advanced electronics.
	www.nationaldefensemagazine.org /issues/2002/Oct/Nations_Seek.htm (1542 words)

	NAWCAD team knows who's who on battlefield (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Combat Identification Branch is building units to modernize the fleet's capability to detect who's there, friend or foe.
		Automated target tracking, identification doctrine processing and multi-sensor integration are just a few of the capabilities of the unit that work to reduce the operator's workload and allow the platform to share information with other platforms in the battle group.
		Not only has the Combat Identification Branch worked to reduce the number of these different units into one, they are currently working to reduce the size of their one unit.
	www.dcmilitary.com /navy/tester/7_31/national_news/18509-1.html (827 words)

	Military Equipment List (Part 1)
		Transponder, Identification friend or foe, Airborne, Similar to ABA except input and output, CG, 1941.
		Transponder, Identification friend or foe, Airborne, Similar to ABE except 24-28 VDC, 60 W, Philco/Ratheon, 1942.
		Transponder, Identification friend or foe, Airborne, 100-116 & 175-225 MHz, 2 & 4 W, 24 VDC @ 130W, Similar to SCR-695A and AN/APX-1.
	hereford.ampr.org /millist/m1.html (2220 words)

	Military Definitions
		The discrete Identification friend or foe code assigned to a particular aircraft, ship, or other vehicle for identification by electronic means.
		Its phases include the identification of items of supply, the establishment of data for catalog, technical manual, and allowance list preparation, and the preparation of instructions to assure delivery of necessary support items with related end articles.
		The identification and acquisition of military and civilian personnel with the skills and grades required to operate and support a materiel system over its lifetime at peacetime and wartime rates.
	www.fas.org /news/reference/lexicon/dei.htm (10064 words)

	Identification Friend or Foe - By Mickey McCarter - Special Operations Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In the build-up to Operation Iraqi Freedom in early 2003, the Army received a “significant amount” of funding to outfit the 3rd Infantry Division, the Marine Corps and other coalition forces with the panels, which are built by an Easter Seals company in Indianapolis, IN, through the National Institute for the Severely Handicapped.
		In support of the transformation to its objective force structure, the Army is exploring other electronic options for combat identification that would ensure a higher reliability rating and even lower rate of fratricide among coalition forces.
		The gunner in a tank would have instant positive identification of friendly forces through both an audio and a visual signal, thus providing an alert without taking their eyes off the battlefield.
	www.special-operations-technology.com /article.cfm?DocID=610 (2824 words)

	Mode S: Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS)
		The IFF system was developed and used by Britain's Royal Air Force during WWII in the air defense of the British Isles.
		Aircraft participating in IFF would be equipped to respond to recognize and respond correctly in these modes.
		IFF only had to handle a limited number of planes at a given time.
	web.mit.edu /6.933/www/Fall2000/mode-s/atcrbs.html (588 words)

	Friend or Foe Identification - GameDev.Net Discussion Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Why should the player know just be looking at the name of entity that they encountered, what it is and whethro it is a friend or foe.
		That could be worked into a faction system with certain biases between factions (faction A is friends with faction B resulting in the reaction getting a +25 bonus or something).
		So it would not tell you if the npc is a foe so much as what their most intense emotion towards you at present is.
	www.gamedev.net /community/forums/topic.asp?topic_id=226107&whichpage=1� (4724 words)

	GLOSSARY I
		IDENTIFICATION - The process of determining the friendly or hostile character of an unknown detected contact.
		IDENTIFICATION, FRIEND OR FOE (IFF) - A system using electromagnetic transmissions to which equipment carried by friendly forces automatically responds, for example, by emitting pulses, thereby distinguishing themselves from enemy forces.
		INTEGRATED COMBAT IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM (ICIDS) - A compact directional INFRARED (IR) LASER-interrogation and RF response system consisting of two parts: one part is attached to the soldier's helmet and the other to the weapon carried by that soldier.
	www.sew-lexicon.com /gloss_i.htm (4225 words)

	NRL - Identification Friend-or-Foe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In 1937, NRL developed the first U.S. radio recognition identification friend-or-foe (IFF) system, the Model XAE, which met an urgent operational requirement to allow discrimination of friendly units from enemy units.
		The Mark X IFF was a later radar beacon system developed by NRL.
		It was the first IFF system to use cryptographic techniques to prevent deception where an enemy appears as a friend by using a captured transponder.
	www.nrl.navy.mil /content.php?P=FRIENDFOE (199 words)

	museum
		The museum is dedicated to the exhibit of teaching materials used by the armed forces during World War II to train gunners and aircrew in the identification of aircraft, ships and ground vehicles.
		The ability of servicemen to identify "friend or foe" in an instant was crucial to combat survival and the subject of recognition was taught in just about every World War II service school.
		Identification Friend or Foe states on page 106 that by mid-1941 there were contractural requirements for 200,000 models for use as recognition teaching aids.
	www.commercemarketplace.com /home/CollectAir/Museum.html (14968 words)

	Friend or Foe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Electronically classifying a few combat aircraft into two categories -- friend or foe -- is one thing; identifying a sky full of airliners, one by one, is another.
		The intention is to provide the ground equipment with the ability to measure the interval automatically in order to complete each identification.
		This was a significant distinction, possibly patentable, from the IFF -- all the more reason to write everything down, so as not to catch hell from the company attorneys about "interference claims" later on.
	www.niquette.com /books/squawk/friend.htm (1465 words)

	Raytheon : Business & Capabilities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Raytheon is the world’s leading supplier of IFF equipment and RSL has 60 years of experience in the supply of IFF for air, land and sea applications.
		All products operate at IFF Mk XII standard with the family of next generation systems including civil Mode S and growth to a new secure mode.
		RSL is prime contractor to the Ministry of Defence for the UK’s Successor Identification Friend or Foe (SIFF) programme valued at some £100 million.
	www.raytheon.co.uk /what_we_do/iff_main.html (424 words)

	Military Review: Blue Force Tracking: a subset of combat identification
		The British developed an electronic identification device for aircraft during World War II to provide a "friendly" reply to a ground radar's interrogation.
		(1) The device, appropriately named identification, friend or foe (IFF), was a combination transmitter and receiver (called a transponder) that used a unique signal to identify the aircraft.
		With a lethal envelope of weapons in the visual arena, verification during engagement could reduce the chance that a friendly aircraft would be shot down.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0PBZ/is_5_84/ai_n7069233 (300 words)

	FRIENDorFOE
		IFF was used in Vietnam but the function of keeping track of the air picture
		Primarily, the IFF is used by FRIENDLIES to make sure they don't draw "FRIENDLY" fire.
		IFF can't possibly help you engage unfriendly aircraft at maximum range because they won't be squawking anything at all and the first time you know they are in the vicinity is when you get a "skin paint" on them.
	www.ussprovidence.org /iff.html (605 words)

	Raytheon's UK Subsidiary Wins Successor Identification Friend or Foe Contract Worth Approximately $150 Million
		We have been at the forefront of IFF technology for over 50 years and are recognized as the UK center of excellence in this field.
		Our IFF solution protects our forces in the front line, and the team we have assembled will ensure that this protection is in place when it is needed and within the Ministry of Defence's (MoD) budget." This contract maintains Raytheon's position as a leading IFF provider.
		RSL has supplied IFF equipment to MoD for over 50 years and has long established relationships with the platform design authorities that will enable the company to provide best value in through-life support.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/08-09-2000/0001286911&EDATE= (423 words)

	SIGNAL Magazine
		Known as the Telecommunications Research Institute, the group of scientists and engineers is building on decades of military electronics development to supply Poland’s military with radars and related components that will interoperate with their counterparts among the country’s new Western allies.
		Foremost among PIT’s recent products is a long-range, three-dimensional surveillance radar with a planar antenna and embedded identification friend or foe capabilities.
		It can incorporate an identification friend or foe interrogator such as a Mark X or Mark XII.
	www.afcea.org /signal/articles/anmviewer.asp?a=897&print=yes (1466 words)

	Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Carren McMillan adjusts and aligns an Identification Friend or Foe transponder.
		Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Carren McMillan adjusts and aligns an Identification Friend or Foe transponder.
		Navy Petty Officer 2nd Class Carren McMillan adjusts and aligns an Identification Friend or Foe transponder for an aircraft aboard the USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71) while underway in the Atlantic Ocean on April 3, 2005.
		Identification Friend or Foe, known as IFF enables a pilot to distinguish enemies in flight.
	www.defenselink.mil /photos/Apr2005/050403-N-6484E-002.html (86 words)

	TELEPHONICS: Command Systems - Air Traffic Management Systems
		Over more than 40 years, Command Systems has deployed thousands of its ultra-sophisticated, highly-versatile, field-proven, Identification Friend or Foe systems and Target Extractors at airports, on aircraft carriers and surface vessels, on the AWACS fleet, and on maritime patrol platforms.
		Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems fulfill a mission-critical role in today's sophisticated conflict scenarios.
		They are deployed world-wide at airports, on aircraft carriers and surface vessels, on the AWACS fleet, and in maritime patrol fixed and rotary wing platforms.
	www.telephonics.com /products/air_traffic.asp (961 words)

	R.P. - September 10, 2003
		At DSEI, Thales showcases its Battlefield Identification Friend or Foe (BIFF) for improved survivability, combat effectiveness and prevention of friendly fire on the battlespace.
		The BIFF will enable attacking platforms to interrogate detected targets, to establish their identity with a 98% confidence probability -friend in the event of a response, potential enemy in the absence of a response-and will enable potential targets to declare themselves as friendly.
		Interoperability between the BIFF and BCIS (Battlefield Combat Identification System from Raytheon) was successfully demonstrated during the first round of laboratory tests held by Nato in July 2003 in the United States.
	www.thalesgroup.com /land-joint/L-J/newsroom/press_releases/2003/pr_100903b.html (387 words)

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