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Topic: Ideophones

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	Ideophone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ideophones are attested in all languages of the world, however, languages differ in the extent to which they make use of them.
		The word class of ideophones is often called phonosemantic to indicate that it is not a grammatical word class in the traditional sense of the word (like 'verb' or 'noun'), but rather a grouping based on form and meaning.
		A well known instance of ideophones are onomatopoeic words, i.e., words imitating the sound (of the event) they refer to.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ideophone (683 words)

	Short Papers 2
		Indeed, ideophone expression or ideophony is characteristic of languages around the world as was amply demonstrated at the International Symposium on Ideophones (University of Cologne) in January 1998.
		Gérard Diffloth refers to ideophones as "gesture-images" and he observes, "It is in the area of meaning however that ideophones present the most interesting problems." Wescott and G. Tucker Childs both employ the term "elusiveness" to characterize the semantics of ideophones.
		If ideophones are as prominent in the lexicons of most African languages as dictionaries and transcribed folktales indicate, they should feature equally prominently in translated text and yet, this is not the case.
	www.art.man.ac.uk /SML/ctis/events/Conference2000/shortpapers2.htm (2996 words)

	Alexandre Kimenyi's Website
		Ideophone, a concept studied by Welmers (1973) in different African languages, is a term coined by C.M.Doke (1935) to mean "a vivid representation of an idea in sound".
		Ideophones can afford to have a phonetic change without the meaning being affected because one word is supposed to be associated with only one concept.
		Some ideophones have -ri as a final syllable in which case it acts as a phenostheme or have it added to the original form without affecting their function or their meanings.
	kimenyi.com /iconicity-of-ideophones-in-kinyarwanda.php (2891 words)

	Archive of Indigenous Languages of Latin America
		Ideophones are onomatopoeic or sense-imitative words that are abundant throughout languages of the world, although rather sparse in standard average European languages.
		She often responded with far more information than I had requested, supplying me not only with more examples of an ideophone's usage, but also with unique personal experience narratives that were related in a didactic/explanatory spirit.
		Luisa was suddenly reminded of the time her uncle had spent several months carving a dugout canoe from a single tree, only to have it split apart while in the final stages of its carving.
	www.ailla.utexas.org /search/resource.html?r_id=12 (300 words)

	LINGUIST List 13.936: Typology: Voeltz & Killian-Hatz, Ideophones
		Their formal properties lead him to define ideophones as a separate class that differs from other "ideophonic words" that share some phonological and semantic features with ideophones, but are nouns, verbs and adverbs.
		He suggests that ideophones are the "major historical source for these uninflected parts" and explains this process as an instance of a wider cycle of grammatical change.
		Ideophones are part of spoken language, not of written language; Although it is clear from the readings that statements 2-5 hold for the ideophone systems described in the book, statements 1 and 6 seem not seem to hold.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/13/13-936.html (1999 words)

	Granum :: Book information
		This study deals with a specific type of expressive language, ideophones, the occurrence of which is areally determined.
		There are both extralinguistic and intralinguistic arguments to support the claim that the occurrence of ideophones in the Atlantic creole languages is an African substrate feature.
		This study aims at a prototype definition of ideophones in both the Atlantic creole languages and their African substrate languages.
	granum.uta.fi /english/kirjanTiedot.php?tuote_id=3745 (76 words)

	JLA - Contents of Volume 3, Number 2, December 1993 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In this article cyclicity in worldview and in discourse structure is examined in Itzaj Maya narrative, with emphasis on the importance of the schema of the sun's journey to both.
		Analysis of ideophones from an extensive data set in KiVunjo-Chaga, a Bantu language, indicates that they cannot be adequately defined solely by phonological, morphological, and syntactic characteristics.
		Ideophones can be viewed as a subcategory of adverbs, but they are sensitive to semantic and cultural functions.
	www.aaanet.org /sla/jla/toc/toc3_2.htm (354 words)

	John Benjamins: Book details for Ideophones [TSL 44]
		They center around the following hypotheses: Ideophones are universal; and constitute a grammatical category in all languages of the world; ideophones and similar words have a special dramaturgic function that differs from all other word classes: they simulate an event, an emotion, a perception through language.
		Finally it is made clear that ideophones are part of spoken language — the language register, where gestures are used — rather than written language.
		Ideophones in interaction with intonation and the expression of new information in some indigenous languages of Australia
	www.benjamins.nl /cgi-bin/toonboek.cgi?1287 (375 words)

	Janis Nuckolls.Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		This paper addresses a current debate over the universality of ideophones, a class of expressions that are used to simulate, through performative foregrounding, the salient processes and perceptions of everyday life experience.
		This alignment is suggested by the special performative properties of ideophones, which collapse the distinction between a speech event and a narrated event, thus compelling a speaker to become an action, event, or process, in order to communicate about it.
		While there may be a universal tendency for all languages to develop ideophones, there are extralinguistic factors that can constrain or inhibit their emergence as a fully blown class of expressions with unique formal properties.
	studentorgs.utexas.edu /salsa/salsaproceedings/salsa11/SALSA11abstracts/abs.nuckolls.htm (205 words)

	NewKolam 9+10: Ideophones in Tamil (Jean-Luc Chevillard) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Ideophones in Tamil: Historical observations on the morphology of X-eṉal expressives
		Among these 23 different ideophones, some can be met with quite frequently (the most frequent occurs 49 times), and some are very rare (the 4 least frequent occur only once, and one occurrence is dubious), the total number of occurrences being 284.
		A second remark is that these inflected ideophones usually seem to have a preferred syntactic role, and that one of their forms will be more frequent.
	www.fas.nus.edu.sg /journal/kolam/VOLUMES/kolam9&10/chevillard.htm (10233 words)

	LINGUIST List 2.718: Ideophones
		Ideophones can be nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and even verbs, provided those categories can all be justified in a particular language.
		There are many non-ideophonic nouns, for example, that share some of the properties of ideophones, such as switching the value of the feature gravity from syllable to syllable, but not potential for reduplication.
		Before rejecting the term ideophone for the Australian phenomena, I would want to know whether the class of words Dench is working on is similarly ill-defined.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/2/2-718.html (620 words)

	Language Log: "Ho ho ho", she laughed in a refined feminine way
		I'm not clear about whether manga use ideophones in the normal way, or if there are special manga conventions or extensions.
		English has a lot of ideophonic words, but it doesn't really seem to have an ideophonic system of the kind that Japanese or Korean or Yoruba have.
		One of the things that comes close, I think, is the emergent culture of comics sound spelling, which differs in being initially written rather than spoken, but otherwise might lend itself to the kind of analysis performed in the Ivanova paper.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/001238.html (638 words)

	A crosslinguistic lexicon of the labial flap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		However, since most of the lexical items are ideophones, we cannot say definitively that the labial flap has been fully incorporated into the phonological system of Kera.
		She notes that it occurs in nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and ideophones, and that it occurs only in word-initial position.
		It occurs in nouns, verbs, pronouns, and ideophones.
	journals.dartmouth.edu /webobjbin/WebObjects/Journals.woa/1/xmlpage/1/article/262?htmlAlways=yes (2920 words)

	Translating the Basaa Epic: Ba Bon Hiton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		One of the major challenges I faced in translating the epic was deciding whether to explain or paraphrase the meaning of ideophones, find a formal counterpart, or recreate the story in a format familiar to the reader.
		Some translators choose to keep the indigenous ideophones intact, while others prefer to create in the target language an effect as poetically expressive as the vivid sound.
		As for other ideophones, their meaning seems recoverable from the context: consider Hiton getting up briskly, “vum,” or palm-wine flowing down his throat, “togom, togom, togom.” Tedlock underscores this point in his translation of Zuni oral art, arguing that the meanings of most interjections and onomatopoeias are made clear by the context.
	www.smith.edu /metamorphoses/spring2002/ngongijol.html (2033 words)

	individual book page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		[A selection of papers from the Symposium on Ideophones held in 1999 in St. Augustin, Germany.
		The papers substantiate the hypothesis that ideophones constitute a grammatical category in all languages of the world, with the special dramaturgic function of simulating an event, an emotion, a perception through language.
		In addition to a number of morphosyntactic parallels that can be observed from language to language, ideophones differ phonologically from other words in their tendency for iconicity and sound-symbolism.
	wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/ssila/books/indbook/b979.htm (77 words)

	[No title]
		Most of the ideophones are adverbs; some of these have given rise to verbs.
		Nouns which are ideophones also exist, as, e.g.: pikipiki, motorcycle; tingatinga, tractor.
		One of the most common adverbial ideophones is fofofo (or sometimes foooo), used in two ways: kulala fofofo, to be sound asleep; amekufa fofofo, he is stone dead.
	www.yale.edu /swahili/grammar/lastsections.doc (3417 words)

	Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 44, no. 3
		On the Status of DO/SAY Verbs with Emai Ideophones
		This article evaluates the propensity for ideophones to occur in grammaticalized syntactic frames linked to verbs meaning 'say' or 'do'.
		Ideophones appear in copular frames with BE and HEAR.
	www.indiana.edu /~anthling/v44-3.html (340 words)

	World Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		In this system, instruments are classified within four categories: aerophones, ideophones, mebranophones and chordophones.
		Aerophones produce sound through the vibration of air, ideophones are instruments made from sonorous materials that vibrate, membranophones produce sound through the vibration of a stretched skin or membrane, while chordophones produce sound by the vibration of strings.
		To have students experience the sounds made from instruments from cultures around the world, arrange a classroom workshop by Randy Raine-Ruesch, who has a collection of over 600 instruments.
	www.bctf.bc.ca /social/globaled/music/science.html (160 words)

	World Percussion used on Yellow Bell CDs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The sound is produced by striking, shaking, scraping, or moving the instrument.
		Musicologists would divide them into two main classification of instruments: membraphones (using a membrane or skin - usually a drum) and ideophones (shakers and clackers).
		I have a hard time deciding which category some of them fit into so I have a miscellaneous category also.
	yellowbellmusic.com /instruments/percussion (495 words)

	John Benjamins: Contributions by Christa Kilian-Hatz
		In Ideophones, Voeltz, F. Erhard and Christa Kilian-Hatz (eds.), 155–163.
		In Ideophones, Voeltz, F. Erhard and Christa Kilian-Hatz (eds.), 1–8.
		In Ideophones, Voeltz, F. Erhard and Christa Kilian-Hatz (eds.), 407–423.
	www.benjamins.com /cgi-bin/t_authorview.cgi?author=22969 (127 words)

	Abebooks Search Results - Ideophones
		It aims at a prototype definition of ideophones in both the Atlantic Creole languages and their African substrate languages.
		Brief essays describe the various families of instruments illustrated, including ideophones, membranophones (percussion instruments), aerophones (wind instruments) and chordophones (stringed instruments).
		Ideophones and Sound Symbolism in Atlantic Creoles (Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian Toimituksia.
	www.abebooks.co.uk /search/sortby/3/kn/Ideophones (502 words)

	artsmart : arts news from kwazulu-natal : music
		“The story is recounted primarily by employing three grammatical devices of isiZulu: ideophones (words describing a predicate, qualificative, or adverb in respect to manner, colour, sound, etc.) words derived from ideophones, and onomatopoeia,” continues Jurgen.
		The udloko is not used typically in imitation of the amahubo-derived melody, but is employed as a drone in support of the cyclical structure of the generic scalar melody.
		The electro-acoustic sounds are mainly composed with and around the overtone structure of the musical bows and the vocal ideophones.
	www.artsmart.co.za /music/archive/2644.html (743 words)

	Kiswahili Grammar Notes
		Ideophones: these are a unique feature in Bantu languages.
		ideophones are adverbs; some of these have given rise to verbs.
		common adverbial ideophones is fofofo (or sometimes foooo), used in two
	republika.pl /makini/kgn.htm (1925 words)

	Musical Instruments
		In percussion instruments the sound source is a vibrating membrane (these instruments are called membranophones) or vibrating piece of solid material (these are ideophones).
		The percussionist normally causes these materials to vibrate by hitting them (hence the name percussion), but many percussion instruments are played by shaking, rubbing, or any other way of causing vibrations.
		Most of the instruments that do have definite pitch are ideophones.
	exhibits.pacsci.org /music/Instruments.html (1280 words)

	Cora Connection: The Balaphone
		The family of musical instruments musicologists call "ideophones" is more familiar than the names suggests.
		Its members share a set of tone bars laid across a frame and struck with mallets.
		But in West Africa, there is a completely different ideophone tradition associated with griots and hunters, the music of the balaphone.
	www.coraconnection.com /pages/balaphone.html (1175 words)

	JLA - Contents of Volume 1, Number 1, June 1991
		Predictably, it is found that there is more variation between speakers from different villages of the same dialect than there is between speakers from the same village--with some surprising differences.
		One explanation is that Gbeya enjoy playing with ideophones.
		This article adresses the issue of communicative competence in the linguistic interview, in particular in the elicitation of an obsolescent language.
	www.aaanet.org /sla/jla/toc/toc1_1.htm (695 words)

	Echo-Word Redup List
		However, a sometime visiting faculty member at Penn, Yiwola Awoyale, is conducting an ongoing study of ideophones in Yoruba and has, according to my last email from him, collected a body of about 25,000 ideophones in Yoruba.
		As my own research involves doing a worldwide survey of ideophones, I can tell you that the phenomenon you are looking at is mostly limited to Eurasia.
		Germanic languages, Basque, various Baltic and Balto-Finnic languages do this, and it is also found in Indic languages, as well as in Munda languages, and to a lesser extent Dravidian (where we're talking about shifting a single C to get a pejorative or dismissive sense).
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/echoword (6806 words)

	USM de Grummond Collection - VERNA AARDEMA PAPERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Her first published stories, Tales from the Story Hat (1960), were very successful, and she continued to adapt and retell folktales from other lands for young American readers.
		Hallmarks of Aardema's stories are expressive animal characters speaking in ideophones (groups of sounds intended to capture a spoken word and that convey a particular idea).
		There also is a copy of a congratulatory letter to the Dillons for their receipt of the Caldecott.
	avatar.lib.usm.edu /~degrum/html/research/findaids/aardema.htm (1609 words)

	About Professor Francis Egbokhare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Schaefer, R. P and Egbokhare, F. “Ideophonic Adverbs and Manner Gaps in Emai”, Typological Studies in Language 44.
		Paper presented at a Seminar Organised by the programm on Ethnic and Federal Studies, University of Ibadan (30 May, 2002).
		“On the Status of DO/SAY Verbs in Ideophones”.
	www.language-qonsult.com (1353 words)

	Margaret Magnus' Bibliography
		· Awoyale, Y. (1988), "On the Non-Concatenative Morphology of Yoruba Ideophones", Nineteenth African Linguistics Conference, Boston University, Boston.
		Dihoff, 1: 263-278, Dordrecht and Cinnaminson, N.J. · Fordyce, J. (1983), "The Ideophone as a Phono-Semantic Class: the Case of Yoruba", Current Approaches to African Linguistics, I.
		· Maduka, Omen Namdi (1983-1984), "Igbo Ideophones and the Lexicon", Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria, 2: 23-29.
	www.conknet.com /~mmagnus/Bibliography.html (13821 words)

	Margaret Magnus Dissertation Endnotes
		The syntacticians speak more generally of 'linguistic iconism', and the Africans talk of 'ideophones' without mentioning any of the above terms associated with the field as a whole.
		, Omen Namdi (1983-1984), "Igbo Ideophones and the Lexicon", Journal of the Linguistic Association of Nigeria2: 23-29.
		, C. (1987), "The Ideophone in Venda", honors dissertation, University of South Africa, Pretoria.
	www.trismegistos.com /Dissertation/EndNotes.htm (8234 words)

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