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	Nomothetic and idiographic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nomothetic and idiographic are terms coined by Kantian philosopher Wilhelm Windelband to describe two distinct approaches to knowledge, each one corresponding to a different intellectual tendency, and each one corresponding to a different branch of academe.
		In sociology, nomothetic explanation presents a generalized understanding of a given case, and is contrasted with idiographic explanation, which presents a full description of a given case.
		In the study of psychology, idiographic describes the study of the individual, who is seen as an entity, with properties setting him/her apart from other individuals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nomothetic_and_idiographic (307 words)

	Theory & Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Furthermore, even given our full nomothetic and idiographic understanding of the facts of experience, of particulars, there remains something ineffable, and, notably with regard to the nature of personality, 'this, unascertainable, appears to our consciousness as the feeling of the causelessness of our nature, that is, individual freedom' (p.
		His argument is that the distinction between nomothetic and idiographic methodology finds its motivation in the insufficiency of the former and, hence, the need for the latter in completing our understanding of the individual (person).
		Again, in the context of his discussion of the relation between nomothetic and idiographic knowledge, and after he documents the historical preference for a nomothetic logic of inquiry, Windelband indicates that 'the parallel problems of historical methodology have not at all found the same attention on the part of philosophy' (p.
	www.psych.ucalgary.ca /thpsyc/VOLUMES.SI/1998/8.1.Mos.html (7160 words)

	[No title]
		It is also ironic to note that idiographic approaches predominantly focus on providing measures or predictions of general self-concept that have failed to take into account the multidimensionality of the construct that has been emphasised in the nomothetic approach.
		The final idiographic aspect of the package required subjects to evaluate the desirability or favourability of their own-actual attributes (again for the general self list and each of the four domain-specific areas) using a 9-point scale.
		Idiographic discrepancy scores were computed by subtracting the number of matches from the number of mismatches reported for comparisons between each subject's own/actual list and each of the other four lists (own/ideal, own/ought, other/ideal, other/ought standpoint/self combinations), for each domain-specific area.
	www.aare.edu.au /93pap/rochl93265.txt (7671 words)

	Chapter 2
		From an idiographic perspective, a particular person might be described as very neurotic and somewhat extraverted, but the dimensions of agreeable, open and conscientious simply would not be meaningful to the study of this individual.
		Idiographic proponents have cited the selection of a nomothetic approach to measurement as the major cause of this and other problems reflecting a lack of scientific progress in psychology.
		From an idiographic perspective, systematic errors occur when the test developer assumes consistency across individuals, that is, when the test attempts to measure a cognitive, affective, or behavioral characteristic that either is not present or cannot be accessed by an individual.
	www.acsu.buffalo.edu /~stmeier/ch2.html (13107 words)

	Idiographic & Nomothetic Approaches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Reflecting the distinction between 'objectivist' and 'subjectivist' approaches to science, the idiographic and the nomothetic represent two contrasting approaches to study methods.
		Idiographic approaches argue that the ultimate goal of science is to explain individual events; general laws and theories are useful insofar as they help us understand a particular event.
		Clinical medicine is largely an idiographic pursuit, and the doctor’s commitment is to the individual patient.
	courseweb.edteched.uottawa.ca /POP8910/Notes/PhilosNomo.htm (371 words)

	Nomothetic Idiographic Debate in Psychology. The term "nomothetic" comes from the Greek word "nomos" meaning "law". ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		it comes from biology) the distinction between the nomothetic and the idiographic is often equated with two types of science – the natural sciences concerned with discovering laws of nature and the social sciences with individual meanings.
		That, of course, is exactly as it should be for an idiographic psychologist because in his/her view there are ultimately as many different personalities as there are people.
		From these examples we can see that the difference between a nomothetic and an idiographic approach is not just a question of what the psychologist wants to discover but also of the methods used.
	www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk.cob-web.org:8888 /nomothetic-idiographic.html (1148 words)

	[No title]
		“Idiographic” models of explanation may also be drawn upon—these are more common in “case studies” of deviance.
		Idiographic models of explanation focus on specific and context factors that lead to deviance in particular times, places, or people.
		The main criteria for establishing the validity of an idiographic explanation are its credibility or believability and whether alternative explanations were seriously considered and found wanting.
	www.uky.edu /~jkerr0/Criteria_for_causality.doc (727 words)

	Theory & Psychology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Modern understandings of the terms 'idiographic' and 'nomothetic' have diverged considerably from the meanings originally assigned to those terms by their inventor, the German philosopher Wilhelm Windelband (1848-1915).
		The first mentioned kind of knowledge, nomothetic, is that proper to the natural sciences or die Naturwissenschaften, and the second-mentioned kind of knowledge, idiographic, is that proper to the sciences of the spirit (Geist) or mind, that is, die Geisteswissenschaften.
		For Windelband, however, idiographic inquiry was a much more inclusive category, where the decisive question was not one of level of analysis but rather one of the nature of the sought-after knowledge.
	www.psych.ucalgary.ca /thpsyc/VOLUMES.SI/1998/8.1.Lamiell.html (5620 words)

	Nomothetic vs. idiographic
		The distinction between nomothetic and idiographic methods was raised on an internet list for statistics educators.
		Since this distinction is so important in Brunswikian research, I asked Ken Hammond to comment on the message.
		1-26.) Brunswik showed his agreement with Lewin's idiographic position in this way: "I agree with Lewin when he makes it clear that there is no place for statistics in a strictly [note "Strictly") nomothetic.
	www.albany.edu /cpr/brunswik/notes/id-nomo.html (859 words)

	Theory of Furniture
		In the following we first take a look at recent idiographic research of furniture, because there is much of it and it is often consulted by designers.
		Most studies around furniture have until now been idiographic and holistic, which means that the researcher has demarcated a geographical area and a time span, has selected from this extent a few pieces of furniture and tried to understand them in their original context.
		In practice idiographic research seldom is free from all normative bias.
	www.uiah.fi /projects/metodi/printabl/138.htm (4452 words)

	[No title]
		The judgments of the whole group were then analyzed using regression modeling techniques, and the model of the group was cross-validated at the idiographic level on a set of holdout cases.
		The cross-validation procedure revealed that the model of the group adequately represented the policies of individual magistrates, taking into consideration each magistrate's level of consistency; and it also identified a small sample of magistrates for whom idiographic level analysis may be necessary.
		The ability of the nomothetic level analysis to adequately represent individual magistrates' policies is not surprising as previous studies using JA at the idiographic level have found that clusters of judges with similar policies emerge.
	www.albany.edu /cpr/brunswik/newsletters/newsletter1998/nja.html (556 words)

	Cartography Vocabulary Chapter 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The approach to data classification in which certain critical values not associated with the data set are selected as class boundaries is the: (a) arbitrary data classification; (b) conventional choropleth technique; (c) exogenous data classification; (d) idiographic data classification; (e) optimization method of classification.
		The particular events in the data array are selected as class boundaries and these events may be troughs or depressions in the data histogram is the: (a) serial data classification; (b) conventional choropleth technique; (c) exogenous data classification; (d) idiographic data classification; (e) optimization method of classification.
		A form of statistical mapping used to portray discrete data by enumeration units with areal symbols being applied to enumeration units according to the values in each unit and the symbols chosen to represent them is the: (a) isopleth map; (b) physiographic diagram; (c) flow map; (d) choropleth map; (e) dot map.
	www.jsu.edu /depart/geography/mhill/cart/cvch7.html (465 words)

	[No title]
		An idiographic study is one that explores a single person or event or situation in detail.
		Although the researcher doing idiographic work would learn a great deal about the idiosyncratic thoughts or behaviors of the person or situation that was investigated, this information would apply only to that specific person or situation.
		Although it might give the researcher some ideas of what to look for in the wider context, it can't be used to describe the population from which the case studied was drawn.
	www.sfu.ca /~richards/Zen/Pages/Chap1.htm (2199 words)

	© POL.it 1998. Robert R. Holt, 'Individuality and Generalization in the Psychology of Personality' (2/3)
		To the idiographer, the determination to use as much scientific method as possible (including statistics and experimental design), to control unwanted sources of variance, to test hypotheses rigorously instead of simply proclaiming them-all that makes personology look indistinguishable from the alleged sterilities of psychophysics and the irrelevancy of rat learning.
		An idiographic discipline thus must be a dumb or an incomprehensible one, for intelligible words even some of Allport's favorite, literary ones, like Falstaffian, which he does consider "personal" abstract and generalize, proclaiming a general pattern of resemblance between at least two unique individuals, Falstaff and the case being described.
		The idiographic point of view is an artistic one that strives for a nonscientific goal; the nomothetic, a caricature that bears little resemblance to the best contemporary work in the "hard" sciences.
	www.priory.com /ital/docu6a-i.htm (6023 words)

	ACRIA Update Winter 2000/01: WHAT DOES QUALITY OF LIFE MEAN TO YOU?
		Psychologists refer to this as "idiographic" assessment, which literally means that individuals are prompted to "write" the measures that apply to them.
		Idiographic measures are not widely used in clinical trials or other health outcomes research because they are far more difficult to administer, score and interpret.
		Even so, it may be very valuable to use measures such as these in conjunction with standard approaches, to take into account the ways that illness and treatment can change a person's outlook on quality of life.
	www.acria.org /print/treatment_edu_winterupdate2000_2001_you_print.html (695 words)

	OBJECTIVE and ESSENTIALIST, SUBJECTIVE and RELATIVIST EPISTEMOLOGIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The idiographic ascendancy in personality theory was especially marked during the period in which psychology as a whole was dominated by behaviourism (1935-1965))-for personality theory at that time provided a refuge for psychologists who were unwilling to devote their life's work to the study of the rat.
		Yet many idiographic and nomothetic theorists, in their own ways, have assumed-generally, if unobtrusively-that human personality and personality differences could somehow be studied separately from the major variable of human intelligence.
		For the idiographer, intelligence is probably ruled out of consideration because it is too alarmingly 'measurable'; on the other hand, for many nomothetes, it is just another, quite independent dimension of human variation that is no more connected with 'personality' than is, say, handedness or visual acuity.
	www.cycad.com /cgi-bin/Brand/quotes/q02.html (10510 words)

	CHECKING THE ESSENTIALS
		Distinguish between (a) nomothetic and idiographic approaches to psychological research, and (b) qualitative and quantitative research.
		An idiographic approach focuses on the individual rather than a group, often using a case study method.
		Identify whether the study described by your friend’s professor in her introductory psychology class represents the nomothetic or idiographic approach to research in psychology.
	srv2.lycoming.edu /~kelley/expchapter1.htm (1405 words)

	Alexander Luria
		This was the model of the natural sciences (Naturwissenschaften) and the model adopted by Wundt for the study of sensory processes.
		Perhaps for this reason, he was not satisfied with the choice between an idiographic, descriptive psychology and a nomothetic, generalizing psychology.
		These early speculations about the future direction of psychology were never published, although Luria prepared a manuscript on the subject, when he was 19 years old, that he kept throughout his career.
	webpages.charter.net /schmolze1/vygotsky/cole.htm (3912 words)

	© POL.it 1998. Robert R. Holt, 'Individuality and Generalization in the Psychology of Personality' (1/3)
		According to the idiographic approach, they say, the object of study is unique [idios], not amenable to the generalizing laws [nomos] of the nomothetic approach, which is typical of natural sciences.
		It is the purpose of this essay to examine the historical origins of this cumbersome pair of concepts, their logical implications, the reasons psychologists espouse them, and alternative solutions to the underlying problems.
		It did not make them idiographic, but it directed their attention to new or neglected problems and novel kinds of variables, as well as to the issue of structure: the ways the variables are organized.
	www.priory.com /ital/docum6-i.htm (6118 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Contrast the idiographic and the nomothetic models of explantion by definition and example.
		Idiographic model aims at a complete understanding of a particular phenomenon, using all relevant causal factors.
		It is more parsimonious than the idiographic model, and it is the model typically used in social scientific research.
	www.soc.umn.edu /~xshu/lecture4.htm (302 words)

	Psych 601 Unit 1 Module 3
		This distinction was adapted by Allport (1937) in his classical differentiation between nomothetic psychology and idiographic psychology.
		Idiographic methods are used when diagnosing a problem.
		The statisticians complained that clinical methods (idiographic) were "mystical, metaphysical, subjective, and unscientific," but that statistical methods (nomothetic) are "verifiable, objective, precise, empirical." The clinicians, on the other hand, described clinical methods as "dynamic, global, meaningful," and described statistical methods as "mechanical, pedantic, trivial, rigid (Miller, 1962, p.
	online.sfsu.edu /~psych601/unit1/613.htm (3621 words)

	Investigating Information Systems with Action Research
		Action research is an established research method in use in the social and medical sciences since the mid-twentieth century, and has increased in importance for information systems toward the end of the 1990s.
		Three unavoidable effects are the adoption of an interpretivist viewpoint of research enquiry, the adoption of an idiographic viewpoint of research enquiry, and the acceptance of qualitative data and analyses.
		Idiographic descriptions of the "meaningfulness of actions" often adhere to the cognitive structure of the subjects, thus using the terminology of the subjects.
	www.cis.gsu.edu /~rbaskerv/CAIS_2_19/CAIS_2_19.html (6834 words)

	THE ROLE OF THE INSTITUTION AND THE TEACHER IN INTEGRATION OF FAITH AND LEARNING: A Two Dimensional Approach For ...
		The Idiographic dimension stresses the interests of the individuals or personal interests.
		The idiographic (individual) dimension of an organization is, therefore, a vital dimension in building a Biblical Institutional worldview.
		Thus, starting with a personal knowledge of Christ, which is the basis for self-actualization through genuine faith, the rest of the needs, intertwined with those suggested by Maslow, represent the idiographic dimension of an organization.
	www.aiias.edu /ict/vol_12/12cc_103-120.htm (4770 words)

	Nomothetic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Nomothetic literally means "proposition of the law" (Greek derivation) and is used in both philosophy (see also Nomothetic and idiographic) and in psychology with differing meanings.
		In psychology, nomothetic measures are contrasted to ipsative or idiothetic measures, where nomothetic measures are measures that can be taken directly by an outside observer, such as weight or how many times a particular behavior occurs, and ipsative measures are self-reports such as a rank-ordered list of preferences.
		In sociology, nomothetic explanation presents an generalized understanding of a given case, and is contrasted with idiographic explanation, which presents a full description of a given case.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nomothetic (344 words)

	RAND \| Papers \| Idiographic Analysis of Achievement Measures.
		The assumption is made that without a change in the learning environment the student will continue to gain at his previous average rate.
		The data are displayed in an achievement idiograph, which shows individual grade placement based on the pre-test, expectancy score, and post-test placement.
		Data can be used at the individual student level by classroom teachers or aggregated by classroom, school, or district to serve the needs of other decisionmakers.
	www.rand.org /pubs/papers/P4880 (344 words)

	Home Page for Idiogrid Software (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is designed specifically around George Kelly's repertory grid technique, but it also incorporates generic idiographic and nomothetic methodologies employed by personality psychologists, self-concept researchers, and clinical psychologists.
		A unique feature of Idiogrid is that, unlike typical paper-and-pencil questionnaires, the user can ask each individual completing the questionnaire to rate other people or different selves (e.g., the ideal, ought, or future selves) on the items.
		In this way, within-person (idiographic) data can be collected and analyzed.
	www.idiogrid.com /home.html (762 words)

	IGDA. 8: Idiographic (personalised) diagnostic formulation -- 182 (45): 55 -- The British Journal of Psychiatry
		The first element of the idiographic formulation is the identification
		The second element of the idiographic formulation is the description
		The idiographic formulation should be presented in natural or
	bjp.rcpsych.org /cgi/content/full/182/45/s55 (590 words)

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