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	Ignaz Semmelweis
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (July 1, 1818 - August 13, 1865) was the Hungarian physician who demonstrated that puerperal fever[?] (also known as "childbed fever") was contagious and that its incidence could be drastically reduced by enforcing appropriate hand-washing behavior by medical care-givers.
		Semmelweis was responsible for two birthing pavilions, and realized that the number of cases of puerperal fever was much larger at one than at the other.
		Semmelweis spent 14 years developing his ideas and lobbying for their acceptance, culminating in a book he wrote in 1861.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ig/Ignaz_Semmelweis.html (408 words)

	Ignaz Semmelweis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Semmelweis was born on July 1, 1818 in Tabán, an old commercial sector of Buda, the fifth child of a prosperous shopkeeper of German origin.
		Semmelweis' father wanted him to become a military advocate in the service of the Austrian bureaucracy, but when Semmelweis travelled to Vienna in the fall of 1837 to enroll in its law school he was instead attracted to medicine.
		Semmelweis was an active liberal, but a conservative movement gained power in 1848 and in 1849 he was fired from his position.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis (1399 words)

	Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
		After Semmelweis had introduced the practice of washing the hands with a solution of chloride of lime before the examination of lying-in women, the mortality sank from 18 percent to 2.45 percent.
		Unfortunately, Semmelweis had neglected to correct the papers of these friends of his, and thus failed to make known their mistakes, so that the inference might be drawn that only infection from septic virus caused puerperal fever.
		HEGAR, Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (Freiburg, 1862); GROSSE, Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (Leipzig and Vienna, 1898); SCHÜRER VON WALDHEIM, Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (Vienna, 1905).
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/semmelweis,ignaz_philipp.html (587 words)

	Ignaz Semmelweis Summary
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the son of a prosperous shopkeeper, was born on July 1, 1818, at Buda, a city united with Pest in 1873 to form Budapest.
		Semmelweis was born on July 1, 1818 in Tabán, an old commercial sector of Buda, the fifth child of a prosperous shopkeeper of German origin.
		During 1848 Ignaz Semmelweis widened the scope of his washing protocol to include all instruments coming in contact with patients in labor and he statistically documented success in virtually eliminating puerperal fever from the hospital ward, leading Skoda to attempt to create an official commission to investigate the results.
	www.bookrags.com /Ignaz_Semmelweis (3249 words)

	Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis and bacteriology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Semmelweis' achievements and the tragedy of his life had been given their due place in the history of mankind, Alexander Frankel, formerly Theodor Billroth's assistant and later his biographer, critically stated that the discoverer of the causes of puerperal fever should have defended his discovery with facts rather than with fanaticism.
		In 1847 Semmelweis postulated his theory; ie, that the pathological-anatomical changes which he observed in the bodies of the women who died in childbed, in their newborn infants, and in the autopsy findings on his friend Jakob Kolletschka were an entity, morphologically and clinically.
		Even though Semmelweis was continually abhorred by the evident statistics and would have been able to prove his discovery through animal experiments, he primarily took to the pen to defend his opinion vehemently.
	www.general-anaesthesia.com /ignazsemmelweis.html (221 words)

	Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp
		gnaz Philipp Semmelweis was born July 1, 1818, and received his MD in 1844 in Vienna, where he was appointed to be an assistant at the Maternity Hospital.
		Semmelweis realized that something from the dead woman had infected his friend, and therefore something the medical students carried on their hands from one patient to another was causing the childbed fever.
		Semmelweis died feeling defeated by the very same medical establishment which had taken the Hippocratic oath, vowing "The regimen I adopt shall be for the benefit of my patients.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/S/Semmelweis/1.html (879 words)

	Chapter 5: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
		Semmelweis, of German ancestry and Hungarian birth, studied medicine at the University of Vienna where in 1844, at the age of 25 he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine.
		Semmelweis was unsparing in his condemnation of those who denied his doctrine in spite of the high mortality rates in their own institutions.
		The importance of Semmelweis as a forerunner of Pasteur and Lister is in his doctrine of puerperal fever as a bloodstream infection (septicemia) caused by a specific transferable agent, and preventable by destroying the agent with an antiseptic (20 years before Lister published a description of his antiseptic principle).
	elane.stanford.edu /wilson/Text/5c.html (3146 words)

	Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (www.whonamedit.com)
		Semmelweis soon concerned himself with the problem of puerperal fever, the scourge of 19th century European birth clinics.
		Despite early protests, especially from the medical students and hospital staff, Semmelweis was able to enforce the new procedure vigorously; and in barely one month the mortality from puerperal fever declined in his clinic from 12.24 percent to 2.38 percent.
		Following the death of the incumbent, Semmelweis was appointed by the Austrian Ministry of Education to the chair of theoretical and practical midwifery at the University of Pest in July 1855, although he had been only the second choice of the local medical faculty.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/354.html (2688 words)

	SEMMELWEIS, Ignaz Philipp
		Born in Buda and educated at the universities of Pest and Vienna, Semmelweis became assistant professor in the maternity ward of the Vienna General Hospital.
		In the 1840s puerperal, or childbed, fever, a bacterial infection of the female genital tract after childbirth, was taking the lives of up to 30 percent of the women giving birth in lying-in wards, whereas most women who gave birth at home remained relatively unaffected.
		Semmelweis noticed that women who were examined by student doctors who had not washed their hands after leaving the autopsy room had much higher mortality rates.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=221987 (329 words)

	Profile: Dr. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, M. D. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was the German-Hungarian physician who discovered the cause of puerperal ("childbed") fever and introduced antisepsis into medical practice.
		Semmelweis was educated at the universities of Pest and Vienna, receiving his doctor's degree from Vienna in 1844.
		Semmelweis' initial observation was that women delivering in Division I of the ward (attended by himself, his colleagues, and male medical students) contracted the disease at a far greater rate than the women delivering in Division II of the ward (attended by female midwifery students).
	www.temple.edu /epiworks/washhands/profile.htm (534 words)

	Semmelweis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Ignaz Semmelweis, received his medical degree in 1844 from the University of Vienna and was appointed assistant physician in midwifery in 1847.
		Semmelweis took note of the curious data arising from the fluctuating puerperal infection rates of the two delivery wards in the hospital.
		Semmelweis correctly deduced that the cause of puerperal fever and the infection of his friend were similar.
	www.foundersofscience.net /semmelweis.htm (1110 words)

	Semmelw
		Ignaz was the fourth of the eight children of Therese, nee Müller, and her husband Joseph Semmelweis a prosperous wholesale merchant.
		Ignaz struck up a conversation with a friendly medical student who invited him to attend a lecture to be given by a renowned professor of anatomy.
		Semmelweis was entranced by the scientific and dignified manner of the presentation.
	www2.genealogy.net /privat/flacker/Semmelw.htm (2103 words)

	Biography of Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis - Original name: Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis - Whonamedit.com (undated)
		Unfortunately, Semmelweis had neglected to correct the papers of these friends of his, and thus failed to make known their mistakes, so that the interference might be drawn that only infection from septic virus caused puerperal fever.
		Semmelweis had no literary style and his book is difficult reading; it had an overwhelming mass of badly-presented statistics.
		Semmelweis was fired from his hospital, expelled from his medical society, denounced and ridiculed widely, reduced to abject poverty and finally was beaten to death in a madhouse.
	www.mindfully.org /Health/Ignaz-Philipp-Semmelweis5mar1865.htm (3253 words)

	CDC - Vol7No2 Cover
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-65), a Hungarian obstetrician educated at the universities of Pest and Vienna, introduced antiseptic prophylaxis into medicine.
		As assistant professor on the maternity ward of the Vienna General Hospital, Semmelweis observed that women examined by student doctors who had not washed their hands after leaving the autopsy room had very high death rates.
		Nevertheless, Semmelweis encountered strong opposition from hospital officials and left Vienna in 1850 for the University of Pest.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol7no2/cover.htm (237 words)

	Semmelweis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Born in Buda and educated at the universities of Pest and Vienna, Semmelweis became assistant professor in the maternity ward of the Vienna General Hospital.
		Semmelweis noticed that women who were examined by student doctors who had not washed their hands after leaving the autopsy room had much higher mortality rates.
		Semmelweis nevertheless encountered strong opposition from hospital officials, and because of his political activity as well, left Vienna in 1850 for the University of Pest, where he became professor of obstetrics at the university hospital.
	www.accreditationservices.com /Semmelweis.htm (261 words)

	1.2.1.9.3
		Semmelweis noticed that the appearances of these deaths from puerperal fever looked the same as those observed in the body of an older colleague, forensic medicine Professor Jakob Kolletschka (1803-1847), who had died from adissection wound suffered in the clinic.
		He correctly surmised that the postpartum deaths were caused by infection from "putrid particles" carried on the hands of medical students who often shuttled back and forth between the labor wards, the obstetrical clinic, and the autopsy room where dissections were performed.
		Semmelweis instituted a simple routine of hand-washing with water solutions of chloride of lime, which promptly reduced mortality to 1.27%.
	www.nanomedicine.com /NMI/1.2.1.9.3.htm (1325 words)

	Childbed Fever: A Nineteenth Century Mystery - Case Study Collection - National Center for Case Study Teaching in ...
		Ignaz Semmelweis, a young Hungarian doctor working in the obstetrical ward of Vienna General Hospital in the late 1840s, was dismayed at the high death rate among his patients.
		One of Semmelweis’ friends was distracted by the conversation, and he punctured his finger with the scalpel.
		Semmelweis died in 1865 in an Austrian mental institution.
	www.sciencecases.org /childbed_fever/childbed_fever.asp (572 words)

	Semmelweis
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis perhaps did as much to relieve suffering and death as anyone in history.
		The tragedy of the existence of Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis is that his work was never recognized until after his untimely death.
		Morton Thompson's biography of Semmelweis, The Cry and The Covenant, is a superb literary achievement, almost equal to the man himself.
	www.healpain.net /articles/semmelwe.html (431 words)

	Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Cover.(Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis' contributi... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-65), a Hungarian obstetrician educated at the universities of Pest and Vienna, introduced antiseptic prophylaxis into medicine.
		As assistant professor on the maternity ward of the Vienna General Hospital, Semmelweis observed that women examined by student doctors who had not washed their hands after leaving the autopsy room had very high death rates.
		Nevertheless, Semmelweis encountered strong opposition from hospital officials and left Vienna in 1850 for the University of Pest.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:73889963&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (318 words)

	Praktische opdracht Anw Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis \| scholieren.com
		Semmelweis werkte in een ziekenhuis met twee afdelingen voor bevallingen.
		Semmelweis wilde eigenlijk obstetricus worden, maar in de wachttijd voor die opleiding was hij 'agnio' chirurgie.
		Semmelweis maakte sarcastische opmerkingen over de aantal sterfgevallen om door te late dringen dat het heel erg was en er iets aan gedaan moest worden.
	www.scholieren.com /werkstukken/25039 (2134 words)

	Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp (1818-1865): World of Microbiology and Immunology
		Along with American physician Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809–1894), Ignaz Semmelweis was one of the first two doctors worldwide to recognize the contagious nature of puerperal fever and promote steps to eliminate it, thereby dramatically reducing maternal deaths.
		Semmelweis was born in Ofen, or Tabàn, then near Buda, now part of Budapest, Hungary, on July 1, 1818, the son of a Roman Catholic shopkeeper of German descent.
		After graduating from the Catholic Gymnasium of Buda in 1835 and the University of Pest in 1837, he went to the University of Vienna to study law, but immediately switched to medicine.
	science.enotes.com /microbiology-encyclopedia/semmelweis-ignaz-philipp (190 words)

	ON TARGET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, born in 1818 in Buda, Hungary.
		Semmelweis received his MD in 1844 in Vienna, where he was appointed to be an assistant at the Maternity Hospital.
		After several months of investigation, Semmelweis noticed that the death rate in Ward One, where doctors and medical students were in charge, was around 29%, while the death rate in Ward Two, where midwives were in charge, was only 3%.
	www.targethealth.com /ontarget/2005/10102005.htm (2329 words)

	VirusWiki - St Semmelweis
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, (1818-1865), was born in Buda (now part of Budapest) and became the first doctor to use antiseptic methods systematically in childbirth.
		In a clinic at the Vienna General Hospital in Vienna, Austria, he discovered that puerperal fever, which then killed a vast number of mothers and neonates, was contagious, and that doctors were spreading the disease by not cleaning their hands after performing autopsies.
		The year of Semmelweis's death, the British surgeon Joseph Lister performed his first antiseptic operation, and soon afterward it was recognized that Semmelweis had been right.His actions lead to aseptic techniques and the doubling of the average lifespan for women.
	www.churchofvirus.org /wiki/StSemmelweis (196 words)

	Glossary 1 Semmelweis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Unlike Roentgen (x-ray) and Singer (sewing machine) whose innovative contributions were quickly appreciated and utilized by others the insight and understanding of Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis were never, during his lifetime, adopted by his colleagues.
		Semmelweis was educated at the universities of Pest and Vienna and was awarded his medical doctorate from the university of Vienna in 1844.
		Semmelweis came to understand that some agent was being transmitted in this process which was the cause of the infection.
	www.burtonreport.com /HomePage/Glossary1Semmelweis.htm (248 words)

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