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Topic: Ignaz Semmelweis

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	Ignaz Semmelweis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Semmelweis was born on July 1, 1818 in Tabán, an old commercial sector of Buda, the fifth child of a prosperous shopkeeper of German origin.
		Semmelweis' father wanted him to become a military advocate in the service of the Austrian bureaucracy, but when Semmelweis travelled to Vienna in the fall of 1837 to enroll in its law school he was instead attracted to medicine.
		During 1848 Ignaz Semmelweis widened the scope of his washing protocol to include all instruments coming in contact with patients in labor and he statistically documented success in virtually eliminating puerperal fever from the hospital ward, leading Skoda to attempt to create an official commission to investigate the results.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ignaz_Semmelweis (1560 words)

	Ignaz Semmelweis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (July 1, 1818 - August 13, 1865) was the Hungarian physician who demonstrated that puerperal fever (also known as "childbed fever") was contagious and that its incidence could be drastically reduced by enforcing appropriate hand-washing behavior by medical care-givers.
		Semmelweis was responsible for two birthing pavilions, and realized that the number of cases of puerperal fever was much larger at one than at the other.
		Semmelweis spent 14 years developing his ideas and lobbying for their acceptance, culminating in a book he wrote in 1861, after introducing and verifying the practical success of his methods.
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/i/ig/ignaz_semmelweis.html (532 words)

	Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
		At the end of May, 1847, Semmelweis made the assertion that the terrible endemic at the Vienna hospital among lying-in women was caused by infection from the examining physicians, who had previously made pathological dissections, or who had come into contact with dead bodies without thorough cleansing afterwards.
		After Semmelweis had introduced the practice of washing the hands with a solution of chloride of lime before the examination of lying-in women, the mortality sank from 18 percent to 2.45 percent.
		Unfortunately, Semmelweis had neglected to correct the papers of these friends of his, and thus failed to make known their mistakes, so that the inference might be drawn that only infection from septic virus caused puerperal fever.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/semmelweis,ignaz_philipp.html (617 words)

	Ignaz Semmelweis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Semmelweis returned to Pest[For more, click on this link] after his first year and continued his studies at the local university from 1839-1841.
		The breakthrough for Semmelweis occurred in 1847 with the death of his friend Jakob Kolletschka from an infection contracted after his finger was accidentally punctured with a knife during a postmortem examination.
		During 1848 Semmelweis widened the scope of his washing protocol to include all instruments coming in contact with patients in labor and he statistically documented success in virtually eliminating puerperal fever from the hospital ward, EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/ig/ignaz_semmelweis.htm (2152 words)

	Biography of Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis - Original name: Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis - Whonamedit.com (undated)
		Despite early protests, especially from the medical students and hospital staff, Semmelweis was able to enforce the new procedure vigorously; and in barely one month the mortality from puerperal fever declined in his clinic from 12.24 percent to 2.38 percent.
		Unfortunately, Semmelweis had neglected to correct the papers of these friends of his, and thus failed to make known their mistakes, so that the interference might be drawn that only infection from septic virus caused puerperal fever.
		Semmelweis was fired from his hospital, expelled from his medical society, denounced and ridiculed widely, reduced to abject poverty and finally was beaten to death in a madhouse.
	www.mindfully.org /Health/Ignaz-Philipp-Semmelweis5mar1865.htm (3253 words)

	Chapter 5: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
		By this conjecture Semmelweis is thought by some to have foreshadowed the germ theory by proposing that, while puerperal fever is in most cases a cadaveric infection, it is sometimes traceable to other sources, i.
		Semmelweis was unsparing in his condemnation of those who denied his doctrine in spite of the high mortality rates in their own institutions.
		The importance of Semmelweis as a forerunner of Pasteur and Lister is in his doctrine of puerperal fever as a bloodstream infection (septicemia) caused by a specific transferable agent, and preventable by destroying the agent with an antiseptic (20 years before Lister published a description of his antiseptic principle).
	elane.stanford.edu /wilson/Text/5c.html (3146 words)

	Loudon I. Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis' studies of death in childbirth.
		In 1846, Ignaz Phillip Semmelweis (1818-1865), who was born in Hungary, was appointed to what was then by far the largest maternity hospital in the world: the Vienna Maternity Hospital, which was divided into two clinics.
		This was many years before the role of bacteria in diseases was discovered, and Semmelweis suggested that the training procedures of the first clinic resulted in the transfer from the corpses of what he first called 'morbid matter', and later 'decomposing animal organic matter', on the hands of the students.
		When he wrote the treatise, Semmelweis was probably in the early stages of a mental illness that led to his admission to a lunatic asylum in the summer of 1865, where he died a fortnight later.
	www.jameslindlibrary.org /trial_records/19th_Century/semmelweis/semmelweis_commentary.html (1125 words)

	The Free Information Society - Ignaz Semmelweis Biography
		Ignaz Semmelweis was born Semmelweis Ignac Fulop on July 1, 1818 In Taban, Hungary.
		Semmelweis performed an autopsy on his friend and discovered signs of infection similar to that of the many women dying of puerpal fever.
		Semmelweis subsequently proposed that the cause of the high prevalence of the disease in the one clinic was due to students carrying infectious particles on their hands.
	www.freeinfosociety.com /site.php?postnum=656 (743 words)

	Semmelweis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ignaz Semmelweis, received his medical degree in 1844 from the University of Vienna and was appointed assistant physician in midwifery in 1847.
		Semmelweis took note of the curious data arising from the fluctuating puerperal infection rates of the two delivery wards in the hospital.
		Semmelweis correctly deduced that the cause of puerperal fever and the infection of his friend were similar.
	www.foundersofscience.net /semmelweis.htm (1110 words)

	Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp
		gnaz Philipp Semmelweis was born July 1, 1818, and received his MD in 1844 in Vienna, where he was appointed to be an assistant at the Maternity Hospital.
		Semmelweis realized that something from the dead woman had infected his friend, and therefore something the medical students carried on their hands from one patient to another was causing the childbed fever.
		Semmelweis died feeling defeated by the very same medical establishment which had taken the Hippocratic oath, vowing "The regimen I adopt shall be for the benefit of my patients.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/S/Semmelweis/1.html (879 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Based on the true story of Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis, the play shows the intelligent well-meaning individual pitted against the ignorant and inhumane forces of the faceless institution and small-minded peers.
		Semmelweis, an Austro-Hungarian physician, is today lauded as the father of modern antiseptic theory.
		Our tragic hero Semmelweis and the unfortunate patients are undone by the physicians' refusal to simply wash their hands - or even to engage in the scientific experiment of determining if such an act could make a difference in hospital mortality rates.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Agora/2136/Semmelweis.HTML (380 words)

	Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis M.D. (1818-1865)
		This Society is named in honor of Dr. Semmelweis because of the way he was treated, or mistreated, not because he was the first to propose an infectious etiology for puerperal fever.
		Semmelweis observed that women delivered by medical students (who did autopsies) had high mortality rates while those delivered by midwife trainees had low rates of childbed fever.
		Although physicians had been recommending general hygiene and cleanliness for decades, Semmelweis' unique contribution was the recognition that the agent of puerperal fever was being spread by contaminated hands rather than some nebulous miasma.
	hbutler0.tripod.com /semmelweissocietytv/id153.html (2165 words)

	Environmental Emerging Diseases Transmission Modeling
		Semmelweis realized that the pathology of the death was identical to the women dying from childbed fever.
		Semmelweis also made observations and collected data showing that deaths were less frequent in the Second Clinic where the midwives had not come into the autopsy rooms.
		Semmelweis was encouraged to publish his theory and results that showed particles carried by physicians from ill patients or cadavers caused childbed fever, but he did not.
	www.beloit.edu /~biology/HHMIsumwork98/groupprojects/enviro/trans.html (1110 words)

	Infection Control "What am I"
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis was a Hungarian physician who discovered the importance of hand washing.
		Dr. Semmelweis attempted to educate the medical community on the importance of hand washing but his theories were not accepted.
		After the discovery of the germ theory, Dr. Semmelweis is recognized for his breakthrough in hand washing and attempt to decrease the transmission of nosocomial infections.
	www.sjhc.london.on.ca /infectioncontrol/index2.htm (227 words)

	Childbed Fever: A Nineteenth Century Mystery - Case Study Collection - National Center for Case Study Teaching in ...
		Ignaz Semmelweis, a young Hungarian doctor working in the obstetrical ward of Vienna General Hospital in the late 1840s, was dismayed at the high death rate among his patients.
		One of Semmelweis’ friends was distracted by the conversation, and he punctured his finger with the scalpel.
		Semmelweis died in 1865 in an Austrian mental institution.
	www.sciencecases.org /childbed_fever/childbed_fever.asp (572 words)

	Jens Bjorneboe: Semmelweis
		SEMMELWEIS: Distinguished commission, in regard to the geography of the hospital: Ward One and Ward Two are a stone s throw from one another, which means therefore, that the cosmic circumstances cannot be different.
		SEMMELWEIS: As for hygrometric forces, it must be noted that, given a distance of circa fifty meters, the atmospheric humidity would of necessity be the same in both wards.
		SEMMELWEIS: The women of the upper class always have doctors to assist with their births, without dying of shame due to the assistance of men.
	home.att.net /~emurer/texts/sem-sc2.htm (2123 words)

	Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (www.whonamedit.com)
		In the fall of 1837, Semmelweis travelled to Vienna, ostensibly to enrol in its law school in order to comply with his father’s wish that he become a military advocate in the service of the Austrian bureaucracy.
		In Hungary, Semmelweis found a backward and depressed political and scientific atmosphere following the crushing defeat of the liberals in the revolution of 1848.
		Semmelweis, at his own request, took charge of the department, where his prophylactic measures soon reduced mortality to a mere 0.85 percent.
	www.whonamedit.com /doctor.cfm/354.html (2688 words)

	CDC - Vol7No2 Cover (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818-65), a Hungarian obstetrician educated at the universities of Pest and Vienna, introduced antiseptic prophylaxis into medicine.
		As assistant professor on the maternity ward of the Vienna General Hospital, Semmelweis observed that women examined by student doctors who had not washed their hands after leaving the autopsy room had very high death rates.
		Nevertheless, Semmelweis encountered strong opposition from hospital officials and left Vienna in 1850 for the University of Pest.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol7no2/cover.htm (237 words)

	Ignaz Semmelweis
		It was observed that this rate of mortality prevailed in the students' clinic; in the midwives' clinic it ruled much lower.
		Semmelweis found no satisfactory explanations of this mortality in such causes as overcrowding, fear, mysterious atmospheric influences or even contaminated wards; yet that the cause lay in some local conditions he felt certain.
		In May 1847 Semmelweis prescribed ablutions with chlorinated lime water: in that month the mortality stood at 12.24%; before the end of the year it had fallen to 3.04%, and in the second year to 1.27%; thus even surpassing the results in the midwives' clinic.
	www.nndb.com /people/601/000091328 (548 words)

	ON TARGET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, born in 1818 in Buda, Hungary.
		Semmelweis received his MD in 1844 in Vienna, where he was appointed to be an assistant at the Maternity Hospital.
		After several months of investigation, Semmelweis noticed that the death rate in Ward One, where doctors and medical students were in charge, was around 29%, while the death rate in Ward Two, where midwives were in charge, was only 3%.
	www.targethealth.com /ontarget/2005/10102005.htm (2329 words)

	Semmelweis
		Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis perhaps did as much to relieve suffering and death as anyone in history.
		The tragedy of the existence of Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis is that his work was never recognized until after his untimely death.
		Morton Thompson's biography of Semmelweis, The Cry and The Covenant, is a superb literary achievement, almost equal to the man himself.
	www.healpain.net /articles/semmelwe.html (431 words)

	Ignaz Semmelweis \| Research Retrospective \| Royal Windsor Society of Nurse Researchers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Austrian students weren't overly receptive to this Hungarian and as a result, Semmelweis found himself isolated from the camaradie of the other students on the wards and in the autopsy rooms.
		Ironically, it was this isolation which enabled Semmelweis to make a connection between autopsies and childbed fever and to leave a legacy as a health care research pioneer in nosocomial infection.
		Semmelweis' career was dominated by an ardent campaign against the obstetrical practices of his time.
	s94076072.onlinehome.us /rws/retrospective_semmelweis.html (2030 words)

	Joe Martin: Introduction to Jens Bjorneboe's Semmelweis
		The conspiracy to silence Semmelweis was due to his discovery and stubborn insistence that tens of thousands of pregnant women were being killed throughout Europe by the dreaded child-bed fever—today known as puerperal fever—because doctors and students were not washing their hands.
		Although Semmelweis had demonstrated that the mortality rate could only be eliminated entirely by washing with chloride-of-lime between procedures, the fact that he had gotten the chloride method from the Vienna toilet cleaners only increased the ridicule by his enemies.
		Since his work on Semmelweis began in 1967, the year in which Bjørneboe was standing trial on an "obscenity" charge for his novel Without a Stitch [Uten en Tråd, 1966] it is not hard to understand why a good deal of Bjørneboe himself seems to be present in the provocative and unrepentant figure of Semmelweis.
	emurer.home.att.net /about/sem-int.htm (3666 words)

	Hempel.html
		But Semmelweis points out that in fact the crowding was heavier in the Second Division, partly as a result of the desperate efforts of patients to avoid assignment to the notorious First Division.
		A new idea was suggested to Semmelweis by the observation that in the First Division the women were delivered lying on their backs; in the Second Division, on their sides.
		On one occasion, for example, he and his associates, having carefully disinfected their hands, examined first a woman in labor who was suffering from a festering cervical cancer; then they proceeded to examine twelve other women in the same room, after only routine washing without renewed disinfection.
	faculty.washington.edu /lynnhank/Hempel.html (1816 words)

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