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Topic: Ikalanga language

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	Shona language - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Shona (or ChiShona) is a native language of Zimbabwe; the term is alsoused to identify those Bantu tribes in Southern Africa who speak one of the Shonalanguages.
		Shona proper is an official language of Zimbabwe, along with Ndebele and English.
		In Guthrie's zonal classification of Bantu languages, zone S10 designates adialect continuum commonly called Shona, including Shona proper,Manyika, Nambya, and Ndau, spoken in Zimbabwe; Tawara and Tewe, found in Mozambique; and Ikalanga of Botswana.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=Shona (254 words)

	Languages of Botswana
		The relationship between the languages is treated, where they are to be found within the Bantu or the Khoisan language families.
		Languages and language use among students at the University of Botswana.
		Languages in Botswana: language ecology in southern Africa.
	www.african.gu.se /research/botswana.html (341 words)

	Latest News - Republic of Botswana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		MASUNGA The Society for the Promotion of Ikalanga Language (SPIL) has been asked to take serious pride in the preservation and promotion of their own language as it is the way in which they could be unidentified.
		He said it was unfortunate that most languages were not given serious recognition or promoted and that children were not taught in their own languages, saying only 13 per cent of the 2 500 languages in sub-Saharan Africa were taught at school.
		He said language was of paramount importance as it "helps bring in a common understanding but is it not easy to see it as nation building" at community, tribal and individual levels.
	www.gov.bw /cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20041006&i=SPIL_urged_to_promote_language_seriously (401 words)

	Ikalanga language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ikalanga is a Bantu language spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe by 300 000 people or more.
		It is known for its extensive phoneme inventory, which includes clicks.
		Mathangwane, Joyce T. Ikalanga phonetics and phonology: a synchronic and diachronic study.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ikalanga_language (105 words)

	the language feed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Iranian traders were given a stern warning Wednesday to stop using only foreign languages in advertising, company logos or shop signs, an official in the ministry of culture and Islamic guidance was quoted by AFP as saying.
		The Society for the Promotion of Ikalanga Language (SPIL) has been asked to take serious pride in the preservation and promotion of their own language as it is the way in which they could be unidentified.
		Along with roasting chicken and bell peppers, the Spanish language is an ever-present ingredient at the upscale Danville restaurant.
	mason.gmu.edu /~smorris2/feed/100804.html (437 words)

	Ikalanga, a virtually unstudied Bantu language spoken in Botswana has optionally overt preverbal subjects and ...
		Ikalanga, a virtually unstudied Bantu language spoken in Botswana has optionally overt preverbal subjects and obligatory subject markers (SAs).
		It shows detailed evidence that a) Ikalanga preverbal subjects are not in the IP domain; b) Ikalanga is a null subject language (NSL) and SAs represent standard subject verb agreement, contrary to what has been proposed for different Bantu languages.
		I thus conclude that the SA in Ikalanga is an agreement morpheme.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /Events/PLC/plc26/64.htm (1028 words)

	Methods in Phonology abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This phonetic knowledge is intimately connected to the phonology of the language because it is by means of this knowledge that phonological strings are recognized in the acoustic signal, that is phonological representations as well as phonetic constraints.
		Sounds found in Tupi languages where it is shown that the auditory effect of a glottal stop can be triggered by a change in the vocal folds tension and not by a closure of the glottis.
		Where Asian languages show various interactions between tone and voice quality, the Dutch tonal dialects present a different set of interactions between tone and other phonetic parameters, the explanation being that the tone contrast was intimately bound up with a durational contrast, probably right from the tonogenesis onwards.
	trill.berkeley.edu /PhonLab/methods_conf/abstracts.html (12096 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Shona language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Shona (or ChiShona) is a native language of Zimbabwe; the term is also used to identify those Bantu tribes in Southern Africa who speak one of the Shona languages.
		Other countries that host Shona language speakers are Zambia and Botswana.
		In Guthrie's zonal classification of Bantu languages, zone S10 designates a dialect continuum commonly called Shona, including Shona proper, Manyika, Nambya, and Ndau, spoken in Zimbabwe; Tawara and Tewe, found in Mozambique; and Ikalanga of Botswana.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Shona_language (441 words)

	society >> Language :: indiaXroads.com web directory
		Cantonese Language Association :: The purpose of the association is to facilitate communication amongst teachers and scholars of Cantonese and to promote study and research in the fields of Cantonese language pedagogy, linguistics and culture, and to further the common interests of teac
		Language in Society :: William Bright University of Colorado Editorial Board Language in Society is an international journal of sociolinguistics concerned with all branches of speech and language as aspects of social life.
		Ojibwe Language Society Homepa :: Ojibwemowin Zagaswe'idiwin (Ojibwe Langauge Society) is dedicated to the revitalization and preservation of the Ojibwe language.
	www.indiaxroads.com /categories/society/Language.cfm (580 words)

	Shona - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Shona, a Bantu language spoken in Zimbabwe and parts of Moçambique
		The Shona, a Southern African people who speak the Shona language.
		This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists pages that might otherwise share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Shona (111 words)

	UNDP Botswana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Language is culture — and culture is language.
		Speakers of a mother tongue that is not the dominant or official language of a country—be it Basque in Spain, Zulu in South Africa, or Urdu in the UK, or Spanish in the US—can still participate fully in national culture and politics.
		Sub-Saharan Africa has more than 2,500 languages, but the ability of many people to use their language in education and in dealing with the state is particularly limited.
	www.unbotswana.org.bw /undp/speech4.html (2766 words)

	Minority language and the state in Zambia and Botswana
		Language policy — even if appealing to ‘objective’ considerations of linguistic analysis, constitutional equity and socio-economic development — is often formulated and implemented in a political and ideological context partly defined by ethnic parameters.
		In Botswana, Kalanga is very much a minority language, in which no formal education is offered, which is not used in the media, practically not admissible for use in courts of law except in outlying villages, and with hardly any published material circulating in that language.
		a language; a cult; a vision of the past) are drawn into the orbit of a group’s identity formation in inter-ethnic relations, these elements tend to be objectified to the extent of fossilization.
	www.shikanda.net /ethnicity/minority.htm (9590 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:kck
		Ikalanga, Chikalanga, Tjikalanga, Kanana, Sekalaña, Kalana, Western Shona, Bakaa, Makalaka, Wakalanga
		Most speak Shona and Ndebele as second language, because they are required in school and are languages of wider communication.
		Resistance to pressures to adopt Tswana language and culture is led by men.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=kck (276 words)

	Rose Letsholo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		"Morphology as a reflex of syntactic dependencies: the case of A' movement in Ikalanga." GLOW, April 2003.
		"Subjects and Agreement in Ikalanga and their Implications for the Structure of Bantu." 38th Chicago Linguistics Society Meeting, April 2002.
		"Ikalanga Benefactive Applicatives: Evidence for Morphosyntactic Case Feature Parameters." The Annual Meeting of the Michigan Linguistic Society, Oakland University, November 2000.
	www.lin.oakland.edu /letsholo.html (268 words)

	Powell's Books - Linguistics
		The Infinite Library Language comes so naturally to us that it is easy to forget what a strange and miraculous gift it is. All over the world members of our species fashion their breath into hisses and hums and squeaks and pops and listen to others do...
		As a novelist, Burgess' obsession with language has been central to his work (to the extent, in A Clockwork Orange, of inventing a vocabulary for teenage gangs terrorizing a future England).
		Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey is a comprehensive introduction to current research in all branches of the field of linguistics, from syntactic theory to ethnography of speaking, from signed language to the mental lexicon, from language acquisition to...
	www.powells.com /usedbooks/Linguistics.7.html (862 words)

	LINGUIST List 10.781: African Linguistics
		The Bantu languages, numbering as many as 500, have been at the center of cutting-edge theoretical research in phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics.
		Extinct as a spoken language since the 10th century, it is still used by the Ethiopian church, and still influencing the modern languages of Ethiopia.
		The conclusion discusses the relationship between pidginization and second language acquisition and attempts to answer the question whether the investigated variety of Swahili can be classified as a pidgin language.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/10/10-781.html (814 words)

	Ikalanga language Definition / Ikalanga language Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ikalanga is a BantuBantu is a language family that belongs to the Niger-Congo group.
		Bantu languages are spoken in South Cameroon, and in the south-eastern region of Nigeria close the Cameroonian Border, in Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa.
		This wide expansion makes the Bantu family the most widespread language family in Africa, with about 310 million speakers....
	www.elresearch.com /Ikalanga_language (200 words)

	CBOLD Bibliography: full citations
		Webb, Victor N. Language attitudes in a segregated society: The Afrikaans-speaking coloured community in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
		Besides these languages, examples from a number of other Bantu languages are given in the book, notably from Chwana, Gisu (Masaba) and Kongo, and languages are referenced in the index.
		Westphal, Ernst J. The unification of Bantu languages.
	www.linguistics.berkeley.edu /~jblowe/CBOLD/Bibs/BibAu.50.html (1171 words)

	Terralingua -- Organizations Working on Linguistic Diversity Issues: Africa
		They publish books in Senegalese languages (90% of their work is in the Pulaar/Fulfulde language), and provide training to local groups of new literates who wish to use our books in locally organized classes.
		The Tamazight language and culture are not recognized in all North African countries, such as Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Tamazight has never been taught in the schools of these countries.
		is a language, technology and development initiative www.bisharat.net encouraging language maintenance and revitalization by using languages in information and communication technologies (I.C.Ts.) for rural development.
	www.terralingua.org /OrgsAfrica.html (739 words)

	Ethnologue report for Zimbabwe
		Of those, 19 are living languages and 1 is a second language without mother-tongue speakers.
		The sign language used in Masvingo is different from that used in other schools.
		The sign language used in schools and that used by adults outside is different.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Zimbabwe (736 words)

	abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Considering (a), syntactic and semantic evidence indicates that overt preverbal subjects in Ikalanga are base generated in an A' position (see Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou 1998 (AandA) re- Greek and Spanish).
		In (6) the wh-agreement marker, which I argue is a Co, intervenes between the subject NP Neo and the subject agreement marker a, suggesting that the subject is not in an A position such as spec AgrS or spec TP.
		Turning to (b) above, I argue first that Ikalanga is a null subject language (NSL) as supported by (8) and then propose that a null NP, pro, is merged in spec VP and later moves to a spec AgrS or spec TP.
	www.ohiou.edu /alta/letsh.htm (1011 words)

	Conference Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		She analysed both types as governed by licensing constraints: '[+high] is licensed by association to a stressed syllable' in the case of stress-targeted metaphony, and '[+high] associated with a post-tonic vowel must spread to all vowels in the word' in full-spreading harmony.
		She successfully argued that the Focal Phrase is indispensable for the description of Haya, since the domain of phrasal tonology in this language is neither consistently coextensive with any syntactic constituent nor reanalysable as a variant of IP or PP.
		She argued that Walpiri is not a nonconfigurational language, appealing to a rich functional layer atop the clause to explain word-order patterns, which she correlates with those found in uncontroversially configurational languages.
	www.glotinternational.com /conferences6.asp (10166 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net
		'''Ikalanga''' is a Bantu languages Bantu language spoken in Botswana and Zimbabwe by 300 000 people or more.
		It is known for its extensive phoneme inventory, which includes click consonant clicks.
		There you find a list of all editors and the possibility to edit the original text of the article Ikalanga language.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Ikalanga_language.html (129 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Ikalanga Phonetics and Phonology: A Synchronic and Diachronic Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Using both phonetic factors and typological evidence from other languages of the world, Bantu as well as non-Bantu, the book provides a careful and elaborate study on different phonological processes such as High Vowel Frication (spirantization), palatalization, velarization, aspiration and depressor consonants and tones, all of which are of great interest to linguists in general.
		It further considers how these different processes produced certain sound changes diachronically, some of which are still manifested as active morphophonemic alternations in this language today.
		These morphophonemic alternations are found in such morphological processes as diminutive formation, causativization, and passivization.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/1575861631 (363 words)

	ABC TECH, INC. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although several languages may be spoken in one particular country, there is usually a major language and/or political and cultural implications.
		Please note: Parentheses indicate area in which the language is spoken.
		Urdu, as the official language of Pakistan, is written in a modified Arabic script.
	www.abctech.biz /languages.html (162 words)

	SADOCC - News - Discussion on minority languages
		The coalition is made up of groups fighting for recognition of minority languages that have been marginalised since Botswana's independence from Britain in 1966.
		RETENG is campaigning for the repealing of laws that were identified by a 2002 United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) report, which accused the government of Botswana of discriminating against minority tribes while promoting Tswana speaking groups.
		It is mandatory for everyone to learn the languages from primary school level, a situation that has fuelled strong resistance from minority tribes who argue that this will lead to the extinction of their indigenous languages.
	www.sadocc.at /news/2003-008.shtml (467 words)

	Ethnologue report for Botswana
		Spoken as first language mainly in commercial farms and Ghanzi village, Ghanzi District, in the southern half of Kgalagadi District, especially near the South Africa border, and in Takatokwane village, Kweneng District.
		Dialects: Nyai (Nyayi), Ikalanga, Talahundra, Lilima (Humbe), Peri.
		Spoken throughout the country as lingua franca, and as first language primarily in the Southeast and Kgatleng districts, the eastern half of Southern and Kweneng districts, in the Serowe-Palapye and Mahalapye subdistricts of Central District, and around Maun village in Northwest District.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=Botswana (1116 words)

	Andy Chebanne - Literacy Conference
		In this model, many African countries have sought to construct a nation-state with one language, one culture and one flag by imposing the culture and language of a dominant ethnic group over others.
		The dominant local language Setswana was adopted as the national language and all others were suppressed and so were the cultures of the speakers of these languages.
		What has become obvious is the apparent degeneration of other languages and cultures and of Setswana to some extent, as it competes with English.
	www.ched.uct.ac.za /literacy/AndyChebanne.html (433 words)

	Citations: Phonetic Universals in Consonant Systems - Lindblom, Maddieson (ResearchIndex)
		[5] certain features and feature combinations recur widely in the languages of the world, whereas certain other features or combinations are much less common.
		....aspiration on stops in Ikalanga, a southern Bantu language spoken Botswana, evolved from plain, unaspirated stops in specific phonetic environments [6] But the question remains why some sounds are more basic and thus prior in the evolution of segment inventories.
		For example, if one finds voiced speech sounds, such as b, d and g in a language, it is very likely that one also finds their voiceless counterparts p, t and k.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/553158/0 (904 words)

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