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Topic: Illiberal democracy

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	Constitutional liberalism or illiberal democracy
		Illiberal democracy is an elected regime routinely ignoring constitutional limits on their power and depriving their citizens of basic rights and freedoms.
		Illiberal democracies gain legitimacy, and thus strength, from the fact that they are reasonably democratic.
		Democracy without constitutional liberalism is not simply inadequate, but dangerous, bringing with it the erosion of liberty, the abuse of power, ethnic divisions, and even war.
	www.democrats.com /node/3640/print (771 words)

	Illiberal democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term illiberal democracy was coined by Fareed Zakaria in a 1997 article in the journal Foreign Affairs, and it tends to be used with a negative connotation, by those who oppose such a system of government and support liberal democracy.
		Illiberal democracies are found primarily outside of the West, in newly democratizing countries that do not have a history of pluralism.
		There is a spectrum of illiberal democracies: from those who are nearly liberal democracies to those that are almost dictatorships.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Illiberal_democracy (579 words)

	Illiberal Democracy Five Years Later
		The West's experience with democracies is in a sense unique; the West has a whole series of things that have happened over the course of millennia, from the development of an independent church to a kind of feudalism where the feudal lords were very powerful vis-a-vis the kings.
		Democracy is one very important element of political, social, and economic life, but it is not the only one.
		When you introduce democracy at an early stage of development in multi-- ethnic, diverse societies, there is an enormous incentive for politicians to play the race card, or the religion card, because those are easily mobilized votes, thereby exacerbating differences that are often quite mild.
	www.fareedzakaria.com /interviews/hir.html (3756 words)

	The Rise of Illiberal Democracy by Fareed Zakaria
		Western liberal democracy might prove to be not the final destination on the democratic road, but just one of many possible exits.
		Democracy is one public virtue, not the only one, and the relation of democracy to other public virtues and vices can only be understood if democracy is clearly distinguished from the other characteristics of political systems.
		Surveying the breakdown of African and Asian democracies in the 1960s, two scholars concluded that democracy "is simply not viable in an environment of intense ethnic preferences." Recent studies, particularly of Africa and Central Asia, have confirmed this pessimism.
	www.fareedzakaria.com /articles/other/democracy.html (6336 words)

	No Cheers for Democracy
		Although liberalism and democracy are assumed by many to be the same, democratic regimes have sometimes been illiberal, and undemocratic regimes have sometimes been liberal.
		Public government, particularly democracy, carries a lot of propaganda and moralistic baggage, as Graham discusses in his democratic myth concept, yet if one concentrates on the economic facts, as Hoppe does, the case against public government is clear.
		You might argue, as Zakaria does, that democracy is a means to get rid of inept or corrupt governments, yet in the last century, democracy has arguably caused not hindered the massive expansion of government, as detailed by Hoppe.
	www.culturewars.org.uk /2003-03/democracy.htm (1312 words)

	Liberal Opinion : Elections and democracy - Foundation for Liberal Politics in the Philippines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		While liberal democracy is characterized by competitive elections, the rule of law, the separation of powers and the protection of basic political liberties, "illiberal democracy" may well permit competitive elections, but shows little respect for the aforementioned basic liberal rights.
		While Fareed Zakharia focuses on "illiberal democracies" in central Asia, the Muslim world and Russia in his book, Cambodia is also a good example of a country with elections but serious shortcomings in terms of the rule of law and the respect for civil liberties.
		For liberal democracy to flourish, the opposition must defend the political structures and be loyal to the constitution.
	www.fnf.org.ph /liberalopinion/2004-03-12-elections.htm (948 words)

	Fareed Zakaria: The Future of Freedom by Fareed Zakaria - The Globalist > > Global Politics
		Democracy must take on a new role in the 21st century, in practice as well as theory.
		Most problems faced by most democracies during the 20th century were addressed by broadening the franchise, eliminating indirect elections, reducing the strength of elite groups and empowering more and more people in more and more ways.
		This is a very different vision from that of the enthusiasts of direct democracy, who say that the liberating new world we will live in will harken back to the city-states of ancient Greece.
	www.theglobalist.com /DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=3265 (1493 words)

	PPP 11/14: The rise of Cambodia's illiberal democracy?
		The hypothesis is that Cambodia's post-communist transitional democracy is a mask for the evils that lurk: the perpetuation of corruption and anti-good governance, nepotism, social injustice, impunity.
		However, there is the possibility of reverting to a full-on authoritarian-like formation creating an illiberal democracy where political elites allow for a substantial level of restriction on the rights of citizens.
		But given the negligence of the rule of law where politicians flex their muscles and rule by the law, Cambodia's democratization will witness the rise of an illiberal democracy where basic liberties and the rule of law are constantly challenged by impunity and corruption.
	www.phnompenhpost.com /TXT/comments/rise.htm (2178 words)

	Center for Latin American Studies, UC Berkeley
		Illiberal democracies are marked by problems such as serious constraints on freedom of the press and the weak rule of law.
		Of the 15 illiberal democracies in existence in the 1990s, eight remained at the end of the century.
		Democracies in the second cycle were likely to end in military coups precisely because they were likely to pursue policies that directly confronted the deep social inequalities of the region and challenged privileged social actors.
	socrates.berkeley.edu:7001 /Events/fall2004/10-18-04-smith/index.html (1108 words)

	Rationally Speaking May 2004 - Liberal vs. illiberal democracy
		Churchill once quipped that democracy is the worst form of government, except for all the others, which reflects the attitude of most in the modern Western world.
		All of this is done in the name of democracy, adopting the narrow meaning of the term according to which if the majority (even as slight as 51%) wants something, it should be done.
		The obvious problem with illiberal democracies is that majorities can change, sometimes dramatically and over a short period of time.
	www.atheistfoundation.org.au /rsmay2004.htm (851 words)

	Democracy in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Democracy, which places the prerogative of legislation in the hands of the people, is the very essence of arbitrary government.
		Illiberal democracies gain a measure of legitimacy from the fact that they are reasonably democratic.
		An illiberal democracy is not what the Bush administration had envisioned when they advocated a regime change in Iraq as it certainly is not likely to promote the spread of liberal democracy throughout the rest of the Middle East.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/cc/schwalbe3.html (6755 words)

	Democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Liberal democracy is a representative democracy (with free and fair elections) along with the protection of minorities, the rule of law, a separation of powers, and protection of liberties (thus the name liberal) of speech, assembly, religion, and property.
		In modern democracies, the territory is the nation-state, and since this corresponds (in theory) with the homeland of the nation, the demos and the reach of the democratic process neatly coincide.
		A persistent libertarian and monarchist critique of democracy is the claim that it encourages the elected representatives to change the law without necessity, and in particular to pour forth a flood of new laws.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democracy (8020 words)

	Book Review: The Future of Freedom - Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		For people in the West, democracy, he says, means liberal democracy with free and fair elections along with the rule of law, separation of powers, and protection of the basic liberties — speech, assembly, religion, property.
		Zakaria notes that the Arab world is trapped between autocratic states and illiberal societies, neither fertile ground for a liberal democracy.
		Democracy, he notes, with all its flaws, represents the last best hope for the world.
	prfamerica.org /FutureOfFreedom.html (1555 words)

	The Future of Freedom (Main Page) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Democracy has reshaped politics, economics, and culture around the world.
		Democracy has gone from being a form of government to a way of life.
		Democracy has its dark sides, yet to question it has been to provoke instant criticism that you are "out of sync" with the times.
	www.wwnorton.com /catalog/spring04/032487.htm (409 words)

	read-325-4a
		Democracy assistance can be risky, depending on the political aspects of a given region, but the long-term tangible and intangible rewards make it a worthwhile effort.
		U.S. democracy assistance helps governments and NGOS in Africa, Central America, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Haiti, and elsewhere to institutionalize the rule of law and foster greater respect for human rights, which means building independent judiciaries and public support for their role.
		Of course, emerging democracies are far from perfect, but as messy and complex as the growth of democratic culture is, the United States should be more willing to err on the side of those who are struggling for democracy than to throw in its lot with autocratic leaders who are likely to abuse their powers.
	www.msu.edu /course/iss/325/stein/read-325-4a.htm (18766 words)

	The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad - Book Review Parameters - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Zakaria's view is that democracy, as power-down populism, has gone too far in its political, economic, and even cultural manifestations.
		The book's main purpose is to draw attention to the history of "illiberal" or constitutional liberalism--that is, political systems that balance individual liberty and freedom with illiberal, representative governing institutions.
		In addition to free and fair elections, illiberal governing includes the rule of law and separation of powers, as well as the basic liberal freedoms of speech, religion, assembly, and property.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0IBR/is_4_33/ai_111852945 (812 words)

	Fit for Export? - "The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad" - book review National Review - Find ...
		He is only repeating what Montesquieu, Madison, and Tocqueville knew: Democracy unaccompanied by the social restraints of institutionalized liberalism (in the proper sense of that word) can lead to the tyranny of the majority, to populist demagogy, and to the relatively quick, and ugly, collapse of democracy itself.
		Since liberty and democracy have been organically entwined in the American experience, Americans are not adroit at separating out the parts, especially when impassioned by their famous urge to do good as unreconstructed innocents abroad.
		Chapter 3, "Illiberal Democracy," brings the analysis to a geographically wider present, with a focus on Russia, China, and, most enlightening of all, India -- the site of Zakaria's birth and youth.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1282/is_10_55/ai_101796899 (916 words)

	The Future Of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy At Home And Abroad
		ABSTRACT: Democracy is generally viewed as an inherently positive political force, which strongly complements freedom and liberty.
		Democracy does not always imply freedom of the people.
		Zakaria is also concerned about the American democracy, which he sees as increasingly reduced to mere 'populism' and transparency.
	www.fairness.com /resources/one?resource_id=5611 (307 words)

	TCS Daily - The Illiberal Democracy of India
		Indians often boast that theirs is "the world's largest democracy", but electoral politics in India offers the voter surprisingly little choice.
		But there is something more fundamentally illiberal in India's democracy than the current parliamentary arrangement.
		Many years back a group of Mumbai liberals petitioned the courts, challenging the restrictive legislation that reserves India's democracy for the illiberal parties that hold sway today.
	www.tcsdaily.com /article.aspx?id=022706C (611 words)

	Illiberal democracy - Jul. 09, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Academics call this "plebiscitarian democracy," as if every government decision is subject to an eternal popularity survey, as if every decision is made by counting votes, rather than by thinking and by weighing policy options.
		The author Fareed Zakaria, in "The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad," laments that democratic majorities have been the most intolerant, and that the greatest strides for liberty have been made by leaders who defied popular prejudices.
		The advocates of Charter change aim to do this by short-circuiting Philippine democracy, and taking the power to choose the chief executive away from the people and vesting it in the politicians.
	www.inq7.net /opi/2004/jul/09/opi_rpangalangan-1.htm (578 words)

	Two Cheers for Democracy by Kevin Croke (printable version)
		Illiberal democracies can also be found in Venezuela, Ghana, Peru, Indonesia, Belarus, Ukraine, most of Central Asia, the Palestinian territories, and Russia.
		Illiberal rulers, by contrast, abet corruption and weaken competing sources of power.
		Zakaria's response is that he, too, seeks liberal democracy, but that to succeed, liberal democracy must be built on a foundation of constitutional liberalism.
	www.dlc.org /print.cfm?contentid=251801 (900 words)

	BrothersJudd.com - Review of Fareed Zakaria's The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad
		Democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their death."
		Zakaria used the fundamental recollection of that ancient wisdom, that there is a "tension between constitutional liberalism and democracy", to look at how making a fetish out of elections and the other accouterments of democracy could lead us to slight better opportunities to develop institutionalized freedom in the developing world.
		These movements represent attempts to impose democracy even on entirely private organizations, to make the counterbalances to the State submit to the same destructive forces as are eating away at democratic government.
	www.brothersjudd.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/reviews.detail/book_id/1295 (3700 words)

	Illiberal Democracy
		Electoral democracy in Sri Lanka, bolstered by regularly held "open, free and fair" elections, is often characterized as robust and vibrant by the international community.
		This enactment of a new constitution exposed the vulnerability of Sri Lanka’s rulers to succumbing to electoral ethno-political pressures and signaled Sinhala polity turning towards constitutional illiberalism as a means to assist ethnic outbidding.
		The Political capital from "democracy," and the post-9/11 anti-terrorism climate have provided a convenient temporary cover allowing the Sri Lankan state to portray all State violence as defensive acts against terrorism.
	sangam.org /taraki/articles/2006/10-20_Illiberal_Democracy.php?uid=2005 (917 words)

	On Point : Overdosing on Democracy - 4/18/2003
		The Rise of Illiberal Democracy (Summary of article in Foreign Affairs, Nov. 1997)
		The author joins us to talk about his belief that liberty is threatened by an excess of democracy, both in America and abroad.
		At a time when America is attempting to export democracy to the Middle East, Zakaria's conclusion raises critical questions.
	www.onpointradio.org /shows/2003/04/20030418_a_main.asp (164 words)

	Democracy Does Not Ensure Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		“For people in the West,”; Zakaria writes, “democracy means ‘liberal democracy’: a political system marked not only by free and fair elections but also by the rule of law, a separation of powers, and the protection of basic liberties of speech, assembly, religion, and property.
		But this bundle of freedoms—what might be termed ‘constitutional liberal’—has nothing intrinsically to do with democracy and the two have not always gone together, even in the West.”; The fact that some modern dictatorships sprang from the “will of the people” is well known and acknowledged by Zakaria.
		Zakaria is right when he writes: “legitimacy is the elixir of political power.… Only democracy has that authority in the world today.” But although democracy is perceived by most as a sufficient guarantee for individual liberty, that does not prove it really is. In a sense, The Future of Freedom is all about this point.
	www.acton.org /publicat/randl/review.php?id=483 (1525 words)

	Constitutional liberalism or illiberal democracy \| Democrats.com
		We forget that Democracy is only supposed to be a Tool for a BETTER way of life...it is not inherently THE better life as an end itself.
		We've allowed the TERM Democracy to overshadow and consume our responsibility for thinking about ALL the things the Democracy is SUPPOSED TO PRESERVE.
		Well, I think it's a necessary thing...Paine gave the best reason to keep Democracy around "When we are planning for posterity, we ought to remember that virtue is not hereditary."
	www.democrats.com /node/3640 (1221 words)

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